Growth and characterization of dexterous nonlinear optical material: Dimethyl amino pyridinium 4-nitrophenolate 4-nitrophenol (DMAPNP)

The crystals (dimethyl amino pyridinium 4-nitrophenolate 4-nitrophenol [DMAPNP] suitable for NLO applications were grown by the slow cooling method. The solubility and metastable zone width measurement of DMAPNP specimen was studied. The material crystallizes in the orthorhombic crystal system with noncentrosymmetric space group of P2₁2₁2_1. The ocular precision in the intact visible region was found to be good for non-linear optical claim. Quality of the grown crystal is ascertained by the HRXRD and etching studies. Laser Damage Threshold and Photoluminescence studies designate that the grown crystal contains less imperfection. The mechanical behaviour of DMAPNP sample at different temperatures was investigated to determine the hardness stability of the grown specimen. The piezoelectric temperament and the relative Second Harmonic Generation (for diverse particle sizes) of the material were also studied. The third order nonlinear optical properties of DMAPNP crystals were premeditated by Z-scan method. Birefringence and optical homogeneity of the crystal were evaluated using modified channel spectrum method. The half wave voltage of the grown crystal deliberate from the elector optic experimentation. Photoconductivity measurement specified consummate of inducing dipoles owing to brawny incident radiation and also disclose the nonlinear activities of the grown specimen.     

Synthesis,structural, topographical,linear and nonlinear optical,electrical and mechanical properties of Bisthiourea zinc acetate single crystal

Nonlinear optical material Bisthiourea Zinc Acetate (BTZA) was synthesized by slow evaporation solution growth technique. The grown crystals were characterised by Single crystal XRD and powder XRD studies. The presence of functional groups and the co-ordination of metal ions to Thiourea were confirmed by FTIR analysis. The UV-vis –NIR spectrum shows a low absorption in the entire visible and IR region. Optical band gap of the grown crystal was found to be 4.18 eV. The photoluminescence studies carried out and the crystal has blue emission. The Refractive Index was determined experimentally for the first time and found to be 1.508 for the incident wavelength of 632.8 nm. The second harmonic generation efficiency was determined using Kurtz and Perry powder technique and it was 0.7 times than that of the KDP crystal. Thermal properties were studied by thermo gravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis. Dielectric studies were carried out at different frequencies for various temperatures. The mechanical behaviour of the grown crystal was studied using Vickers micro hardness tester. The growth mechanism and surface features are investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM).     

Studies on the nonlinear optical single crystal: Ammonium d,l-tartrate (C4H9NO6)

The organic nonlinear optical material ammonium d,l-tartrate single crystal has been successfully grown by slow evaporation solution technique (SEST). The grown crystals were characterized by single crystal XRD and the lattice parameters have been confirmed. The structural perfection of the grown crystal was analyzed by high-resolution X-ray diffraction measurement. The optical transmittance spectrum shows that the material has a good optical transparency in the entire visible region with the UV cut-off wavelength at 234 nm. Thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetric measurements were performed to study the thermal properties of the grown crystal. Chemical etching studies were attempted to determine the dislocation density of the grown crystal. Mechanical behavior was assessed using Vickers hardness testing carried out on (0 0 1) crystallographic plane. The Kurtz–Perry powder SHG technique confirms the NLO property of the grown crystal and the efficiency of AMT crystal was found to be 1.3 times that of standard KDP crystal.     

Growth and characterization of an organic nonlinear optical crystal: Glycinium trichloroacetate

Single crystal of glycinium trichloroacetate, an organic nonlinear optic (NLO) material, has been grown by slow solvent evaporation technique at room temperature. The grown crystal was subjected to single crystal X-ray diffraction for confirming the coordination formed, and the presence of various functional groups was studied by FTIR in the range 4000–450 cm⁻¹. UV–Visible transmittance studies were performed to analyze optical transparency of the crystal and second harmonic generation was investigated to explore the NLO property of the material. Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis have been performed to study thermal properties of the grown crystal. Dielectric constant and dielectric loss were studied at different temperatures and frequencies. Vicker's microhardness testing was carried out on the as grown crystal to reveal the mechanical properties of the crystal. Etching studies were made on the as grown crystal to analyze the structural imperfection of the crystal.     

Growth and Characterization of Organic NLO Crystal:β-Naphthol

Single crystals of β-Naphthol(βN),an organic nonlinear optical(NLO) material was successfully grown by temperature lowering method using chloroform as solvent.The initial compound was purified by repeated recrystallization process.As-grown crystals were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction(XRD) studies to ascertain that βN crystal crystallized in the monoclinic system with a noncemtrosymmetric space group.Vibrational frequencies of various functional groups in the crystals were derived from Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) spectrum.Optical characterization was done using UV-Visible near-infrared(NIR) spectroscopy.The thermal behaviour of the material was studied by thermo gravimetric and differential thermal plots.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) study was carried out on the surface of the grown crystals to investigate the nature of defects in the crystal surface and the NLO property of the crystal was tested by Nd:YAG laser as a source.     

Studies on growth and characterization of an NLO crystal: L-alanine hydrogen chloride (LAHC)

A nonlinear optical (NLO) salt viz. L-alanine hydrogen chloride (LAHC) has been synthesized and solubility of the synthesized salt in de-ionized water was determined at different temperatures. Single crystals of L-alanine hydrogen chloride (LAHC) salt were grown by solution method with slow evaporation technique. The grown crystals were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) and powder XRD analyses to study the crystal structure. The crystallinity of LAHC crystal was confirmed by the powder X-ray diffraction study and diffraction peaks were indexed. FTIR study was used to confirm the presence of various functional groups in the grown crystals. UV–visible transmittance spectrum was recorded to study the optical transparency of LAHC crystal. The nonlinear optical (NLO) property of the grown crystal was confirmed by Kurtz–Perry powder test. The density of LAHC crystal was determined by floatation method. The mechanical strength of the crystal was estimated by Vickers hardness test. The grown crystals were subjected to TG/DTA analyses. The dielectric behavior of the sample was also studied.     

Growth and characterization of an organic nonlinear optical material: l-alanine alaninium nitrate

l-alanine alaninium nitrate (LAAN), an organic nonlinear optical material was grown by slow evaporation technique at room temperature from its aqueous solution at pH value of 2.5. As grown single crystals were characterized for its spectral, thermal, linear and second order nonlinear optical properties. LAAN crystallizes in monoclinic system with space group P₂₁ and cell parameters a = 7.846 Å, b = 5.431 Å, c = 12.806 Å and β = 94.65°. The mode of vibrations of different molecular groups present in LAAN were identified by FTIR studies. The thermal behaviour of the crystals has been investigated using thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), which indicates that the material does not decompose before melting. Transmittance spectrum reveals that the crystal has a low UV cut-off of 320 nm and has a good transmittance in the entire visible region. NLO property of the crystal was confirmed by Kurtz SHG powder technique.     

Growth and characterization of 4-methyl benzene sulfonamide single crystals

Single crystals of 4-methyl benzene sulfonamide (4MBS) were successfully grown from aqueous solution by low temperature solution growth technique. The grown crystal was characterized by single crystal XRD and powder XRD methods to obtain the lattice parameters and the diffraction planes of the crystal. UV–vis–NIR absorption spectrum was used to measure the range of optical transmittance and optical band gap energy. The optical transmission range was measured as 250–1200 nm. FTIR spectral studies were carried out to identify the presence of functional groups in the grown crystal. The thermal behavior of the crystal was investigated from thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) study. The absence of SHG was noticed by Kurtz and Perry powder technique. The third order NLO behavior of the material was confirmed by measuring the nonlinear optical properties using Z-scan technique and it was found that the crystal is capable of exhibiting saturation absorption and self-defocusing performance.     

Spectroscopic, thermal and mechanical behavior of allylthiourea cadmium chloride single crystals

Allylthiourea cadmium chloride, a promising non-linear optical material was grown from aqueous solution by slow evaporation technique. Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies reveal that the crystal is trigonal structure with R3C space group. The spectroscopic properties were investigated by recording the Fourier transform infrared and optical absorption spectra. The dielectric studies of the sample were carried out at varying temperatures in the frequency range from 50 Hz to 5 MHz. The thermal properties were studied using thermogravimetric analyses and photopyroelectric technique. It is evident from the thermal studies that the decomposition of the crystal begins around 200 °C. The microhardness test conducted on the grown crystal suggests that the crystal has a relatively high mechanical strength. The second harmonic generation efficiency of the crystal was studied and found to be nearly 1.5 times that of urea.     

Growth and dielectric,mechanical, thermal and etching studies of an organic nonlinear optical l-arginine trifluoroacetate (LATF) single crystal

l-arginine trifluoroacetate, an organic nonlinear optical material, has been synthesized from aqueous solution. Bulk single crystal of dimension 57 mm × 5 mm × 3 mm has been grown by temperature lowering technique. Powder X-ray diffraction studies confirmed the monoclinic structure of the grown l-arginine trifluoroacetate crystal. Linear optical property of the grown crystal has been studied by UV–vis spectrum. Dielectric response of the l-arginine trifluoroacetate crystal was analysed for different frequencies and temperatures in detail. Microhardness study on the sample reveals that the crystal possesses relatively higher hardness compared to many organic crystals. Thermal analyses confirmed that the l-arginine trifluoroacetate material is thermally stable upto 212 °C. The etching studies have been performed to assess the perfection of the l-arginine trifluoroacetate crystal. Kurtz powder second harmonic generation test confirms the nonlinear optical properties of the as-grown l-arginine trifluoroacetate crystal.     

Investigation on growth,structural, optical,thermal, dielectric and mechanical properties of organic l-prolinium trichloroacetate single crystals

A new organic nonlinear optical material l-prolinium trichloroacetate (l-PTCA) single crystal has been synthesized and grown by slow solvent evaporation technique at room temperature using water as solvent. Single-crystal X-ray diffractometer was utilized to measure unit cell parameters and to confirm lattice parameter. The powder X-ray diffraction pattern of the grown l-PTCA has been indexed. The modes of vibration of different molecular groups present in the sample were identified by the FTIR spectral analysis. The optical transmittance window and the lower cutoff wavelength of the l-PTCA have been identified by UV–vis–NIR studies. Thermal stability of the l-prolinium trichloroacetate was determined by TGA/DTA measurements. Dielectric measurements were carried out at various temperatures at frequency range 10–1 MHz. The mechanical properties of the grown crystals have been analyzed by Vickers microhardness method. The chemical etching studies were carried out on the grown crystals. Its SHG efficiency has been tested by Kurtz powder method.     

Synthesis,crystal growth and characterization of nonlinear optical organic crystal: p-Toluidinium p-toluenesulphonate

p-Toluidinium p-toluenesulphonate (p-TTS) an organic nonlinear optical crystal has been grown from the aqueous solution by slow evaporation solution growth technique. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that p-TTS crystallizes in monoclinic crystal system. The structural perfection of the grown p-TTS single crystal has been analyzed by high-resolution X-ray diffraction rocking curve measurements. Fourier transform infrared spectral studies have been performed to identify the functional groups. The optical transmittance window and the lower cutoff wavelength of the grown crystals have been identified by UV–vis–IR studies. Birefringence of p-TTS crystal has been studied using channel spectrum measurement. The laser damage threshold value was measured using Nd:YAG laser. The second harmonic conversion efficiency of p-TTS has been determined using Kurtz powder technique. Thermo gravimetric and differential thermal analyses were used to study its thermal properties. Dielectric constant, dielectric loss and AC conductivity of the grown p-TTS single crystal has been studied.     

Effect of Ni on the structural, optical, thermal and dielectric properties of ADP single crystals

The effects of the addition of Ni²⁺ on the growth and various properties of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate single crystals grown from aqueous solution by the slow evaporation method have been studied. The grown crystals were subjected to HRXRD, UV-Vis, TG/DTA and dielectric studies. The structural perfection of the grown crystal has been analyzed by high resolution X-ray diffraction rocking curve measurements. UV-Vis studies show that the grown crystal has good transparency in the entire visible region which is an essential requirement for a nonlinear crystal. Higher decomposition temperature was observed from TG/DTA. Dielectric constant and dielectric loss were measured for the grown crystal for different frequencies and temperatures.     

Influence of NH4Cl on the < 1 0 0> directed growth and properties of ADP crystal

Good quality, pure and ammonium chloride added < 1 0 0> directed ADP single crystals with different sizes were grown by Sankaranarayanan-Ramasamy method with the vision to improve the properties of the crystal. The grown crystals have cylindrical morphology and the crystals were subjected to UV-Vis., DTA, microhardness, laser damage threshold, dielectric, piezoelectric and SHG studies. The addition of ammonium chloride improves the quality and yields crystals with transparency more than 80% in minimum duration of growth. Higher laser damage threshold and mechanical stability were observed in ammonium chloride added ADP crystals. Low dielectric loss shows that the grown crystal contains minimum defects. Good piezoelectric behaviour was observed for the grown crystals. The SHG efficiency of the crystals was obtained using Nd-YAG laser, which is approximately 3 times that of pure ADP and shows the suitability of the ingot for nonlinear optical applications.     

Synthesis,growth and characterization of π conjugated organic nonlinear optical chalcone derivative

A new potentially useful nonlinear optical organic material, 1-(5-chlorothiophen-2-yl)-3-(2,3-dimethoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one, has been synthesized and grown as a high-quality single crystal by the slow evaporation technique. The grown crystals were characterized by FT-IR, NMR, thermal analysis, and UV–visible spectroscopy. The material is thermally stabile up to 111 °C. The mechanical property of the grown crystals was studied using Vickers microhardness tester and the load dependence hardness was observed. The third order nonlinear optical properties of the material such as real and imaginary part of χ⁽³⁾, nonlinear absorption coefficient and nonlinear refractive index were determined using nanosecond laser pulses at 532 nm wavelength by employing Z-scan technique. The nonlinear refractive index is found to be of the order of 10⁻¹¹ cm² W⁻¹. The magnitude of third order susceptibility is of the order of 10⁻¹³ esu. The observed increase in the third order nonlinearity in these molecules clearly indicates the electronic origin. The compounds exhibit good optical limiting at 532 nm. The best optical limiting behavior of this molecule is due to the substituted strong electron donor.     

Crystal growth, thermal and optical studies of semiorganic nonlinear optical material: l-lysine hydrochloride dihydrate

Single crystals of l-lysine hydrochloride dihydrate (LLHCD), a nonlinear optical material, have been grown by slow cooling technique from its aqueous solution. LLHCD was found to be highly soluble in water. The grown crystals have been subjected to single crystal X-ray diffraction to confirm the structure and to estimate the lattice parameters. The vibrational structure of the molecule is elucidated from FTIR spectra. Thermal analysis revealed the thermal stability of the grown crystals. The optical transmittance spectrum shows that the material possesses good optical transparency in the entire visible region with a UV cut-off wavelength at 228 nm. The mechanical properties of the grown crystal have been studied using Vicker's microhardness test. The laser damage threshold of 52.25 MW/cm² has been measured by irradiating Q-switched Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm).     

Investigation on structural,optical, thermal,mechanical and dielectric properties of l-proline cadmium chloride monohydrate single crystals: An efficient NLO material

In the present work, we have grown single crystals of l-proline cadmium chloride monohydrate (LPCCM) by slow evaporation solution technique (SEST) at room temperature and recorded their live growth kinetics with the help of inverted microscope. Crystal size at various stages of growth and its corresponding morphology was also recorded. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis of LPCCM single crystals confirmed the orthorhombic structure. Respective values of crystallite size, strain and dislocation density have been calculated using PXRD data. Metal complex coordination of the single crystal is studied by FTIR spectroscopic. The optical properties of the grown crystals were investigated through UV–VIS spectroscopic studies and shows that the crystals have very low absorption in entire characterized wavelength range 200–800 nm. The optical band gap was calculated and found to be ∼5.6 eV. Optical constants of the material is determined by theoretical calculations. The chemical etching study was also carried out to study the density of defects in the grown crystals. The photoluminous excitation and emission spectra and thermal property by TGA/DTA curve were recorded. Further, the mechanical properties have been studied using Vicker's microhardness tester as well as many parameters such as fracture toughness (K_c), Brittleness index (B_i) and yield strength (σ_ν) are presented. Dielectric studies have been carried out with varying frequency and temperatures.     

Synthesis, crystal growth and characterization of organic material: N-Bromosuccinimide (NBS) for NLO applications

The organic nonlinear optical crystal of N-Bromosuccinimide (NBS) was grown by slow cooling solution growth technique using methanol as solvent. Single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectral analyses were carried out to confirm the NBS crystals. The ultra violet (UV)-Visible and photoluminescence spectral studies were carried out, the green band at 2.02 eV can be attributed to radiative recombination between deep donors and shallow acceptors. The second harmonic generation (SHG) behaviour of NBS was tested by Kurtz-Perry powder technique. The hardness behaviour, laser damage threshold and dielectric characteristics of NBS crystals were studied.     

Studies on synthesis,growth and characterization of a novel third order nonlinear optical 4-Dimethylaminopyridinium p-Toluenesulfonate single crystal

Good quality single crystals of 4-Dimethylaminopyridinium p-Toluenesulfonate (4DMAPPTS) possessing third order nonlinearity were grown by slow evaporation solution technique (SEST). Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that 4DMAPPTS belongs to monoclinic crystal system with centrosymmetric space group P2₁/n. FT-IR spectral studies were carried out to identify the functional groups present in 4DMAPPTS. NMR spectral study confirms the molecular structure of the grown crystal. Dielectric measurements were made over a wide range of frequencies for different temperatures. The grown crystal was subjected to Vickers microhardness test to study the mechanical property. The etching studies reveal the growth pattern and dislocations present in the grown title crystal. The important optical parameters such as absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient, refractive index and optical band gap were estimated from UV–Visible spectral analysis. The negative third order nonlinear optical parameters like refractive index (n₂), absorption coefficient (β) and susceptibility (χ⁽³⁾) were estimated by Z-scan studies.     

Synthesis,growth, and characterization of new stilbazolium derivative single crystal: 2-[2-(2,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-vinyl]-1-ethyl-pyridinium iodide for third-order NLO applications

2-[2-(2,4-Dimethoxy-phenyl)-vinyl]-1-ethyl-pyridinium iodide (DMPI), a new organic stilbazolium derivative was synthesized and grown by slow evaporation technique. The crystal structure of the grown crystal was solved by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and it was found that DMPI crystallizes in triclinic structure with the centrosymmetric space group Pī. Various functional groups of the grown crystal were identified using FT-IR spectral analysis. The molecular structure of DMPI was further confirmed by ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR spectral studies. The linear optical studies revealed that the grown crystal has a wide transparency range from 481 to 800 nm, which is suitable for opto-electronic and nonlinear optical applications. The luminescence spectrum of DMPI showed yellow emission radiation at 571 nm. TG/DTA analysis revealed that the grown crystal was thermally stable up to 232?°C. Microhardness studies confirmed the reverse indentation size effect of DMPI. The dielectric behaviour of DMPI was analyzed by dielectric studies with various frequencies at different temperatures. The surface damage threshold study showed that the grown crystal has higher optical radiation stability against 1064 nm Nd: YAG laser. Studies of its nonlinear optical properties using a Z-scan technique indicated that DMPI crystal possesses a saturable absorption and the self-focusing effect. Negative photo conducting nature of the grown crystal was obtained by photoconductivity measurements.