Simplified analytical method for evaluating the effects of overcrossing tunnelling on existing shield tunnels using the nonlinear Pasternak foundation model

The excavation of a new tunnel above an existing shield tunnel at close proximity may cause a series of adverse impacts on the underlying tunnel. Thus, a reasonable assessment of the existing shield tunnel’s responses to overcrossing tunnelling is crucial to ensuring the safety and serviceability of the existing shield tunnel. In this study, a simplified nonlinear analytical method is proposed to rapidly assess existing shield tunnel responses to overcrossing tunnelling. A nonlinear Pasternak foundation model (NPFM), considering the nonlinear deformation of the ground as well as the interaction between adjacent springs and upward tunnel displacement, is proposed for modelling the tunnel-soil interaction associated with unloading stress. An effective Newton’s iterative computational program, combined with the finite difference method, is developed for the nonlinear responses of the existing shield tunnel. The reliability and applicability of the proposed method are subsequently validated by a comparison with the results of three-dimensional finite element analyses and two well-documented and published field measurements. The predictions are also compared with the results of six elastic simplified analytical methods based on different subgrade reaction moduli.     

近距离多线叠交盾构施工对既有隧道变形的影响研究

针对上海地铁新建11号线先下后上近距离穿越既有4号线,形成三层隧道四线叠交的特殊工况,采用有限元数值模拟和现场监测相结合的方法,考虑既有隧道周围土压力的分布规律,研究了盾构下穿施工时土仓压力和注浆压力以及上穿施工时压重范围和压重量对既有隧道变形的影响。研究结果表明：下穿施工结束时,既有隧道的沉降量不随土仓压力比的改变而改变,但随注浆压力比的减小而增大;上穿施工应采取压重措施预防既有隧道的上浮和局部隆起变形,宜遵循新建隧道同步压重为主,既有隧道压重为辅的原则。     

考虑上浮效应的盾构下穿对既有隧道影响研究

新建盾构隧道下穿会对上部既有隧道产生扰动,并可能使隧道产生结构病害。由于盾构管片重量远小于相应开挖土体重量,新建隧道的上浮效应会对既有隧道产生影响。基于两阶段分析法提出考虑新建盾构隧道上浮影响的隧道下穿引发既有隧道纵向变形计算模型,并利用现场实测数据进行验证。结果表明：考虑上浮效应的理论计算结果与实测数据较为吻合;控制新建隧道上浮量或减小新建隧道直径可有效减小由于上浮效应造成的既有隧道隆起变形。研究成果可为全面合理评估隧道下穿对既有隧道的影响提供依据。     

软土地区盾构上穿越既有隧道的离心模拟研究

随着地铁网络不断完善,新建盾构隧道近距离穿越既有隧道的现象越来越多。盾构近距离穿越既有隧道的影响问题,比常规盾构施工的研究更为复杂。结合上海外滩通道盾构上穿越地铁 2 号线工程,采用离心模型试验与现场实测相结合的方法对盾构上穿越对周围地层及既有隧道的影响进行了研究。文中选用排液法在离心场中模拟盾构施工,在国内首次实现了在不停机状态下模拟隧道开挖卸载、地层损失和注浆过程,并分析了盾构上穿越施工引起的地层、新建隧道与既有隧道的纵向位移变化规律。通过现场实测数据分析了既有隧道在盾构上穿越过程中纵向变形与时程曲线的变化规律。     

干砂盾构开挖面稳定性模型试验研究

盾构技术在地下空间开发中得到广泛应用,保持开挖面稳定性是盾构施工的关键,但这方面的大尺寸模型试验研究一直很少。利用直径1 m的盾构模型,研究了干砂地层中不同埋深比(C/D=0.5,1.0,2.0)下盾构开挖面稳定性问题。试验中分析了埋深比对开挖面极限支护力及地表沉降的影响,揭示了开挖面稳定性与极限支护力及地表沉降的关系,提出同时监测控制开挖面土舱压力及地表沉降的重要性,并给出关键控制键参数。对确定开挖面极限支护压力有重要的指导意义。     

开挖卸荷引起下卧已建盾构隧道的纵向变形研究

开挖卸荷引起的下卧已建盾构隧道纵向变形是城市基础设施建设面临的热点和难点问题。将已建盾构隧道视为三参数Kerr弹性地基上的无限长梁,采用两阶段法研究基坑开挖卸荷引起下卧盾构隧道的纵向变形。对简化弹性空间法获得的地基参数进行讨论,通过与有限元模拟结果对比确定了合适的Kerr地基模型参数选取,并对Winkler、Pasternak与Kerr 3种地基模型的模拟结果进行了对比。为获得更合理的上方卸荷引起的隧道响应,推导并求解了考虑隧道侧向土体对隧道作用的平衡微分方程,解析结果与有限元结果基本吻合,与工程实例监测数据对比,验证了方法的有效性。研究表明：相对于Winkler与Pasternak模型,Kerr地基模型更具优越性;对通过简化弹性空间法得到的地基参数进行适当修正可以使弹性地基模型的模拟结果更理想;隧道侧向土体对隧道的作用比较显著,应在计算中考虑。     

基于Pasternak地基的盾构隧道开挖非连续地下管线的挠曲

盾构隧道开挖引起地下管线挠曲的准确预估对于其损伤评估与防护控制至关重要。引入Pasternak地基模型,采用有限差分方法推导了盾构隧道开挖地层损失下带接头管线的挠曲解答。经与离心机模型试验结果及连续弹性解对比,验证了该理论解答的适用性及其在运算效率方面的优势,并给出了地基剪切刚度的取值建议。参数分析发现,接头刚度会对管线挠曲产生显著影响,随接头刚度的增大,管线最大挠度降低,挠曲线形态趋近于连续管线;此外,接头数量及其分布也会对管线挠曲产生影响,其影响程度随接头数量的增大而削弱。     

既有管线下盾构施工地层沉降监测和位移加载数值分析

针对深圳地铁下穿电缆隧道的实例,通过采用位移加载法模拟隧道开挖效应和弹性地基梁理论分析管土相互作用,提出将地铁上方的既有隧道视为大管径管线考虑,分析了地铁左线施工引起的地层响应,并借助相关控制标准对电缆隧道的安全性作出评价,分析结果表明:数值计算结果与实测数据吻合较好,电缆隧道也处于安全状态,可为相关类似工程研究提供借鉴。     

盾构施工对孔压扰动的三维流固耦合分析

如何对盾构施工过程中的孔压监测数据进行实时分析是工程实践中的难点问题。结合上海虹桥迎宾三路隧道工程,首先建立了包括各种盾构施工参数影响的分析模型,并将不同施工参数情况下超孔压计算结果与实测值进行了对比,验证了模型的合理性。之后分析了开挖面推力、注浆压力、掘进速度、开挖面水头、隧道埋深以及土体渗透系数等参数对隧道周围最大超孔压的影响,获得了最大超孔压拟合计算公式,与现场实测和解析解的对比说明三维流固耦合计算可更合理分析盾构施工对孔压的扰动。同时,较大的超孔压值对应于较大的地表沉降,因此可将实测孔压值与数值计算结果进行对比,从而进行施工参数的调整。在上海虹桥迎宾三路隧道工程试验段的施工过程中,现场监测数据表明可根据孔压监测值调整施工参数,最终减小地面沉降。     

成都地铁某盾构始发掘进引起地面塌陷情况分析

介绍了成都地铁某盾构区间始发掘进后引起地面塌陷的情况,从地质认识、施工工艺、使用设备等方面分析了导致地面塌陷的原因,并提出了盾构始发掘进应注意的事项,为同类工程施工积累了经验。     

基于塑性损伤的盾构隧道双层衬砌三维实体非连续接触模型研究

 在分析基于梁-弹在分析基于梁–弹簧模式和壳–弹簧模式盾构隧道双层衬砌数值模型的基础上,分别建立依据接合面接触状态不同划分的盾构隧道双层衬砌三维实体复合结构和叠合结构计算模型。该模型通过混凝土塑性损伤模型表征混凝土的非线性特性,考虑管片内置钢筋对结构力学性能的影响,采用已有模型模拟钢筋屈服、硬化和软化现象,建立三维螺栓实体代替弹簧单元模拟管片接头,真实反映盾构管片之间、管片与连接螺栓及管片与二次衬砌接合面的接触情况。以广深港狮子洋隧道双层衬砌为工程实例,建立2种计算模型进行研究,通过与依托同样工程背景下的相似模型试验管片和二次衬砌内力和位移结果进行对比分析,两者具有较好的一致性,验证了该模型模拟盾构隧道双层衬砌结构力学行为的准确性和适用性。研究结果表明：(1) 双层衬砌在受力过程中管片与二次衬砌在局部存在非协调变形,接合面发生分离现象,出现零压区。(2) 由于封顶块构造的原因,封顶块对应位置二次衬砌易出现应力集中现象,该位置轴力和弯矩变化不均匀,管片与二次衬砌接合面接触压应力较其他位置偏大。研究成果对盾构隧道双层衬砌的设计分析具有一定的参考价值。     

叠交隧道短期内二次穿越施工引起的变形分析

结合现场实测数据,对叠交隧道短期内二次穿越施工参数的设定、地面和先建隧道的变形规律进行了研究。结果表明:盾构在近距离上穿施工时,土仓压力、注浆压力及注浆量较常规段要大,推进速度的设定要综合考虑盾构机出土效率、注浆效果,并非越慢越好。本工程穿越施工时的设定值为40mm/min,现场实测发现变形符合设计要求。短期内二次穿越施工引起叠交区地面变形量值较常规段要大,本工程后建隧道上、下行线穿越施工引起叠交区域内最大竖向变形量分别为+7.4mm和-17.9mm,因此该区域是变形控制的重点。已建隧道的变形既包含自身的固结变形又包括后建隧道施工的扰动影响,实测变形为两者的综合,规律性不明显。     

土压平衡盾构掘进对上软下硬地层扰动研究

 采用Ф800 mm模型盾构开展室内掘进试验以研究土压盾构掘进对上软下硬地层的扰动特征,试验充分考虑土压盾构动态施工全过程的影响。建立与室内掘进试验对应的离散元模型定量分析软土超挖现象并挖掘其他地层扰动信息。研究结果表明：土压盾构在硬岩地层中掘进时地表沉降曲面呈现向软土侧展开的“扇面”状;进入上软下硬地层后地表沉降值与范围均急剧增加,沉降曲面呈现自上而下逐渐收缩的“漏斗”状,硬岩侧收缩速度快于软土侧;上软下硬地层地表位移小于均质软土地层,而地中沉降显著大于后者;上软下硬地层地中沉降槽宽度参数沿深度方向呈指数增加,硬岩占断面比例越小,地中沉降槽宽度参数越大。相同埋深条件下,上软下硬地层地中沉降槽宽度参数小于均质软土地层。硬岩占断面比例越大,渣土中砂土所占比例与相应理论值差异越明显。地表水平位移在竖向沉降槽曲线反弯点处最大。研究可为土压盾构在上软下硬地层施工提供参考。     

类矩形盾构隧道纵向抗弯刚度分析

类矩形盾构隧道的等效抗弯刚度是分析其纵向受力变形的重要参数。基于等效连续化模型的基本原理,建立类矩形盾构隧道纵向等效连续化模型,推导得到类矩形盾构隧道的等效抗弯刚度解析解。通过参数分析,研究螺栓、管片宽度、厚度和截面形状等参数对类矩形盾构隧道纵向抗弯刚度有效率的影响。研究表明,由于类矩形盾构隧道截面的特殊性,在建立等效抗弯刚度模型时,需分别对中性轴在隧道腰部和拱底两种不同的情况进行讨论;增加螺栓数量和加大管片宽度可提高类矩形盾构隧道的等效抗弯刚度有效率,中性轴位置随着上移,环缝受拉张开区域减小;增加管片厚度可增加隧道绝对等效抗弯刚度,但是等效抗弯刚度有效率下降,中性轴位置下移;中性轴位置随着宽高比增大而快速下移,当中性轴位置角度与小圆弧圆心角相等时,中心轴下移曲线发生转折;当宽高比为1时,所得解析解退化为圆形盾构隧道等效抗弯刚度解。     

Evaluating the effect of soil structure on the ground response during shield tunnelling in Shanghai soft clay

When evaluating tunnel-induced ground response in Shanghai soft clay, the soil structure and its degradation behaviour of natural Shanghai soft clay during shield tunnelling should be properly considered. In this paper, a constitutive model that considers the initial soil structure and its destructuration is formulated within the framework of critical-state soil mechanics. The model is successfully calibrated and used to simulate the undrained behaviour of natural Shanghai soft clay. Based on the proposed model, finite-element analyses are conducted to simulate the short- and long-term ground responses induced by tunnelling at Shanghai metro line 2. The comparisons between numerical results and field measurements reported in literature indicate that the soil structure and the tunnel-induced destructuration significantly affects the magnitude and shape of the short-term surface settlement trough and horizontal displacement in Shanghai soft clay. The pore pressure variations around the tunnel are also affected by soil structure, which will significantly influence the long-term ground consolidation settlement in Shanghai soft clay.     

Ground response of closely spaced twin tunnels constructed in heavily overconsolidated soils

As part of the City of Edmonton’s light rail transit expansion, twin 6.5 m diameter oval shaped tunnels were constructed using conventional tunnelling methods. The geology of the site consists predominately of a hard, fissured cohesive till unit. The tunnel face construction was sequenced as top header, bench and invert excavations. At its narrowest, the pillar separating the twin tunnels was less than 1.5 m across or 0.23 tunnel diameters. Typically, the minimum pillar spacing required to reduce the interaction between twin, side by side tunnels is one tunnel diameter. Because the tunnel construction was within an urban environment, there was considerable concern with ground loss and excessive surface settlements. This study demonstrates that within similar materials, a pillar width of 0.5 tunnel diameters sufficiently reduces the tunnel interactions and minimize the risk of damage to nearby structures.     

Predictive maintenance of shield tunnels

Scientific maintenance methodologies are specially needed to enhance system reliability and safety, reduce maintenance manpower, spares, and repair costs, eliminate scheduled inspections, and maximize lead time for maintenance and parts procurement. This paper systematically presents a comprehensive methodology and framework for aggressive inspection and condition based predictive maintenance of a shield tunnel consisting of prefabricated lining rings. The framework consists of six components: maintenance purposes, data, modeling and simulation, documentation, managerial schedule, and inspection/maintenance behaviors. These components are interpreted in details as nine necessary parts in a predictive maintenance strategy. The failure mode and effect analysis approach is employed in developing a predictive maintenance strategy for a tunnel structure, with the purpose of prioritizing possible defects in the tunnel in order to facilitate the decision making on predictive maintenance. The system-level lifing analysis method is proposed for the proactive maintenance of the tunnel system. The method includes data preprocessing, risk model establishment, quantitative model validation, empirical lifing analysis, and system-level maintenance schedule. The empirical lifing analysis involves both risk prediction and damage accumulation models for service limit determination, system-level risk analysis, and system-level conditional risk for maintenance schedule. The proposed methodology is demonstrated with the inspection data collected for six typical defects observed in real-world shield tunnels.     

Laboratory model tests and field investigations of EPB shield machine tunnelling in soft ground in Shanghai

In the last decades, many studies have been presented by different scholars on the environmental problems induced by the shield tunnelling in soft ground. But it mainly concentrated on ground surface settlement, tunnel surface stability and the influence to existing structures. Among them, little attention was paid to soil disturbance caused by the mismatch of machine’s operation parameters. In order to reveal this inherent relation, a series of laboratory model tests were carried out in the 1/16 scale for a field tunnel in practice where the tunnel had 6.4 m diameter. The tests to simulate earth pressure balance (EPB) shield tunnelling in soft ground were conducted with a microshield machine (0.4 m diameter). Measurements were carried out simultaneously in each test for total jack thrust force, cutting torque, chamber pressure, mucking ratio, ground surface displacement, and earth pressure. Based on the analysis of test results under different overburden ratio, cutterhead aperture ratio and screw rotation speed, the relationships between machine’s operation parameters themselves and its influence on disturbance to surrounding soil mass were discovered. Such discoveries were also verified by the field investigations. These results are useful for engineers and technicians to select suitable and serviceable machine operation parameters and reduce environmental influence at all stages of tunnel construction.