日本城市浅层地下空间利用的新成就

本文结合日本川崎市站前广场和神户市哈巴兰德地区的立体化再开发，分析介绍当前日本浅层地下空间开发利用的成就和特点。     

Liveable cities and urban underground space

As populations grow in dense urban city centres, so too does the demand for space and natural resources. An option to combat this problem, all too often, has been to build denser and taller buildings in addition to transporting an ever-increasing abundance of resources (e.g. raw materials, water, energy and food) into the city whilst moving waste back out. This has major implications for liveable cities (LC), which in future policy terms might be considered to include aspects of (i) wellbeing, (ii) resource security (i.e. ‘one planet’ living) and (iii) carbon reduction (now enshrined in international law). An option that has been overlooked, and one which could add significantly to this LC agenda, is wider adoption of urban underground space (UUS).This paper looks at how UUS has been, or could be, used within cities now, and in the future, and investigates the implications for achieving more liveable cities, which includes cognisance of the potential for radical transformation rather than adaption. It is concluded that wider adoption of UUS brings with it many benefits; however to avoid many of the dis-benefits an improved system of management, planning provision (which includes integrated mapping frameworks that consider more readily the future) and policy application is required.     

浅谈城市地下空间中的景观营造

城市地下空间中的景观布置合理可以提升地下空间的环境品质,减少人们对于城市地上地下空间的差异感,从而促进地下空间的使用与开发。文章论述了城市地下空间景观环境的构成要素及设计原则,进一步探讨了不同类型地下空间的景观营造方法,以期营造出多样化、生态化、人性化、艺术化的城市地下空间景观。     

浅析城市地下空间的利用

阐述了城市地下空间的利用特征及现状，对城市地下空间发展做了详细介绍，分析了利用地下空间存在的问题。提出我国地下空间开发和利用的方向。     

Assessment and planning of underground space use in Singapore

Underground space development has become an economic imperative for land-scarce Singapore. In 2007, the government, under the Ministry of National Development, set up an inter-agency Underground Master Planning Task Force that aims to map out the long-term development of underground space, bringing underground space development to a strategic level. In 2010, the Economic Strategies Committee made developing underground space part of the government’s long-term economic strategy with specific recommendations on master planning, geological investigations, investment in research and development, and various policy issues. The ESC report also recommended that the government should take the lead in catalysing the use of underground space. Based on these recommendations, the Singapore government have taken various initiatives and studies, and initiated various research projects in support of these initiatives.This paper gives a review of the history of underground space development, highlights the potential utilisations, and discusses the various recent studies and planning issues, and examines possible strategies for future use of underground space in Singapore.     

上海地下街的建设现状与发展策略

研究了上海地下街的发展现状,提出了上海地下街的发展策略,以及地下街发展过程中的难点及相应对策。     

上海市地下空间开发利用管理探讨

本文探讨上海市地下空间的可持续发展问题，从编制地下空间开发利用和可持续发展的总体规划：地下空间开发利用、管理和可持续发展的有关立法：地下空间开发利用的管理体制：地下空间和城市综合发展；地下空间与城市安全等五个方面论述其行动依据、工作目标和具体做法。     

Present state,problems and development trends of urban underground space in China

The status, problems and trends of China’s underground space development are presented in this paper. In association with the features of use of China’s underground space, such as the large scale, rapid development, high speed subway, various forms are summarized. Five problems in the use of underground space in China are put forward, including the uncoordinated solutions, unintegrated management system, incomplete regulations, incomplete planning, and unclear policy. Four use trends of underground space are also presented, together with (1) the integrated planning, construction and management relating to the development of underground space in central business district (CBD) of Beijing, after World Expo in Shanghai and the business district in south Ningbo; (2) introducing the urban underground complex with an integrated transport hub as its center relating to the cases of Hongqiao Transport Hub and Beijing South Railway Station; (3) the development of underground subway, road and logistic system; (4) the scientific utilization of underground water storage space and aeration of “sponge city”. In this study, some institutional perspective on the use of underground space is also given.     

日本的大深度地下空间利用动向

日本的城市地下空间利用正在从浅层向深层发展。深度加大后，出现了许多新的问题，如技术问题、经济问题、法律问题等。本文根据最新资料，围绕大深度地下空间开发利用中一些技术问题的研究动态，考察日本城市深层地下空间利用的发展方向。     

人居环境建设中的地下空间利用

通过对城市人居环境内涵的分析,从城市地下空间利用的角度,分析了人居环境建设所面临的城市用地、城市交通、资源和能源、城市生态等问题,并深入探讨了地下空间利用对城市人居环境建设的作用。     

地下空间排烟技术应用——排烟理论与小尺寸实验分析

随着城市的快速发展和人口不断增多,地下建筑应运而生,并成为城市商业发展极为重要的组成部分.文章以广州市天河区时尚天河广场地下商业建筑为模型,针对地下空间较大、火灾时烟雾不易扩散的特性,建立了小尺寸火灾模型实验台(1:20缩放),测试分析地下空间中移动式排烟装备的应用,根据不同工况下移动排烟的效果,与排烟理论综合分析得到合理的排烟建议,为地下商业建筑的排烟提供数据支持.     

An introduction to connectivity concept and an example of physical connectivity evaluation for underground space

Underground spaces will be the future frontier for urbanization due to surface land scarcity and environmental considerations. To improve the image and usage of underground space from the current planning, space connections, within underground and with above ground, must be improved to encourage the use of underground space. Connectivity of various parts within a large underground space complex has not been extensively studied. This paper introduces the concepts of connectivity in terms of physical, visual and implicit, and suggests that the physical connectivity can be measured and quantified. In the appendix, an example of developing physical connectivity evaluation methodology for underground spaces is illustrated, to show the possibility of calculating the physical connectivity that may provide input for underground space layout design and optimisation.     

Energy and underground

Driven by urbanization growth, in recent years, the relationships among energy systems and underground space are becoming more and more intense for many reasons: the severe competition in the land use, the security of energy commodities management, the need of huge infrastructures for mass and energy transportation (e.g. pipelines), the safety requirements against seismic events and eventually, economic and environmental considerations.For such reasons, nowadays underground space is becoming an extremely important as an alternative for urban areas expansion, if properly planned. In fact, a correct underground space planning strategy, together with the progressive developments of suitable integrated connections between surface and subsurface can increase the livability of cities and improve public health.Population in urban areas is expected to grow, in particular in developing economies (such as China); this phenomenon leads to an increasing pressure on urban areas to supply the growing energy needs. In fact, several end-use services should be fulfilled to provide indoor comfort in buildings, for mobility of people and goods, etc. Anyway, only a very limited amount of energy can be generated inside urban areas (from municipal solid wastes, from thermal/solar PV and heat pumps installations); as a consequence, the majority of the energy commodities are produced, converted and stored in power plants located far from cities and require huge transport infrastructures.In this paper, the cost/benefit relationship between underground and energy use is explained by reviewing main application of existing underground space utilizations for energy processes (distribution, storage and generation), as well as other innovative opportunities. From the analysis of past experiences analysis, the main conclusion is that a rational approach in urban energy planning procedures, integrating both over- and below-ground space utilizations, could help to raise the quality of energy services and it is fundamental for reaching a smarter and more resilient society. In such a new Underground Urbanism approach, the need for long-term Integrated Master Plans that propose suitable Guidelines is highlighted.     

Access way to underground space: Present status of access ways to underground space with examples of spatial requirements ITA Working Group 4 “subsurface planning”

This report presents the results and output from a questionnaire undertaken by the ITA Working Group No. 4 regarding “Design Criteria for Access ways” to different types of underground structures. This theme was considered an important issue as the design and layout of access ways and installed mechanical equipment have great influence on construct ability and construction costs, maintenance and operation of the underground structures.

The questions raised were basically dealing with the theme of access ways, but as well with the wider scope of design criteria for underground structures, such as: road (transport) tunnels; underground (metro) railway stations; underground parking areas and underground shopping malls and other facilities.

Foreword

The theme of this report, design criteria for access ways to underground structures, was proposed by the representatives of Japan and Spain during the ITA Working Group No. 4 meeting, held in Sao Paulo in 1998. Around the globe an increased application of underground space has been experienced and the design of access ways is an important aspect of underground structures. The participants in the meeting in Sao Paolo, representing their member nations, supported the theme. Following the Working Group meetings in Oslo (1999) and Durban (2000) a questionnaire was prepared by Japan and Spain and distributed amongst the ITA member nations. The questions raised were basically dealing with the theme of access ways, but dealt as well with the wider scope of design criteria for underground structures, such as: road (transport) tunnels; underground (metro) railway stations; underground parking areas and underground shopping malls and other facilities.

The main intention of the Working Group No. 4 Subsurface Planning was that the findings of the questions raised could be of great help in the field of assisting, developing and harmonizing subsurface planning.

Not surprisingly, the member nations who replied to the questionnaires addressed the various aspects of this topic in different ways. Nevertheless, the diverse views clearly show differences in opinions and details by which various countries approach these issues. The report is intended to aid subsurface planners who wish to gain a broad view on how matters are dealt with in other countries or seek guidance in comparable situations – and also for the benefit and understanding of owners and operators of such facilities.

The fire and life safety issues in road and railway tunnels are of course of great importance for public confidence in such structures. These issues have been specifically dealt with in a previous report by Working Group No. 4; “Fire and Life Safety for Underground Facilities” published in the journal “Tunneling and Underground Space Technology” (TUST), volume 13/3 July/September 1998.

The ITA expresses the appreciation to the member nations who made contributions and especially to Japan who assembled and presented the material. The ITA also wish to thank Norway and the Netherlands for assisting in finalizing the report, which was completed under remaining Working Group 4 responsibilities.     

某地下商场防火分区性能化设计方案

针对某地下商场不能按常规方法划分防火分区的情况,结合建筑平面布局和商业业态的特点,提出性能化的防火分隔方案,重点阐述性能化消防设计的设计理念。     

商业步行街建设的演进与发展

从空间与景观环境品质角度出发，对北京王府井步行街和天津和平路进行了比较，总结了商业步行街建设的经验得失，剖析了商业街区步行化对社会、经济、环境的正、负面效应，提出了促进我国步行街发展的若干建议。     

厦门明发商业广场设计体会

建筑师通过大型商业项目——明发商业广场的设计，从各个层面对商业广场的设计理念的产生与实施进行分析，并以此对大型商业mall设计趋势提出自己的心得看法，可供类似工程借鉴。     

购物中心化的城市经济规律分析

以上海五角场商圈为例,运用城市经济中的一些规律,从其选址理论到自身运作规律到对城市经济的影响试图有逻辑地分析城市购物中心化现象,找到其运作的理论依据,并以此提出购物中心化状态下的城市空间存在的且城市设计师要解决的问题。     

中日韩三国老年人对公园利用的比较

在中国北京、日本东京、韩国首尔(汉城)进行了老年人对公园利用的调查,分析了中日韩老年人对公园利用的现状和特点以及存在的问题,提出了在公园规划中应考虑老年人的身心特点和公园利用特性问题.     

地下空间的可识别设计

结合具体实例，从外形设计、入口设计，阐述了地下建筑外部环境设计，并从中庭、通道、区域等，对地下内部空间环境设计作了介绍，指出针对地下空间的可识别设计就显得格外重要。