Underground urbanism: Master Plans and Sectorial Plans

The urbanization process leads many urban areas and megacities to be densely built and to overcome their physical and operational limits; in several cases, urban population density is growing faster than their infrastructures. Considering land use constraints, for mitigating some disagreeable living conditions and for creating new population opportunities, city planners have different opportunities involving the two opposite vertical directions: upward, erecting higher buildings or downward, developing a more intense use of the underground space. Both directions are characterized by positive and negative aspects and require suitable local condition to be built.In this paper, main issues related to the urban underground planning procedures are highlighted, taking also in consideration that after some very old visionary approaches, no relevant debates and concrete results have been further developed. Several underground-related technicalities are described and analyzed, mainly at sectorial level (f.i. mass transport systems, infrastructures for energy and water supply, storage facilities) however, experiences of a global urban planning – involving a holistic approach inside a City Master Plan – are still very few (Helsinki). A collection of some best practices is reviewed in this paper. Particular emphasis is devoted to the integrated planning approach and the related tools for the subsurface space assessment: the role of different planning tools for the rational use of the underground space in urban areas is analyzed and a variety of planning levels are discussed, from the more general one – the Master Plan – to the more sectorial ones. Moreover, the more recent visions for future cities – Smart, Resilient, Low-carbon and Post-Carbon Cities – are producing relevant and very useful technical and management solutions and the role of Integrated Mater Plans in this transition is further discussed.     

城市地下空间集约化设计内涵解析

城市地下空间集约化开发在城市空间、能源以及环境建设等方面具有很强的优势和潜力,因此,在城市整体发展过程中,政府规划和建设部门应进行统一的规划,保证地下空间的科学、合理、有序开发,集约利用城市空间资源、高效利用城市能源资源并优化整合城市环境资源,为城市整体的健康、可持续发展提供有力的保障。     

From hydro/geology to the streetscape: Evaluating urban underground resource potential

Despite a persistent call for a greater recognition of the underground in urban planning practices, cities still tend to address underground resources only when the need arises. Historically, this has proven costly for cities that have neglected the potential synergies and conflicts between, for instance, urban aquifers and underground infrastructure systems or building foundations. For urban planning to remain in a paradigm of needs to resources risks rendering conflicts between urban underground activities irreversible and possible synergies unattainable. Researchers and practitioners from multiple disciplines argue for the many benefits of underground development—alternative renewable energy and drinking water sources, additional urban space and reusable geomaterials. Visualizing resource potential is a first step in raising awareness among planners of the capacities of the underground. Existing mapping methods tend to focus only on underground space development in contexts where the needs for the underground are already urgent and do not explicitly engage with the distribution of existing land uses. As an alternative to existing methods, this paper will present a procedure for mapping underground resource potential that incorporates four resources—space, groundwater, geothermal energy and geomaterials—developed by the Deep City project at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne. San Antonio, Texas, a city with a complex relationship to an underground aquifer system but current little need and support for underground space, serves to illustrate the mapping method. Two future surface light rail and bus rapid transit lines, presented in recent planning reports, are examined in light of a latent but as yet untapped multi-resource underground potential. The paper concludes with a discussion of the applicability of the method to other cities and possible opportunities for improvement.     

Underground space planning in Helsinki

This paper gives insight into the use of underground space in Helsinki, Finland. The city has an undergroundmaster plan （UMP） for its whole municipal area, not only for certain parts of the city. Further, the decision-making history of the UMP is described step-by-step. Some examples of underground space usein other cities are also given. The focus of this paper is on the sustainability issues related to urbanunderground space use, including its contribution to an environmentally sustainable and aestheticallyacceptable landscape, anticipated structural longevity and maintaining the opportunity for urbandevelopment by future generations. Underground planning enhances overall safety and economy efficiency.The need for underground space use in city areas has grown rapidly since the 21st century; at thesame time, the necessity to control construction work has also increased. The UMP of Helsinki reservesdesignated space for public and private utilities in various underground areas of bedrock over the longterm. The plan also provides the framework for managing and controlling the city＇s underground constructionwork and allows suitable locations to be allocated for underground facilities. Tampere, the thirdmost populated city in Finland and the biggest inland city in the Nordic countries, is also a good exampleof a city that is taking steps to utilise underground resources. Oulu, the capital city of northern Finland,has also started to ＇go underground＇. An example of the possibility to combine two cities by an 80-kmsubsea tunnel is also discussed. A new fixed link would generate huge potential for the capital areasof Finland and Estonia to become a real Helsinki-Tallinn twin city.
2014 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting byElsevier B.V. All rights reserved.     

Underground spatial planning – Perspectives and current research in Germany

There has been a growing need over recent years for the coordination of utilizations in underground space. This study investigates rising demands on the utilization of underground space and associated conflicts related to space, responsibilities and priorities. Strategic, comprehensive, and holistic spatial planning is required to resolve these conflicts. This paper presents the current status of spatial planning regulations in Germany concerning underground space, and investigates possible planning solutions for its coordinated use. Findings of this study indicate that dedicated underground spatial planning should replace the common procedures towards designating exclusive areas for certain purposes in order to ensure the sustainable use of underground space.     

Urban underground space: Solving the problems of today’s cities

The world-wide trend of increased urbanisation creates problems for expanding and newly-developing cities alike. Population increase leads to an increased demand for reliable infrastructure, nowadays combined with a need for increased energy efficiency and a higher environmental awareness of the public. The use of underground space can help cities meet these increased demands while remaining compact, or find the space needed to include new functions in an existing city landscape. In many cases, underground solutions to urban problems are only considered if all other (above ground) options have been exhausted. When underground solutions are considered and evaluated from the planning or initial project stages onwards, more optimal solutions will become possible.Use of the underground is not limited to large scale infrastructure projects. This paper also shows innovative use of the underground for commercial and residential use, storage, water conveyance and treatment, and heritage conservation, and highlights how use of underground can bring more optimal solutions for urban development.     

城市地下空间开发利用的立法和管理体制探讨

我国城市地下空间利用规划研究虽已取得较多的进展 ,然而在总体上 ,人们对结合城市的快速发展 ,合理开发地下空间的策略、理论、方法与技术 ,至今仍无完整的认识 ,特别是其规划实施缺乏法律保障 ,本文根据现行法律及有关规章制度就地下空间开发利用的立法和管理体制进行了研究     

Multiple resources and their sustainable development in Urban Underground Space

Traffic congestion and ground space scarcity are increasing the need to find more space in the urban underground. The demand-driven “top-down” planning of Urban Underground Space (UUS) is common worldwide. As natural resource, the endowments of UUS are different in different regions. Consideration of UUS resource endowments, which can be called “bottom-up” thinking, should be integrated into planning. The evaluation method of UUS resource and investigation results in typical cases are being presented in the paper. It is important for urban development to utilize the underground space. Meanwhile, we should also be aware that there are multiple valuable resources in urban underground. Besides space, there are also water, energy and geo-materials. The paper will discuss how to consider these different resources in urban development. There might be conflicts between the developments of different urban underground resources. The paper investigated the interactions between these developments, revealed some serious impacts and typical conflict modes. The identification of conflicts is a basis for the coordination and synergy of these developments. For sustainable development of city, it is needed to understand and scientifically evaluate the multiple urban underground resources, then holistically plan and manage the developments. Structure and properties of urban underground geological body determine the engineering conditions of UUS and resource attributes of urban underground. Since 2003, China has been conducting pilot projects of Urban Geological Investigation (UGI) programs in some large cities. The paper will also show how to consider the influence of geological conditions in urban underground resource evaluation and UUS planning.     

古都型历史文化名城地下空间总体规划策略研究

随着我国城镇化水平的日益提高,历史文化名城的保护与发展问题也越来越突出,而古都型历史文化名城因其大遗址、古墓葬、地下埋藏文物特别丰富等,在城市的发展与保护问题上矛盾更加尖锐。通过对城市特征和地下空间特性的研究,探寻地下空间开发利用对古都型历史文化名城的意义,进而总结出地下空间的利用原则及地下空间规划的方法,并应用于洛阳市地下空间总体规划中,希望能够为我国其他同类城市地下空间的规划建设积累一些有价值经验。     

An integrated planning concept for the emerging underground urbanism: Deep City Method Part 1 concept,process and application

Four underground resources have been seen as having a long-term potential to support sustainable urban development: underground space, groundwater, geomaterials and geothermal energy. Utilization of these resources proposes a new paradigm of economic development: underground urbanism. The new management approach named “Deep City Method” is put forward to aid decision-makers to integrate global potential of the urban underground into city-scale strategic planning. The research output will be presented in form of two papers each with a different focus. Part 1 aims to introduce the concept, process and initial application in Switzerland; Part 2 is devoted to show methodological insight for a new zoning policy in China and investment scenarios for project cost viability.This Part 1 paper will begin by presenting the fundamental concept of the Deep City Method, followed by a proposition for a trans-institutional planning process. The application is firstly based on a rating system to identify cities having a potential for underground development. The city of Geneva is selected for conceptual application and strategic level study. Further operational steps are required in order to generalize the concept to other cities around the world.     

城市地下空间利用规划：进退两难

多年来，地下空间利用规划的重要性在学术意义上已经得到广泛的认同。然而．很少有城市真正编制了这样的规划并将其作为日常城市规划活动的一部分。本文回顾了城市地下空间规划时断时续的发展状况，并探讨了为什么它没有能够成为所有主要城市总体规划的一个正式部分。     

"失落"的城市地下空间——记武汉地下商城

在当今城市化快速发展的时代背景下,拓展城市地下空间成为解决城市用地问题的一个重要出路。但是就目前各城市开发地下空间的效果,有令人“失落”之处。笔者实地研究了武汉正在使用的地下商业空间,找出其不尽人意之处以及令人“失落”的原因,并提出改进建议,试图探索出更好开发利用城市地下空间的可行之道。     

为城市活力与未来而设计——城市地下公共空间规划与设计理论思考

与现代主义盛行时期对城市公共空间有所忽视的大不相同,从70年代起,与城市未来生活密切相关的城市公共空间越来越引起建筑师和城市规划师的重视,城市地下空间通过整合城市街区、广场及外部空间,可以形成充满活力的城市外部公共空间,通过对城市未来发展的前瞻性分析,和对城市形态与功能的特征分析,从理论上探讨地下公共空间的作用和未来发展的可能性,以实现让城市公共生活回归城市新空间,新公共空间回归生活.     

Why underground space should be included in urban planning policy – And how this will enhance an urban underground future

Cities worldwide tend to overlook an invaluable asset that lies beneath their surfaces. Most cities and urban regions are unaware of the benefits underground space use has to offer, both for climate inflicted and spatial constraints: In many cities, infrastructure development is being outpaced by population growth. Climate change effects are requiring radical new approaches in terms of coping with for example excessive rainfall. The available space at the surface is rapidly being used up and the biggest danger is that built-up spaces are taking over the public green spaces of cities thereby threatening livability and quality of life. Urban underground space forms a societal asset, which is often unappreciated and underestimated in terms of the role it can play within dynamic city environments and associated challenges.This paper will explore the ways in which urban underground space can be optimally integrated into the dynamic urban context. It also explores the often contradictory functions that make underground space use complicated from a planner’s perspective. The first-come-first-served strategy of underground space use has left many cities wondering how they are going to cope with the self-inflicted “chaos” under the surface. The often mono-functional uses of the underground lead to sub-optimal space use. Most cities and urban regions are unaware of the benefits underground space use has to offer. In guiding the future use of urban underground space, a comprehensive policy framework guiding its development is lacking on which decisions can be based. This often leads to the non-sustainable use of this important asset. It will be argued that both vision and planning are needed to be able to make the best use of this underrated underground real estate.The authors will also debate that just understanding the potential of underground space is not enough. Realising its actual potential and facilitating its development will require a spatial dialogue between many stakeholders, including planners, engineers, developers and public decision makers.     

城市轨道交通沿线地下空间规划控制初探

近年来国家加大了对城市轨道交通的建设,沿线地下空间的规划控制日益迫切。结合工程项目实践,针对目前城市轨道交通沿线地下空间的规划控制遇到的一些问题,如地下空间产权、公共地下空间地面附属设施、地下空间之间的连接、地下空间实施时序等,进行一些初步探讨。     

城市重点地区地下空间综合利用规划探讨——以广州宏城广场周边地区为例

随着城市经济高速发展、城市空间容量严重不足、各种矛盾迅速激化、城市土地急剧升值,城市地下空间的大规模开发利用是必然的发展趋势。广州等众多国内城市的地下空间已进入大规模开发期,但目前缺乏地下空间规划,已开发的部分地下空间使用功能及内部布局不尽合理,尤其是重点地区的地下空间未能得到很好利用。本文通过借鉴国内外城市地下空间的开发经验,总结对广州的启示,并以广州宏城广场周边地区为例对城市重点地区地下空间综合利用规划进行详细探讨。     

城市交通综合体地下空间绿色建筑设计方法研究概论

借鉴住建部绿色建筑设计标准提 出地下空间绿色建筑设计标准,并提出了基于 GIS软件分析城市交通综合体地上、地下及 周边区域的系统性规划设计方法;运用空间 句法分析地上、地下立体空间效率,以及地下 街、地下通道、地下接驳系统的空间形态,优 化设计尺度;运用绿色建筑软件分析地下空 间的通风、采光、热舒适性、能耗等绿色指 标,整体性构建绿色建筑设计方法及绿色标 准体系。     

Underground pedestrian trips—trip generation,spatial distribution and activities in the Montréal underground

Underground space for pedestrians has received little research attention, even though the pace of development is accelerating and in many cities worldwide. Privately financed underground planning requires clear and objective measures for the expected performance of planned space. Understanding how an existing pedestrian and commercial system works can help in defining the parameters for future development. This project involved understanding individual pedestrian itineraries in the Montréal underground as multiple-stop, network-based decisions, involving the surface walk environment. The effect of location, weather, and the availability of services on trip length and the portion of the trip that is executed underground are examined with a database of 760 observed itineraries. Distance distributions follow distance–decay function modified by the availability of services. Location had a major effect, the availability of services had a mixed effect and weather had no effect on trip length or the length of the underground trip portion. The results can be used to help construct a predictive model for new generator spaces such as office buildings on projected or existing underground development.     

基于需求与经济效益的小城市地下空间规划——以唐山市丰南区为例

随着经济发展和城市需求,我国在这一领域取得了快速发展,地下空间规划已经成为我国城市规划体系的重要内容。本文在借鉴对地下空间宏观分析研究的基础上,从单个用地、具体功能的角度出发研究地下空间布局规划。在需求预测与经济效益分析的基础上提出地下空间布局规划的方法,并对实证地区丰南区的地下空间布局规划提出建议。     

我国城市地下空间规划的理论研究与编制实践

城市地下空间作为城市空间资源的重要组成部分,其开发利用与规划编制工作已被列入我国的城市规划编制体系中.我国的城市地下空间开发与规划经历了4个发展时期,已逐步发展成为综合性规划.杭州、青岛、北京、上海、深圳等城市在地下空间规划方面均进行了积极的探索与实践,但仍需加强理论研究,探讨科学的地下空间规划编制方法.