风火山隧道温度特性非线性分析

风火山隧道是青藏铁路的控制性工程之一,全隧道位于多年冻土之中,这种特殊隧道的温度分布将直接影响隧道结构的稳定性。根据带相变瞬态温度场问题的热量平衡控制微分方程,应用Galerkin法推导出了三维有限元计算公式。根据风火山隧道内的实测大气温度,利用三维有限元计算公式,计算分析了该隧道在未来50 a的温度特性,并与现场实测围岩温度进行了对比分析,分析表明计算理论、模型、参数和条件是可靠的,风火山隧道在未来50 a内不会出现季节性融化。从而为寒区工程设计提供理论依据和计算方法。     

#br# 寒区隧道温度场的围岩热学参数影响及敏感性分析

寒区隧道抗防冻设计受周边温度场控制,隧道围岩的热学参数直接影响温度场分布。本文依托某寒区公路运营隧道,采用现场实测、数值仿真和理论推导三种方法对寒区隧道温度场分布和围岩热学参数的影响敏感度进行了系统研究。首先,通过对比分析有限元计算结果和现场监测数据,验证了有限元计算分析的准确性。然后,采用该有限元分析方法,基于敏感性分析方法,对围岩导热系数、比热容和赋存温度三个因素对寒区隧道温度场的影响进行了敏感性分析。结果表明,三个因素的影响敏感度具有明显差异,其中赋存温度是影响隧道温度场最敏感参数。研究成果可为寒区隧道选址及类似工程的抗防冻设计提供参考。     

寒区隧道三维温度场非线性分析

根据带相变瞬态温度场问题的热量平衡控制微分方程 ,应用Galerkin法推导出了三维有限元计算公式。根据一座已经建成的寒区隧道内的实测大气温度 ,利用三维有限元计算公式 ,计算分析了隧道铺设保温材料和没有铺设保温材料时的温度场。分析表明对隧道进行空间温度场分析是非常必要的 ,保温材料对于减小隧道围岩的冻融范围是有效的。从而 ,为寒区的实际工程设计提供理论依据和计算方法。     

考虑岩体空间变异性的隧洞围岩变形随机分析

准确和全面地预测隧洞开挖所引起的围岩变形是隧洞设计和施工中的一个关键问题。目前常用的确定性分析方法不能考虑岩体的空间变异性,而这种空间变异性对围岩变形计算结果的准确性和可靠性有着重要的影响。为此,提出采用非侵入式随机分析方法研究岩体空间变异性对围岩变形的影响。采用随机场模拟岩体的空间变异性,采用有限元计算围岩的变形,研究岩体弹性模量和侧压力系数的空间变异性对围岩变形特别是地表位移的影响。结果表明,非侵入式随机分析方法的优势在于有限元计算和随机分析不耦合。侧压力系数的空间变异性对围岩变形的影响远小于弹性模量的影响。由于低强度占优效应的影响,岩体的特征模量小于数学平均值。弹性模量随机场中横向和竖向波动范围参数对围岩变形有明显不同的影响。     

寒区隧道温度场、渗流场和应力场耦合问题的非线性分析

首先根据传热学、渗流理论及冻土力学提出了带相变的温度场、渗流场和应力场耦合问题的数学力学模型及其控制方程。然后应用伽辽金法导出了这一问题的有限元计算公式。最后给出了一寒区隧道考虑渗流和冻胀时的温度场和应力场算例。算例表明冻胀力对隧道衬砌应力的影响很大,应充分考虑这一因素的影响。     

Nonlinear response and reliability analysis of tunnels under strong earthquakes

The damages of tunnels under earthquakes showed that soil–rock deposits around a tunnel have significant effects on its response to earthquake excitations, caused by the spatial variability and correlation of the soil properties, which may properly be modelled as a random field. This paper studied these effects through modelling the surrounding soil as a random field on the response of a tunnel and made some comparisons with the corresponding deterministic analysis. A two-dimensional finite element model of the tunnel-soil system was examined, and the corresponding random field was simulated by the spectral representation method. The results revealed that the corners of the tunnel are the critical locations for the axial force and bending moment. The comparisons showed that the results of the deterministic analysis usually yield higher results than the corresponding random field results. The reliabilities of a tunnel for two limit-state functions were considered: one is defined as exceeding the design limit according to the Chinese design code, whereas the other is exceeding the ultimate strength of the reinforced concrete tunnel lining. The equivalent extreme events were formulated for the respective limit-state functions, from which the tunnel system reliability can be evaluated. The probability density evolution method was used to calculate the stochastic response and reliability of the tunnel under a strong earthquake.     

Non-linear analysis for the freezing–thawing situation of the rock surrounding the tunnel in cold regions under the conditions of different construction seasons, initial temperatures and insulations

In this paper, based on the governing differential equations of the problem of temperature field with phase change, the finite element formulae of this problem are obtained from Galerkin's method. An illustrative example of the temperature field in cold region tunnel under the conditions of the different construction seasons, different initial temperatures, different thicknesses and thermal conductivity of insulation material is provided. Then some significant results are presented, which can provide a reference for actual tunnel engineering designs in cold regions.     

Three-dimensional nonlinear analysis for the coupled problem of the heat transfer of the surrounding rock and the heat convection between the air and the surrounding rock in cold-region tunnel

According to the basic theories of heat transfer, geocryology and fluid mechanics, taking the coupled problem of the heat transfer of the rock surrounding the tunnel and the heat convective between the air in the tunnel and the rock surrounding the tunnel into account, three-dimensional calculating model of the coupled problem are presented. The finite element formulae of this problem are obtained by Galerkin’s method, and the computer program of the finite element is compiled. Using the program, three-dimensional nonlinear analyses for the coupled problem of the heat transfer of the rock surrounding the tunnel and the heat convective between the air in the tunnel and the rock surrounding Fenghuo mountain tunnel on the Qinghai–Tibet Railway are made. The agreement between the calculated results and the in-situ observed data is seen to be very good. The calculated results illustrate that the freezing–thawing situation of the rock surrounding the tunnel can correctly be predicted even if the air temperature distribution along the tunnel is unknown. In thus way, the large cost of in-situ observation for the air temperature in the tunnel can be saved.     

单桩承载力可靠度的非线性摄动随机有限元分析

针对岩土工程中的Duncan-Chang非线性本构模型，提出了二阶非线性摄动随机有限单元法的计算方法。编制了相应的程序。在分析计算中，将随机土性分布参数模拟为轴对称随机场，对随机场的选择方法，随机场的局部平均离散法技术等进行了研究。给出了计算和组集相关随机变量自协方差矩阵的方法。推导出切线弹性矩阵的一阶和二阶偏导数，给出了总体刚度矩阵的偏导矩阵和组集方法，提出了单桩承载力二阶矩的非线性随机有限单元分析方法，研究了土性参数空间变异性和荷载变异性对单桩承载力可靠度指标的影响，并进行了实例计算，研究表明，非线性随机有限元法是研究单桩承载力可靠度的有效方法。     

Nonlinear analysis for the coupled problem of temperature, seepage and stress fields in cold-region tunnels

In this paper, a mathmatical mechanical model and the governing differential equations of the coupled problem of temperature, seepage and stress fields with phase change are first derived from the theory of heat transfer, the theory of seepage and frozen soil mechanics. Then the finite element formulae of this problem are obtained from Galerkin's method. Finally, an illustrative example of the temperature field and stress field in a cold regions tunnel, considering the seepage and frost-heaving force influence, is provided. The example shows that the influence of frost-heaving force on the stresses of the tunnel lining is very large and, thus, the effect of this factor on the tunnel lining should be taken into account in the cold regions engineering design.     

风火山隧道空气与围岩对流换热和围岩热传导耦合问题的三维非线性分析

根据流体力学、冻土学和传热学的基本理论,建立了寒区隧道空气与围岩对流换热和围岩热传导耦合问题的三维计算模型,用Galerkin法进行了有限元分析,进一步编制了有限元计算程序。运用该计算程序对青藏铁路风火山隧道空气与围岩对流换热和围岩热传导耦合问题进行了三维非线性分析。结果表明:运用该计算模型和有限元计算程序,在不知道寒区隧道内气温的情况下,能够正确预测围岩的冻融状态,从而节约现场观测隧道内气温的费用。     

长江堤防三维随机渗流场研究

给出分析各向异性非均质稳定随机渗流场问题的三维有限元模型;结合实际工程问题,统计分析长江荆南干堤土性参数的分布特征,通过Kolomogorov-Smirnov统计检验表明,渗透系数呈高斯分布假设可以接受。通过对长江荆南干堤随机渗流场的三维有限元统计模拟的数值分析,研究长江荆南干堤渗流场的各种随机特性,并进一步对随机模拟结果进行统计检验,验证模拟结果的合理性。在实际的分析研究中把上下游水位的随机波动引入三维有限元的随机分析模型,分析上下游水位的变异性对渗流场矢量的随机干扰和边界条件的随机性对随机渗流场分析结果变异性的影响。在此基础上进一步考虑施加诸如垂直截渗墙、下游导渗沟等抗渗措施后其作为复杂边界条件的扰动,在与场内土性参数的变异性共同影响下,对渗流场水头势分布的随机干扰特性,并与相应的确定性稳定渗流场问题的结果对比,证实随机渗流场研究的必要性、可行性及实用性,实现对长江荆南干堤的三维渗流场的较为全面的随机场模拟及特性分析,分析得到的结论通过统计检验并结合实测工程数据对照证明是可靠的,所研制的程序是适用的。     

寒区隧道渗流场和温度场耦合问题的三维非线性分析

根据传热学和渗流力学的基本理论,考虑冻土渗流场和温度场的耦合影响,建立冻土渗流场和温度场耦合问题的三维数学模型,应用Galerkin法进行有限元分析,并编制有限元分析程序。运用该数学模型和有限元分析程序,进行了青藏铁路昆仑山隧道DK977+578～DK977+682浅埋段的温度场以及渗流场和温度场耦合问题的三维非线性分析。分析结果表明:渗流场对隧道围岩的温度场影响较大,在寒区隧道工程设计时,应该考虑渗流场与温度场的耦合影响。     

水位和覆土厚度变化对过江隧道稳定性影响的数值分析

对于过江地下隧道,研究重点一般放在对围岩承载能力的研究上。本文对过江隧道围岩稳定性分析是结合现有的工程实例,根据实际勘察数据,通过建立模拟过江隧道开挖的有限元模型,分析过江隧道在不同覆盖层厚度以及不同水位高度下的管片衬砌应力与隧道拱顶位移变化规律,可为过江隧道结构设计提供借鉴。     

地基沉降的随机有限元法和可靠度计算

针对邓肯-张本构模型,首次推导了基于一阶Taylor展开的地基沉降随机有限元方程及其有关计算公式,并对地基沉降对模型中各参数的敏感性逐一进行了分析,同时考虑参数随机场的影响,对地基沉降进行了随机有限元分析,并基于随机有限元对地基点沉降和各点之间的差异沉降的可靠度进行了计算.     

地下水对引水式电站隧洞围岩稳定性影响的研究

基于大型通用有限元软件ANSYS对引水式水电站引水隧洞开挖与衬砌过程进行数值模拟。隧洞开挖与衬砌采用ANSYS软件中的生死单元来实现。通过模拟隧洞的开挖与衬砌,改变地下水水位,进而对各水位对应下的引水隧洞洞身段围岩及衬砌稳定进行评价。故在计算结果的基础上．结合工程实际情况和经验．研究地下水水位对隧洞围岩稳定性的影响,并得出几点有益的结论,以期为实际隧洞工程施工及设计提供依据。     

基于非稳定渗流随机有限元的隧洞涌水量预测

 在隧洞涌水量预测分析中,由于地质条件等不确定性带来岩体介质渗透性的空间变异性,所以渗流场不可避免地具有随机性。于是将岩体介质渗透张量视为三维各向异性空间随机场,并利用三维可分离向量随机场的局部平均法对随机场进行离散,从而得到一系列随机变量来近似描述随机场。然后基于一阶摄动法随机变分原理,推导出了三维非稳定渗流场随机有限元列式,通过对随机有限元列式的求解,得到非稳定渗流的随机渗流场,结合一阶Taylor级数展开随机有限元法,推导出渗流场中流量的均值和方差的计算公式,并编制相应的程序。最后,以一隧洞开挖为算例,进行涌水量的随机预测,并验证所提方法和程序的正确性和可行性。     

基于Python语言和Abaqus平台的边坡可靠度计算自动化算法开发

可靠度方法因其更符合边坡岩土体的非均匀性及失稳破坏的不确定性特征,受到科研及工程设计人员的重视。然而,目前没有成熟且能够用于可靠度分析的随机有限元软件,而跨平台的随机场生成和稳定性分析增加了可靠度分析的难度,从而限制了其推广应用。基于Python语言和Abaqus平台,开发了一套能自动计算边坡可靠度的随机有限元算法。在给定边坡几何参数及土体抗剪强度参数的均值、相关距离和变异系数前提下,利用该算法可自动实现非平稳随机场的离散及边坡失效概率的计算;该程序有效地解决了多种软件交互使用的稳定对接和子程序编写等难题;与经典的边坡算例进行对比,计算结果验证了该方法的可靠性。     

3D reliability evaluation of tunnels under strong-motion earthquakes considering spatial randomness

This paper studied the stochastic response and reliability of the tunnel system through modelling the elastic modulus and yield stress of the surrounding soil as a random field. A 3D tunnel-soil finite element model was established and the corresponding random field was simulated by the spectral representation method. The Wenchuan earthquake was chosen as input from the bottom in the perpendicular direction to the longitudinal axis. Results show that the peak values of the internal forces of the cross sections of the tunnel are not uniformly distributed and the hoop forces and bending moments are higher under the condition that the elastic modulus and yield stress of soil are both random fields (Case II) than only the elastic modulus of the soil is considered as random field (Case I). Using PDEM (probability density evolution method), the stochastic response of the tunnel indicates that the probability density function of the response is complex with two or more peaks. The design limit and ultimate limit states of Cases I and II are evaluated in this paper in terms of the respective reliabilities, which indicated that the reliability under Case II is lower than that of Case I.     

Direct computation of the design point of a stochastic structure using a finite element code

In a probabilistic analysis of a stochastic structure, it is important to identify the design point—the point of most probable failure. When both the resistance and load term of the limit state function are random, a modified joint probability density function is formulated, and the design point is obtained by searching for the maximum point of this function. The modification is done by introducing the finite element solution for the load term into the original basic joint probability density function of the random variables. For threshold value problems, the design point is obtained by searching for the maximum point of the original joint probability function, conditional upon the finite element solution being equal to the threshold value. Once the design point is identified, the index of reliability can be found using known techniques for structures with independent and dependent random variables, normally and non-normally distributed. The solution is obtained without the need for any derivatives of the load term with respect to the random variables, thus no modifications are required in the finite element code used. The solution requires an algorithm that finds the maximum value of the objective function in a well defined variable space. Several numerical examples are presented, including cases of random fields, which are discretized by stochastic finite element into random variables. The library module of design optimization of the finite element code employed (ANSYS) is used to find the design point. Applying the proposed method permits the designer to perform probabilistic analysis with computational tools already available.