Assessment and planning of underground space use in Singapore

Underground space development has become an economic imperative for land-scarce Singapore. In 2007, the government, under the Ministry of National Development, set up an inter-agency Underground Master Planning Task Force that aims to map out the long-term development of underground space, bringing underground space development to a strategic level. In 2010, the Economic Strategies Committee made developing underground space part of the government’s long-term economic strategy with specific recommendations on master planning, geological investigations, investment in research and development, and various policy issues. The ESC report also recommended that the government should take the lead in catalysing the use of underground space. Based on these recommendations, the Singapore government have taken various initiatives and studies, and initiated various research projects in support of these initiatives.This paper gives a review of the history of underground space development, highlights the potential utilisations, and discusses the various recent studies and planning issues, and examines possible strategies for future use of underground space in Singapore.     

浅谈城市地下空间中的景观营造

城市地下空间中的景观布置合理可以提升地下空间的环境品质,减少人们对于城市地上地下空间的差异感,从而促进地下空间的使用与开发。文章论述了城市地下空间景观环境的构成要素及设计原则,进一步探讨了不同类型地下空间的景观营造方法,以期营造出多样化、生态化、人性化、艺术化的城市地下空间景观。     

Present state,problems and development trends of urban underground space in China

The status, problems and trends of China’s underground space development are presented in this paper. In association with the features of use of China’s underground space, such as the large scale, rapid development, high speed subway, various forms are summarized. Five problems in the use of underground space in China are put forward, including the uncoordinated solutions, unintegrated management system, incomplete regulations, incomplete planning, and unclear policy. Four use trends of underground space are also presented, together with (1) the integrated planning, construction and management relating to the development of underground space in central business district (CBD) of Beijing, after World Expo in Shanghai and the business district in south Ningbo; (2) introducing the urban underground complex with an integrated transport hub as its center relating to the cases of Hongqiao Transport Hub and Beijing South Railway Station; (3) the development of underground subway, road and logistic system; (4) the scientific utilization of underground water storage space and aeration of “sponge city”. In this study, some institutional perspective on the use of underground space is also given.     

大型带形城市地下空间的集约化开发策略

在快速城镇化的宏观背景下,以兰州为代表的大型带形城市显现出严峻的城市问题,集中体现在:城市建设用地极度紧张;交通问题严重;生态环境恶劣;市政设施效率低等方面。研究基于大型带形城市的突出城市问题,以兰州市为研究落脚点,结合兰州市轨道交通建设机遇,探讨了开发城市地下空间对解决此类型城市的城市问题的作用,宏观分析了地下空间开发策略,其中,以可持续性、集约化为基本原则,重点从调整城市功能角度研究了城市地下空间开发策略,主要内容包括三方面:1)选择可持续的模式,有节制的开发地下空间资源;2)结合整体功能布局,实现地上地下空间的协调发展;3)城市功能空间地下化。     

Utilization of underground space in Japan

This paper discusses the utilization of underground space in Japan. Firstly the classification of underground space is indicated and then the utilization of underground space under private lands and public lands is explained separately. Finally the characteristics of Japanese underground shopping malls and the future use of underground space is analyzed. Many people must contribute diverse ideas including measures for planning and using the space under public areas and private properties in an integrated manner, streamlining the relationships between occupying properties and systems for rationally managing aboveground and underground spaces.     

浅析城市地下空间的利用

阐述了城市地下空间的利用特征及现状，对城市地下空间发展做了详细介绍，分析了利用地下空间存在的问题。提出我国地下空间开发和利用的方向。     

浅谈城市地下空间设计

通过对城市地下综合体开发及设计的研究,从地价、环境、安全等方面阐述了建造坡地地下城市的优点,介绍了上海市开发利用地下空间的现状及主要地下设施,从而建立完整的地下空间秩序,优化城市整体空间环境.     

现代城市地下空间利用及规划管理

从地下空间利用的主要形式着手,总结了现代城市地下空间利用面临的困境,通过对地下空间开发控制特点分析,制定了相应规划控制要素、指标体系及图则表达方式,以加强对城市地下空间开发利用的规划引导。     

Energy and underground

Driven by urbanization growth, in recent years, the relationships among energy systems and underground space are becoming more and more intense for many reasons: the severe competition in the land use, the security of energy commodities management, the need of huge infrastructures for mass and energy transportation (e.g. pipelines), the safety requirements against seismic events and eventually, economic and environmental considerations.For such reasons, nowadays underground space is becoming an extremely important as an alternative for urban areas expansion, if properly planned. In fact, a correct underground space planning strategy, together with the progressive developments of suitable integrated connections between surface and subsurface can increase the livability of cities and improve public health.Population in urban areas is expected to grow, in particular in developing economies (such as China); this phenomenon leads to an increasing pressure on urban areas to supply the growing energy needs. In fact, several end-use services should be fulfilled to provide indoor comfort in buildings, for mobility of people and goods, etc. Anyway, only a very limited amount of energy can be generated inside urban areas (from municipal solid wastes, from thermal/solar PV and heat pumps installations); as a consequence, the majority of the energy commodities are produced, converted and stored in power plants located far from cities and require huge transport infrastructures.In this paper, the cost/benefit relationship between underground and energy use is explained by reviewing main application of existing underground space utilizations for energy processes (distribution, storage and generation), as well as other innovative opportunities. From the analysis of past experiences analysis, the main conclusion is that a rational approach in urban energy planning procedures, integrating both over- and below-ground space utilizations, could help to raise the quality of energy services and it is fundamental for reaching a smarter and more resilient society. In such a new Underground Urbanism approach, the need for long-term Integrated Master Plans that propose suitable Guidelines is highlighted.     

论城市地下空间规划与发展

从城市地下空间的开发利用对实施中国城市可持续化的重要性出发,概述了现代城市地下空间开发的评价、规划的原则与内容、应解决的问题,提出应进行统一规划与统一建设,保证城市的可持续发展.     

人防工程与城市地下空间利用

针对如何使地下空间的开发利用与人防工程防护功能的发挥相协调这一问题,结合人防工程在我国城市地下空间开发利用中的历史和现状,阐述了人防工程与地下空间开发过程中存在的问题,提出人防工程建设与城市地下空间开发相协调的方法。     

An introduction to connectivity concept and an example of physical connectivity evaluation for underground space

Underground spaces will be the future frontier for urbanization due to surface land scarcity and environmental considerations. To improve the image and usage of underground space from the current planning, space connections, within underground and with above ground, must be improved to encourage the use of underground space. Connectivity of various parts within a large underground space complex has not been extensively studied. This paper introduces the concepts of connectivity in terms of physical, visual and implicit, and suggests that the physical connectivity can be measured and quantified. In the appendix, an example of developing physical connectivity evaluation methodology for underground spaces is illustrated, to show the possibility of calculating the physical connectivity that may provide input for underground space layout design and optimisation.     

城市地下空间景观营造初探

介绍了城市地下空间的特点,分析了城市地下空间景观设计存在的问题,并阐述了城市地下空间景观营造的基本原则和方法,以营造出多样化、生态化、人性化、艺术化的城市地下空间景观。     

城市地下空间产权管理研究

通过对城市地下空间产权管理现状的研究和分析,提出了针对不同类别的地下空间产权调查信息化管理的思想与方法,从而创造性地搞好地下空间的地籍与房产测绘,以便更好地进行城市地下空间产权管理。     

地下空间排烟技术应用——排烟理论与小尺寸实验分析

随着城市的快速发展和人口不断增多,地下建筑应运而生,并成为城市商业发展极为重要的组成部分.文章以广州市天河区时尚天河广场地下商业建筑为模型,针对地下空间较大、火灾时烟雾不易扩散的特性,建立了小尺寸火灾模型实验台(1:20缩放),测试分析地下空间中移动式排烟装备的应用,根据不同工况下移动排烟的效果,与排烟理论综合分析得到合理的排烟建议,为地下商业建筑的排烟提供数据支持.     

城市地下空间规划与设计人才培养的思考

地下空间规划与地面城市设计脱节,研究人员偏于工程技术化,缺乏对城市整体环境的塑造是当前中国地下空间建设面临的主要问题。随着城市地下空间建设需求的增长,对城市地下空间规划与设计人才的需求也日益提升,结合目前高等学校城乡规划、建筑学、城市地下空间工程专业的人才培养现状,有必要根据新时期城市地下空间建设所提出的规划与设计专业技术人才的要求,在地下空间规划与设计人才的培养方案、教材体系等方面进行改革,以满足大中城市地下空间开发建设的大量专业人才需求。     

谈中小城市地下空间的规划与利用

分析了当前中小城市地下空间规划与利用中存在的规划缺乏整体空间考虑、施工技术复杂、防火防洪能力差等普遍共性问题,并就如何解决这些问题提出了一些可行性较强的对策,包括因地制宜超前规划,创新施工技术,加强防灾设计三方面内容,以期指导实践。     

城市地下空间工程专业人才培养之我见

结合我国城市可持续发展战略,从城市地下空间工程发展前景,市场需求等方面探讨了培养城市地下空间工程专业人才的必要性,并从多方面分析了该专业人才的社会需求形势,提出应加大城市地下空间人才培养力度,进一步完善专业人才培养方案。     

Engaging decision makers for an urban underground future

This paper will look into the topic of how decision makers can be engaged in the development of urban underground space. It will ask the question whether it is the decision makers we need to focus on, or if the development of urban underground space involves further stakeholders. The paper will look at the way the ITA Committee of Underground Space has worked in advocating underground space for the past 8 years. The question will also be asked where we stand 100 years on from the first advocates of underground urbanism.     

Underground space needs an interdisciplinary approach

During a very long period of time, civil engineers have been the only ones to be designated as the experts for underground space, while the planners and architects were the ones of the development at the surface. This silo approach to work is now a thing for the past in most major cities, but solving this fragmentation of the disciplines does not happen overnight. It first took a few thinkers to promote and publish on the subject, such as Edouard Utudjian, founder of GECUS in 1937, and also that planners abandon their ambiguous position on this invisible space, become part of multi-disciplinary teams and participate in the dissemination of new knowledge, particularly through some international associations such as ACUUS. With biennial scientific conferences dating back to 1983, the organization actively promotes since partnerships amongst all actors in the field of planning, management, research and uses of urban underground space in all its forms. The originality of ACUUS comes from its success in attracting public, private and university levels into a cohesive network of mutual cooperation, which is not so common in international organizations.