A holistic numerical approach to simulating the thermal and mechanical behaviour of a tunnel lining subject to fire

Conventional heat transfer analysis for the prediction of fire-induced damage in a tunnel is performed without consideration of the spalling and dehydration of concrete, meaning that the fire-induced damage of concrete may be underestimated. This study proposes a new model that is able to simulate structural loss during a fire by eliminating the elements exceeding a pre-determined critical temperature in a finite element analysis. The important parameters for the application of the proposed element elimination model include the critical temperature chosen as the element elimination criterion and the changes of the combined heat transfer coefficients, which are dependent on element size and the time–temperature history during a fire, respectively. These parameters are derived from a series of parametric studies based on real fire experiments using a high-temperature furnace. In order to verify the applicability of thermo-mechanical coupling analysis using the proposed model, the fire-induced damage of an unreinforced concrete tunnel lining was estimated with a focus on the spalling depth, temperature distribution, and equivalent stress in the remaining part of the concrete lining under RABT and RWS fire scenarios.     

三面受火钢筋混凝土梁温度场非线性分析

根据三面受火钢筋混凝土梁离散体积单元的能量守恒原理，建立了有限差分平衡方程，在合理确定混凝土热工参数基础上，采用增大混凝土质量热容的方法，考虑混凝土中自由水与结合水的物理化学反应对混凝土温度场的影响。通过编制三面受火钢筋混凝土梁截面温度场非线性有限差分程序，并结合火灾情况下钢筋混凝土梁温度场的试验结果，合理地确定了混凝土质量热容放大系数和混凝土表面换热系数的计算式。结果表明：三面受火钢筋混凝土梁温度场的计算结果与试验结果符合较好，为进一步研究火灾情况下钢筋混凝土梁力学性能和耐火极限提供了条件。     

火灾下钢筋混凝土剪力墙温度场数值模拟

为了研究配筋率、升温曲线、多面受火、传热系数等因素对钢筋混凝土剪力墙温度场的影响,利用COMSOL多物理场建模与仿真软件对火灾下钢筋混凝土剪力墙温度场进行模拟,并得到不同因素变化条件下的剪力墙的温度场分布规律,模拟结果与试验结果符合良好.对温度场模拟中各参数对温度场的影响进行了讨论,结果表明:受火时间越长,钢筋混凝土剪...     

非标准火灾下结构温度场分析方法

提出一种基于FDS 火灾模型与COMSOL 结构力学模型的温度场转换方法,并通过MATLAB 编写相应软件实现该方法,进而对建筑构件进行热传递分析。以矩形混凝土薄板为例,采用该方法对其进行数值模拟,计算结果显示,FDS 模型与COMSOL 模型中温度场变化一致,通过对比两个模型的测点温度,结果显示误差最大为6.8%。该方法可以用于研究实际火灾中温度对建筑结构的力学性能的影响,为提高建筑韧性提供了一种热力耦合方法。     

火灾下钢管混凝土柱受热分析模型

建立火灾下钢管混凝土柱的受热分析模型以便于在抗火分析和防火设计中应用。首先基于传热学的基本理论确定了火灾下钢管混凝土柱与火场的热交换过程,然后根据能量守恒原理和热力学理论确定了钢管混凝土柱截面内的导热过程,推导了有限差分形式的截面温度场计算的基本方程,最后编制了数值计算程序来模拟钢管混凝土柱截面内的温度场。分析模型中重点考虑了水分和接触热阻对截面温度场的影响。数值程序的计算结果与试验结果符合得较好。     

Heat transfer in concrete-filled carbon and stainless steel tubes exposed to fire

Nowadays, performance-based design methods are increasingly used for fire resistance assessment of structures. To implement these methods, it is paramount to determine the temperature development within a structural member exposed to fire as accurately and efficiently as possible. Numerical models are developed in this paper to simulate the temperature development in concrete-filled carbon and stainless steel tubes. It was found that the influence of the moisture content in concrete and the thermal contact conductance at the steel–concrete interface is significant. New models for thermal conductivity of concrete and thermal contact conductance at the interface are proposed in this paper. Comparisons of temperature development are made between numerical simulations and extensive experimental results. Improved agreement with test results is achieved when the proposed models are used in the heat transfer analysis.     

火灾下钢筋混凝土梁非线性有限元分析

为分析钢筋混凝土梁在火灾过程中的温度分布、结构变形非线性变化过程,在三组不同条件下对火灾后钢筋混凝土梁构件内部传热及变形过程进行全过程仿真。基于钢筋混凝土热工特性、温度-应变-应力本构特性,分析钢筋混凝土梁在受火时的温度分布演化过程,以及配筋率、初始载荷和受火时间等参数对钢筋混凝土梁防火承载力的影响。结果表明:火灾中材料强度的降低,自重和初始载荷以及不均匀升温引起的内部应力共同作用引起了构件的整体失稳。初始载荷对梁剩余承载力的影响不大,提高混凝土中钢筋数量能有效地提高钢筋混凝土梁的防火承载力。     

混凝土箱梁温度场研究与效应分析

以困扰工程界设计的混凝土箱梁温度分布问题为研究对象,以某双线特大桥为背景,进行了为期1年的现场实测.并结合气象学和传热学的相关理论对混凝土箱梁温度场进行数值仿真与效应分析,通过数值仿真与现场实测对比分析,得出混凝土箱梁温度场的分布规律与不均匀温度场对混凝土箱梁的效应;并以ANSYS为开发平台,开发出了与ANSYS风格一致的针对预应力混凝土温度场的可视化汉化模块.实例计算表明,该可视化汉化模块能很好地应用于实际,减少程序重复建模的操作分析步骤,能够提高工作效率.     

热力地沟衬砌温度的数值模拟

根据一维热传导分析 ,得出了在稳态情况下的“地沟内空气 混凝土衬砌 土壤”间的一维热传导公式。进行了二维热传导数值模拟 ,研究了在不同埋深、不同土壤性质、不同衬砌内空气温度及不同地面温度条件下地沟温度场的分布特征。确定了一维热传导公式中土壤中温度影响范围的取值。最后对地沟衬砌内、外壁温差计算公式及公式参数的取值做出了建议     

地下压气储能圆形内衬洞室内压和温度引起应力计算

地下压气储能岩石内衬洞室内,不断变化的气体内压和温度引起的应力场是关乎洞室稳定性、耐久性的重要因素,由此提出了一种计算气压和温度引起应力变化的解析方法。将内衬洞室考虑成由密封层、衬砌和围岩组成,首先建立了洞室温度和气压求解的控制方程;利用拉普拉斯变换和叠加原理得到每个循环内洞室温度和气压随时间的变化;采用热弹性模型得到内压和温度引起的应力场。基于解析方法,给出了典型循环周期内洞室应力变化情况;接着通过一个热-力以及洞室气体耦合求解的数值模型以及不考虑密封层和衬砌的温度场解析方法来验证本文方法;最终探讨了温度对总应力的影响程度,以及不同换热系数的影响。结果表明：本文方法是可行的;温度和内压引起的密封层和衬砌内环向拉应力非常大;温度对于压气储能洞室有着不可忽略的作用,温度对于环向和纵向应力的影响程度要大于对径向应力的影响;换热系数对应力变化影响很大。     

建筑结构地震火灾效应分析方法

为在建筑结构设计时考虑地震引发火灾对建筑结构的作用和影响,提出建筑结构地震火灾效应分析计算方法,此方法结合结构地震反应分析与火灾热力反应分析,通过简化的建筑结构地震损伤模型,考虑地震损伤的同时,连接结构的热传导分析与热力分析,从而实现地震火灾效应计算.运用此方法对一单层和一多层混凝土框架分别进行了分析,并与没有考虑地震...     

火灾下盾构隧道衬砌拼接接头力学行为试验研究

盾构隧道管片接头是隧道结构的薄弱部位,针对盾构隧道管片接头的抗火性能研究显得尤为重要,该文以存在安装误差的缩尺衬砌结构接头试件进行火灾试验,以管片的表观特征、温度场分布及变形响应等特征,研究火灾高温作用下盾构隧道衬砌结构接头的力学性能.研究结果表明:无初始缺陷的衬砌管片爆裂面积大且深度浅,具有初始缺陷的衬砌管片剥落深度...     

某工程火灾后结构安全分析

本文根据某污水处理厂蛋形消化池火灾过程,建立热传导数学模型。对火场持续时间、火场温度、混凝土的热容、混凝土的热导率、大气温度、混凝土表面热交换强度等参量进行合理取值,进行计算分析,得到不同深度、不同时刻混凝土的温度场。根据混凝土、钢筋和预应力钢绞线在不同持荷条件下的化学稳定性、热力学特性,实现蛋形消化池钢筋混凝土预应力结构的火灾损伤定量分析,为蛋形消化池的火灾结构安全鉴定提供理论依据。     

Realistic modelling of thermal and structural behaviour of unprotected concrete filled tubular columns in fire

This paper employs the commercial finite element analysis package ANSYS to model the thermal and structural behaviour of isolated CFT columns in fire. Although CFT columns have been numerically analysed by many researchers, this paper presents details of a number of features which have often been neglected by many researchers, including the influence of an air gap and slip at the steel/concrete interface on CFT column temperatures and structural behaviour, the sensitivity of CFT fire resistance to concrete tensile behaviour and CFT column initial imperfections. The finite element model is validated by comparing the simulation results against experimental results of standard fire resistance tests on 34 CFT columns with different structural boundary and loading conditions. A numerical parametric study is then performed to investigate the sensitivity of simulation results to different assumptions introduced in the finite element model. The results of these numerical studies show that whether or not including slip between the steel tube and concrete core in the numerical model has minor influence on the calculated column fire resistance time. The fire resistance of CFT columns with an air gap is generally slightly higher than that without an air gap. However, including slip gives a better prediction of column deflection behaviour. Using different tensile strength or tangent stiffness of concrete has a minor effect on the calculated column fire resistance. Different amounts of column initial deflection have some influence on column fire resistance times. Nevertheless, the influence is relatively small so that it is acceptable to use a maximum initial deflection of L/1000 as commonly assumed by other researchers.     

高温下混凝土裂缝对温度场的影响

通过对带(预制)裂缝混凝土试件进行明火升温试验,研究高温下裂缝对混凝土温度场的影响.依据传热理论分析建立带裂缝混凝土试件截面温度计算模型,然后用数学软件MATLAB进行数值计算并与试验结果进行对比.结果表明:高温下裂缝区域的主要传热方式为热传导;相对于无裂缝处,有裂缝处测点温度更高;总体上测点的温度随裂缝宽度的增大而增大,远离裂缝的测点温度受裂缝的影响较小;不同测点的计算与实测升温曲线总体变化趋势一致,依据传热理论分析建立的带裂缝混凝土试件截面温度计算模型较为可靠.     

Temperature and structural responses of a single-section utility tunnel throughout fire exposure

In this study, fire tests of four single-section scaled-down utility tunnels were conducted. By analyzing temperature and structural responses of the utility tunnel throughout the fire exposure, the effects on the fire behavior of two different construction methods, cast-in-situ and prefabricated, and of two different materials, ordinary concrete and full lightweight concrete, were explored. The results of the study showed that the shear failure of the cast-in-situ utility tunnel occurred at the end of the top or bottom plate, and the failure of the prefabricated utility tunnel occurred at the junction of the prefabricated member and post-cast concrete. As the temperature increased, the temperature gradient along the thickness direction of the tunnel became apparent. The maximum temperature difference between the inner and outer wall surfaces was 531.7 °C. The highest temperature occurred in the cooling stage after stopping the heating, which provided a reference for the fire protection design and rescue of the utility tunnel. The displacement of the top plate of the prefabricated utility tunnel was 16.8 mm, which was 41.8% larger than that of the cast-in-situ utility tunnel. The bearing capacities of the ordinary concrete utility tunnel and full lightweight concrete utility tunnel after the fire loss were 27% and 16.8%, respectively. The full lightweight concrete utility tunnel exhibited good ductility and fire resistance and high collapse resistance.     

截面温度不均匀受约束钢柱抗火性能试验研究与有限元分析

截面温度不均匀钢柱火灾下将发生热弯曲及扭转屈曲破坏,同时对热变形的约束导致钢柱内在升温阶段产生附加压力,在降温阶段出现附加拉力。分别考虑3种约束刚度比和3种截面温度分布形式,进行了9根受约束钢柱的抗火试验,量测了受约束钢柱达到最大轴力时的温度（屈曲温度）、轴力恢复至初始荷载对应的温度（临界温度）及破坏温度,研究其在火灾升温和降温阶段的受力性能、破坏特征。试验结果表明,截面温度不均匀导致钢柱在绕截面对称轴弯曲时同时发生扭转;约束刚度比越大,钢柱的屈曲温度越低,破坏温度与屈曲温度之差越大;截面温差越大,钢柱屈曲温度和破坏温度越高。同时对试验钢柱进行了有限元分析,分析结果与试验结果基本一致,验证了所建立的有限元分析模型的正确性。     

Numerical study on temperature distribution of high-strength concrete-filled steel tubes subjected to a fire

High-strength concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) columns offer a number of benefits and are widely used in high-rise building construction. This paper presents a brand new thermal modeling approach in comparison with tremendous test data for the heat transfer analysis. A heat transfer model has been developed to predict the thermal response of high-strength CFST columns under standard fire conditions with consideration of a number of parameters: steel and furnace emissivity, thermal interface conductance and concrete strength. The verified numerical models discussed the variation of emissivity of steel surfaces and thermal interface conductance in fire. It can be concluded that the influence of emissivity and thermal interface conductance is considerable in the numerical analysis. It is also demonstrated that thermal behavior of high-strength CFST columns subjected to fire during heating and cooling stages, and providing the guidance on predicting thermal response of high-strength concrete-filled steel tube columns.     

混凝土结构对流换热效应的研究

综合分析了国内外学者对混凝土对流换热系数的研究成果，结合风洞实验，提出了混凝土对流换热系数计算公式，可用于混凝土结构温度效应分析。并利用有限元程序进行预应力混凝土简支箱梁的温度效应分析，计算中采用了标准化的太阳日辐射强度曲线和日气温变化曲线，以梁的跨中挠度和轴向变形的变化规律为例，讨论了对流换热系数取值对结构温度效应的影响。     

Effect of temperature on thermal properties of spray applied fire resistive materials

Thermal properties of fire insulation namely thermal conductivity, specific heat, thermal strain and mass loss play a critical role in determining the effectiveness of these materials to improve fire resistance of steel structural members. These properties vary with temperature and are predominantly governed by moisture content and chemical constituents. This paper presents the effect of temperature on thermal properties of different types of spray applied fire resistive materials (SFRM). High temperature property tests were carried out on three types of commercially available SFRM to measure thermal conductivity, specific heat, mass loss and thermal strain in the range of 20–1000 °C. Data from these tests show that temperature has significant influence on thermal conductivity, thermal expansion and mass loss of fire insulation. The measured test data are utilized to develop thermal property relationships for fire insulation in terms of temperature. The proposed relations can be used as input data in thermo-mechanical analysis for evaluating fire resistance of steel structures.