一种基于DCT的彩色图像双水印算法

提出了一种用于版权保护和完整性认证的彩色图像双水印算法。基于YCbCr颜色空间,将原始图像各个分量进行分块,在各分量图像子块DCT域中直流系数上嵌入鲁棒水印以标示版权;在亮度分量的中频系数上嵌入抗JPEG压缩的半脆弱水印以进行篡改检测和篡改定位。仿真实验表明该算法能够很好地标示版权和检测篡改。     

利用地理坐标网分块的矢量地图脆弱水印方案

为解决矢量地图数据的完整性认证问题,提出一种利用地理坐标网分块的脆弱水印方案.首先利用地理坐标网按照一定的经差和纬差将矢量地图划分为互不重叠的数据子块,然后对每个子块内的数据点进行排序处理,利用嵌入位前的坐标信息生成脆弱水印,最后采用防数据点溢出策略通过修改坐标嵌入位将认证信息嵌入.水印检测与嵌入过程相对应,无需借助原始数据.数据认证时,通过对比检测出水印和生成水印的一致性,判断地图数据是否遭到了篡改.采用某地1:100万的道路线状数据进行水印性能评估实验,实验结果表明,该脆弱水印方案具有良好的稳定性、不可见性和篡改定位精度,能够对矢量地图数据的完整性进行准确认证.     

安全的变容量恢复水印方案

针对现有水印算法大多无法准确定位并恢复被篡改区域的问题,兼顾水印嵌入容量和安全性,提出了一种安全的变容量恢复水印算法.该算法首先将原始图像分成纹理块和平滑块,纹理块除了保存常规信息外,还保存了"细节"信息,不同块将根据自身特点产生不同长度的"复合水印".所谓"复合水印"是指水印由认证水印和信息水印构成,其中认证水印用于检测篡改区域,信息水印用于恢复图像.然后采用新提出的"3级秘钥嵌入方案"(three level secret-key embedding scheme,TLSES)将图像块的"复合水印"随机嵌入在其他图像块中,再利用"3级篡改检测方案"(three level tamper detection scheme,TLTDS)定位被篡改图像块并进行恢复.实验结果表明,所提出的水印算法不仅能够准确检测篡改区域并恢复图像,而且能够有效地抵抗均值攻击和拼贴攻击.     

基于可逆信息隐藏技术的认证方案的攻击与改进

可逆信息隐藏技术一方面能够对图像的原始性和完整性进行认证和保护,同时还能够确保无失真地恢复原始图像,近年来在公安、司法等领域受到越来越多的关注。基于可逆信息隐藏的认证方案需要同时满足可逆和认证两个方面的要求,在实际中具有较大挑战性,目前成功案例较少。在文献[1]中,Hong等人提出了一种新的基于可逆信息隐藏技术的认证方法,该方法借助IPVO(Improved pixel-value-ordering)和LSB(Least significant bit)替换等技术,可以有效地对图像进行认证。本文我们对Hong等人的方法进行了深入研究,指出在该方法中仅有部分像素参与认证码的生成且攻击方能够很容易地获知这部分像素,因此在安全性上还存在不足。针对该方法存在的安全漏洞,我们提出了一种针对性的攻击方案,即攻击方可选择对图像中未参与认证码生成和嵌入的像素进行修改。该攻击方案可以在不影响所嵌入认证码提取的同时,实现有意义篡改。为了提高认证算法的安全性,本文还针对Hong等人算法的缺陷提出了相应的改进方案,即将更多像素引入认证码的生成过程中并在嵌入前对图像块进行置乱。理论分析和实验结果验证了本文提出的...     

一种子块相关的半脆弱数字水印

数字水印是多媒体数字产品版权保护和内容完整性认证的重要技术之一。为得到一种鲁棒性更好的数字水印,在分析MHB算法缺陷的基础上,采用认证码生成块与嵌入块及嵌入块之间互相关的策略,提出了一种更加安全的子块相关的半脆弱数字水印算法,并增强了算法抵抗恶意攻击的能力。实验结果表明,该算法在不破坏宿主图像视觉质量基础上,对JPEG有损压缩具有较强的鲁棒性,并可有效地检测出对图像内容的局部恶意篡改。     

一种图像篡改可恢复的认证水印方法

针对数字图像的篡改恢复问题,提出一种自嵌入的脆弱认证水印方法。提取图像2×2分块的灰度均值,经混沌映射加密、嵌入位平面确定和自同构映射后,作为水印信息嵌入原始图像所有像素的2个最低有效位中。该方法在图像认证时无需原始图像和任何有关水印的附加信息,可实现对细小图像篡改的准确检测定位并恢复到图像分块。实验结果与分析表明,该方法对任意的篡改极其敏感,恢复图像质量较好,安全性能较高。     

一种自嵌入的图像脆弱水印算法

针对现有脆弱水印算法大多无法区分水印被篡改还是内容被篡改的问题,提出了一种基于奇异值分解的自嵌入水印算法.算法基于原始图像2×2大小分块,图像块的高6位进行奇异值分解,每块的最大奇异值经过量化生成恢复水印嵌入到偏移子块的次低位,每块的奇异值范数二值编码生成认证水印嵌入到本身的最低位.实验结果表明,该算法不仅篡改定位准确,而且能区分是水印被篡改还是图像内容被篡改,可有效地恢复被篡改的区域.     

一种篡改检测与篡改定位分离的图像认证方案

针对脆弱水印认证算法的篡改定位精度及安全性问题,提出了一种将篡改检测和定位分离的图像认证方案:对图像进行单像素置乱并将其低两位置零,采用像素关联技术生成各个像素的篡改定位水印,并将其嵌入到自身的次低位;将图像逆置乱后并进行分块,生成各个分块的篡改检测水印,将篡改检测水印嵌入到各像素的最低位,进而生成含水印图像.理论分析和实验结果表明:该方案可以抵抗目前针对单像素认证算法的Oracle攻击及针对分块算法的量化攻击,在保证系统安全性的同时可将篡改定位到单个像素.     

基于二维直方图移位的图像认证算法

针对如何检测数字图像内容是否完整、有无篡改,提高认证图像质量的问题,提出了一种基于二维直方图移位的图像认证算法。首先,在棋盘格结构中利用两种预测差值计算方法构建原始图像的二维直方图,由预先设定的参数选择可嵌入信道,并确定可嵌入信道峰值点的位置,将可嵌入信道移位。然后结合直方图信息嵌入方法将认证信息嵌入到图像分块中。在篡改检测过程中采用分层篡改检测方法,有效提高篡改检测准确度。实验结果显示,该算法不仅可以抵抗噪声攻击,而且当参数设定为2和4时,认证图像的平均峰值信噪比(PSNR)分别为52.37 dB和50.33 dB,进一步提高了图像质量。实结果表明,所提算法安全性高,可实现可逆水印,并准确定位出篡改区域。     

一种变容量的自嵌入图像易碎水印算法

为了减小图像自嵌入水印的长度,降低水印对载体图像质量的影响,同时为消除基于分块的图像认证算法中图像块之间的独立性,提出了一种变容量的自嵌入易碎水印算法:首先对图像进行2×2的分块,根据各分块灰度均值生成原始图像的均值图像;根据均值图像各像素之间的相关性进行游程编码;将编码信息作为水印嵌入在图像像素的最低两位中;篡改检测时首先使用字符串匹配的思想进行图像块和水印之间的匹配,对于未匹配成功的块,使用分组的方式进行再次匹配,以完成认证和恢复.该算法进行一次的水印嵌入,同时用于篡改检测与恢复,水印长度依赖于均值图像相邻像素之间的相关性,可有效缩短水印长度,减小对载体图像质量的影响.理论分析和实验仿真表明,算法在不可见性、篡改定位和恢复、抗拼贴攻击、漏检率等方面具有较好的效果.     

A novel hash function based fragile watermarking method for image integrity

In recent years, tampering and altering of digital images have become easier with the rapid development of computer technologies such as digital image editing tools. Therefore, verification of image integrity and tamper detection of digital images have become a great challenge. Fragile watermarking is the most widely used method for protecting the integrity and content authenticity of the image. In this paper, by using SHA-256 hash function, a novel block based fragile watermark embedding and tamper detection method is proposed. In watermark embedding phase, host image is divided into 32?×?32 non-overlapped blocks. Each 32?×?32 block is then divided into four 16?×?16 nonoverlapped sub-blocks. The entire hash value of the first three sub-blocks is generated as a watermark using SHA-256 hash function. The generated 256-bit binary watermark is embedded into the least significant bits (LSBs) of the fourth sub-block and watermarked image is obtained. In tamper detection phase, the detection of tampered block has been performed by comparing the hash value obtained from the three sub-blocks with the extracted watermark from the fourth sub-block of the watermarked image. The performance of the proposed method has been evaluated by applying linear and nonlinear attacks to the different regions of the watermarked images. Experimental results show that the proposed method detects all the tampered regions of the attacked images and high visual quality of watermarked images has been obtained.

     

Effective reversible image steganography based on rhombus prediction and local complexity

Reversible image steganography attracts much attention of researchers since such technique has ability to reconstruct the original version of the host image losslessly after image steganography. In this paper, we propose a new reversible image steganography based on rhombus prediction and local complexity. To maintain good quality of stego images and to achieve high accuracy of tamper detection, the local complexity of each pixel is first evaluated, then, the prediction error is calculated by using rhombus prediction for embedding the authentication code. Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed scheme has ability to recover the original version of the host images. In addition, the proposed scheme obtains better performance than previous schemes in terms of tamper detection and image quality.     

Reversible fragile watermarking for locating tampered blocks in 2D vector maps

For 2D vector maps, obtaining good tamper localization performance and original content recovery with existing reversible fragile watermarking schemes is a technically challenging problem. Using an improved reversible watermarking method and a fragile watermarking algorithm based on vertex insertion, we propose a reversible fragile watermarking scheme that detects and locates tampered blocks with high accuracy while ensuring recovery of the original content. In particular, we propose dividing the features of the vector map into different blocks, calculating the block authentication watermarks and embedding the watermarks with different watermarking schemes. While the block division ensures superior accuracy of tamper localization, the reversible watermarking method and the fragile watermarking algorithm based on vertex insertion provide recovery of the original content. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme could detect and locate malicious attacks such as vertex/feature modification, vertex/feature addition, and vertex/feature deletion.     

An efficient fragile watermarking scheme with multilevel tamper detection and recovery based on dynamic domain selection

Self-recoverable fragile watermarking is meant for accurate tamper localization as well as image recovery with superior visual quality. However, most of the existing state of art approaches perform authentication and recovery on block basis owing to which the entire block is categorized as tampered in case of alteration of one or more pixels of it. This, results in staircase formation of tamper detected regions, hence lacking in accuracy. Furthermore, the visual quality of the recovered image also deteriorates as an approximate value is assigned to all the block pixels corresponding to the altered region. The proposed watermarking scheme performs both authentication and recovery pixelwise. The authentication of each pixel is done via multi level tamper detection(MLTD) through three authentication bits based on value, location and neighbourhood information. The domain for image recovery is chosen dynamically based on the content of the block, may it be in spatial domain for smooth blocks or frequency domain for the rough ones. This provides high accuracy in recovery. As the embedding of recovery information is done in the frequency domain, the imperceptibility of the watermarked image scheme remains high. Also, embedding of authentication information in the spatial domain maintains its fragile nature. Even for higher tampering ratios, the lost content is rebuilt with high peak signal to noise ratio(PSNR) of the recovered image. The probabilities of false rejection and false acceptance head towards the ideal value for most of the empirical analysis. Comparative study via metric evaluation of probability of false rejection (PFR), probability of false acceptance (PFA) and PSNR of recovered image for different standard test cover images demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed scheme over other existing state of art approaches. Further, the security of the proposed scheme remains high due to usage of multi-layered secret keys and chaos based random mapping handling worst tamper scenarios.     

基于RS码的二值图像认证及篡改定位算法

用于二值图像内容认证和篡改定位的数字水印技术具有重要的实际价值,但却面临着二值图像像素单一、嵌入容量有限且分布不均匀等问题.根据纠错码--RS码的检错原理,提出一种用于二值图像内容认证和篡改定位的脆弱的数字水印算法.该算法利用二值图像的像素值来构造RS码,通过嵌入其校验码来实现对图像的内容认证和篡改定位,一方面保证了其优越的检错能力;另一方面,具有较低的嵌入负载.经实验证明,该算法能有效地检测出二值图像是否被篡改以及篡改发生的位置.此外,在水印信号的生成和提取过程中使用了密钥,确保了水印的安全.     

A majority-voting based watermarking scheme for color image tamper detection and recovery

This paper presents a novel color image watermarking scheme for both tamper detection and tampered image recovery. The proposed scheme embeds watermarks consisting of the authentication data and the recovery data into image blocks. In the tamper detection process, instead of independently examining each embedded authentication data, we take all the authentication data embedded in an image into account and utilize a majority-voting technique to determine the legitimacy of image blocks. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme can effectively thwart collage attack and vector quantization (VQ) attack, while sustaining superior accuracy of tamper localization. Furthermore, the results reveal that the tampered images can be successfully recovered with acceptable visual quality.     

Secure variable-capacity self-recovery watermarking scheme

Since existing watermarking schemes usually cannot recover the tampered position, a secure variable-capacity self-recovery watermarking scheme is proposed. Both watermark embedding capacity and security are taken into account. The original image is divided into texture blocks and smooth blocks, and the texture blocks not only save traditional information, and save the “details” information. The so-called “details” information refers to the texture information, which not only can effectively resist mean attack, but also help to improve the quality of the recovered image to meet the needs of practical work. And then according to the characteristics of different blocks, the different length compound watermarks are produced. The so-called “compound watermarks” include the authentication watermarks and information watermarks. Authentication watermarks are used to detect the tampered region, and the information watermarks which include basic watermark and additional watermark are used to recover image. Then the compound watermarks are inserted into the other blocks based on the new proposed scheme called three level secret-key embedding scheme (TLSES). And then detect the tamper blocks and recover them by the three level tamper detection scheme (TLTDS). The experimental results show that the paper can not only accurately detect the tamper region and recover image, but also can effectively resist mean attack and collage attack.

     

一种新的区域复制图像篡改盲检测技术

提出了一种新的图像盲检测技术,该技术先对图像进行两次分块得到两个子块集,分别对这两个子块集中的子块进行小波变换,将最大变换尺度的小波近似系数以向量形式表示各子块,一个子块集组成一个矩阵,利用主成分分析方法(PCA)对这两个特征矩阵进行二次特征提取,利用Pearson相关系数法对二次提取后的子块特征进行篡改检测,标记出篡改块。实验结果表明,该技术在降低运算复杂度的基础上,不仅能较好地检测进行了多处复制粘贴篡改的图像,且在抗高斯模糊、JPEG有损压缩和噪声方面都有较强的鲁棒性,尤其在篡改图像经过滤波和加性噪声混合严重干扰后,仍能检测出大部分篡改区域。     

一种基于可逆脆弱水印的图像认证算法

通过向图像嵌入水印,可实现图像的真伪鉴定。然而由于量化误差、信息嵌入及截断误差等原因,含水印图像在被确认为真实无误后,无法将原始图像恢复出来。采用可逆水印可以解决这一问题。该文提出了一种可逆脆弱水印算法,它可对图像进行真伪认证,并在图像通过认证后,恢复出原始图像。     

基于差值扩展和纠错编码的可逆图像认证

针对一些敏感数字图像在认证水印嵌入过程中不能引入失真的问题,提出一种能够定位图像篡改块的可逆图像认证方案,利用纠错编码使认证数据能抵抗可能受到的篡改攻击,并用差值扩展的方式将编码后的认证数据嵌入到图像中。仿真实验结果表明,若认证通过,则图像可完全恢复到原始状态,否则,图像中篡改的块可被定位,并完全恢复其他未篡改的区域。