溴化锂吸收式热泵的动态建模及运行特性分析

为充分挖掘吸收式热泵的动态运行特性,考虑各部件存量工质的储热特性建立考虑传质和分布参数的溴化锂吸收式热泵动态仿真模型。在机组各设备存量工质质量不同的情况下,分析了热源工质进口温度的提升对冷却水和冷媒水出口温度的动态影响及系统的热惯性特征,同时在热源工质进口、冷却水进口和冷媒水进口温度变化的情况下,分析了系统的性能系数(Coefficient of Performance, COP)变化特性及结晶风险变化特性。结果表明：该模型能准确地模拟吸收式热泵的稳态特性和动态特性;机组的热惯性主要与机组内各设备中的存量溶液质量有关;热源工质入口温度的上限受到系统COP及结晶风险的双重影响;冷却水入口温度的下降可增大系统COP,其下限受到结晶风险的限制;冷媒水入口温度的上限不受结晶特性限制;主要受用户侧的用能需求限制。     

深层U型地热井仿真模拟及取热性能研究

为充分考虑地热梯度、提高模型计算效率,采用分段方法建立闭式U型井换热器的传热解析模型,并编写程序实现模型的耦合计算。利用系统实际运行数据对模型进行精度验证,并对入口温度和循环流量2个运行参数对地热井取热性能的影响进行分析。结果表明：经与以光纤传感器实测数据在沿程方向上的对比,该模型的平均相对误差为7.3%,模型精度满足工程使用要求。在保证基础负荷需求的前提下,地热井入口温度保持在5~16 ℃之间,循环流量在80 m³/h以上时,可保证地热井处于高效运行区间。在该工况区间内,降低入口温度比提高循环流量能获得更好的热经济性,合理的入口温度和循环流量的匹配调节能使地热井的供热能力提高10%。     

600MW超临界压力直流锅炉水冷壁水动力不稳定性的研究

本文阐述了在西安交通大学高压汽水试验回路上进行的螺旋管圈水冷壁倾斜管中水动力不稳定性的试验研究。试验参数为P=2～14MPa,质量流速G=600～1200kg/m~2·s,入口过冷度△t_(sub)=20～120℃,热负荷0～650kW/m~2,管径φ20×2mm,螺旋升角α=14°。在上述参数范围内,研究了压力、质量流速、入口过冷度、热负荷及热负荷分布、进口和出口节流、可压缩容积对螺旋管圈水动力不稳定性的影响。试验表明在螺旋管圈中存在压力降型、密度波型和热力型脉动。根据试验和理论分析得到了计算压力降型和密度波型脉动起始边界的无因次方程组。对实际的原型锅炉水冷壁水动力稳定性进行了分析计算,得到了稳定的边界值,为600MW超临界变压运行直流锅炉水冷壁的设计与运行提供了可靠的依据。     

钠冷快堆直流蒸汽发生器建模与仿真研究

为了研究液态金属冷却快堆的运行模式和控制方案，需要对直流蒸汽发生器进行合理的建模仿真，以研究其动态特性。针对某大型钠冷快堆的直流式蒸汽发生器，采用Matlab/Simulink平台，基于三大守恒方程，建立了一种工艺仿真模型，包括稳态计算方法和瞬态计算模型。仿真结果表明，该模型的稳态精度较高，与设计参数的稳态误差在1%以内，且计算速度较快，能够满足控制系统设计的需求。基于该模型，对蒸汽发生器出口蒸汽参数的动态响应特性进行了仿真研究，得到了出口蒸汽和温度随入口钠、水参数阶跃变化的特性曲线，发现在其他条件不变时，直流蒸汽发生器出口蒸汽温度主要受入口钠温度影响，而出口蒸汽压力的主要影响因素为给水流量。在设计控制系统时，应当将钠入口温度作为蒸汽温度的主要调节参数，而将给水流量作为蒸汽压力的主要调节参数。     

基于频域法的超超临界锅炉水冷壁动态特性模型验证及计算分析

为了研究超超临界锅炉水冷壁出口参数的动态特性,采用频域法建立了超临界压力下的水冷壁系统动态特性计算模型。通过试验验证,计算值与试验测量数据符合较好。对某电厂超超临界锅炉下炉膛水冷壁进行了计算,得到75%热耗率验收工况(THA)负荷下的动态响应特性,研究了热负荷、入口焓、入口质量流量、出口压力阶跃时的动态特性,同时分析了不同压力、入口焓、入口质量流量、热负荷和管段长度对各参数阶跃时出口工质参数动态响应的影响。结果表明：入口焓、入口质量流量和热负荷增大时,扰动造成的响应时间减小,入口压力、管段长度增大时,扰动造成的响应时间增加。     

5×10~4m~3/h(标准)制氢装置低负荷生产运行分析

中国石油锦西石化公司5×10~4m~3/h(标准)制氢装置在43%负荷、50%负荷与75%负荷时生产运行状况表明,装置低负荷运行时,通过提高水碳比、调整配氢量和降低转化炉出口温度等措施优化转化炉操作,水碳比提高到4.7,较设计值提高1.7个单位,配氢量为天然气进料量的25%,较设计值提高15个百分点,转化炉炉膛最高温度控制在950℃,较设计值降低60℃以上,转化出口温度控制在760℃,较设计值降低100℃以上,保障转化炉平稳运行;通过调整空冷入口温度和除盐水预热器换热负荷等措施,优化中变气换热系统,保证设备不超温、除氧器上水温度不超温和除氧水质量合格;转化进料不能再降低的前提下,适当提高PSA系统吸附时间,降低氢气回收率,仅为73.12%,较设计值降低16.88个百分点,减少产氢外送量。同时,针对低负荷运行出现的问题,提出中变气换热系统低温热回收、过剩除氧水回收和炉膛氧含量自动控制等合理化建议。     

基于水动力计算的锅炉出口温度及热负荷分布分析

为了精确掌握电站锅炉高温受热面出口区域的温度,给出了水动力计算流程,测定了管壁温度分布,并根据原有出口温度分布状态计算出炉膛宽度方向上的热负荷分布。研究结果得到:在炉膛宽度方向上并未形成连续的热负荷分布。热负荷分布状态和炉内燃烧过程紧密关联,在锅炉燃烧过程中,会由于风量或粉量分布不均匀的情况等因素导致热负荷出现偏差。根据热力与锅炉水动力计算数据推断出下炉膛水冷壁管出口温度,发现实际测量值和计算值基本一致,表现出相同的温度分布规律。     

600MW超临界压力直流锅炉启动工况水动力稳定性分析

文中介绍正在研制的国产600MW超临界变压运行直流锅炉水冷壁结构特点和启动过程。通过理论分析，得到了分析水冷壁水动力稳定性的准则方程式。根据锅炉的实际运行工祝，在高压汽水两相试验台上，进行了螺旋管圈水冷壁倾斜管中水动力不稳定性的试验研究。其参数为P＝2～4MPa，质量流速G＝600～1200kg/m2s，入口过冷度△tsub=10～120°C，热负荷0～650kw／m2，管径20×2mm，螺旋升角α＝14°。在上述参数范围内，研究了压力、质量流速、入口过冷度、热负荷及热负荷分布、进口和出口节流、可压缩容积对螺旋管圈水动力不稳定性的影响。由试验得出的计算公式，分析计算了锅炉水动力稳定性边界，在最小直流工祝时可能会出现压力降型脉动。     

2953t/h超临界锅炉垂直水冷壁水动力特性研究

建立超临界锅炉垂直水冷壁水动力特性计算模型,首先按出口工质温度相等的原则计算节流补偿压降,再以给定热的负荷以及节流方式进行了流量分配和压降特性校核计算,并研究了2953t/h超临界锅炉垂直水冷壁水动力特性。研究结果表明:以50%锅炉最大连续出力工况为基准来设计水冷壁入口节流压降是合理的,该方法可以使各负荷下的回路特性均趋于理想回路特性,能够获得较均匀的出口工质温度分布,热力偏差小并能够维持合适的水冷壁金属温度。水冷壁总压降的变化趋势与锅炉负荷变化相符。对于弱受热回路,重位压降所占总压降比例大于摩擦压降,因而弱受热具有自然循环特性;对于强受热回路,重位压降所占总压降比例小于摩擦压降,因而强受热回路具有直流特性。100%BMCR工况下,最高金属壁温为497℃,低于管材规定的580℃,因此锅炉机组的运行安全性可以得到保证。     

乏汽吸收式热泵动态特性实验研究

采用吸收式热泵利用汽轮机乏汽余热供暖已逐渐成为火电厂的主要节能措施之一,但由于机组负荷变化频繁,使热泵经常偏离设计工况,运行效率低,供热性能差。为对热泵实施优化调节和控制,提高热泵运行效率,实验研究了热泵动态特性,结果显示,在驱动热源流量、低温水流量和低温水入口温度阶跃降低10%的情况下,在400s内,热泵制热量分别减少了18kW、2.1kW和14kW,冷却水出口温度分别降低了4℃、0.35℃和2.5℃,并通过仿真获得了动态响应过程的传递函数,为热泵优化控制提供了技术支持。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.