厚板铝合金搅拌摩擦焊匙孔补焊接头组织与性能

研究了35mm厚板铝合金搅拌摩擦焊匙孔补焊工艺,应用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、显微硬度仪及电子拉伸试验机等对接头的组织与性能进行了研究。结果表明,采用铝合金块材填充匙孔后进行FSW焊接,获得成型良好、表面光滑的焊缝;未加填充材料的匙孔位置,焊缝表面出现沟槽缺陷。FSW焊接一次接头的前进侧焊核区与热力影响区之间存在"吻接"缺陷;FSW焊接二次和三次接头的前进侧和后退侧过渡区均连接良好,二者组织无明显差别;FSW焊接一次和二次接头显微硬度分布呈W型,硬度最低值均出现在前进侧热影响区分别为56HV和60HV;采用搅拌头旋转速率为720r/min,焊接速率为180mm/min焊接工艺条件下,FSW焊接一次、二次和三次接头抗拉强度分别达到173、210和205MPa。     

固溶后时效成形对7075铝合金FSW构件性能的影响

为评价搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)构件的可时效成形性,对7075铝合金FSW构件固溶处理后进行时效成形工艺,试验研究了固溶处理影响下FSW构件时效成形后构件性能的变化规律.试验结果表明,固溶处理后时效成形工艺有助于提高FSW构件的抗拉强度、延伸率和电导率.固溶处理后180℃时效成形时,FSW试样抗拉强度峰值显著提高,达到449.4 MPa,是仅时效成形工件抗拉强度的139.5%,为原始焊接试样抗拉强度的1.4倍,此时焊件延伸率达到峰值4.2%,固溶处理对试样延伸率有一定的提升作用.微观结构观察结果表明,固溶处理的引入对FSW构件时效成形过程焊缝区特征组织产生显著影响,有助于消除焊缝的不均匀组织特征的影响,从而有利于成形试样的性能均匀化和提高.     

TIG与FSW焊接工艺下2219铝合金疲劳裂纹扩展性能研究

目的 研究钨极惰性气体保护焊（TIG）和搅拌摩擦焊（FSW）对2219铝合金焊接接头疲劳性能的影响,并探究这2种不同焊接技术条件下焊接接头疲劳裂纹的产生与裂纹扩展原理,了解2种焊接接头的抗裂纹扩展能力,为工程实践应用提供数据参考。方法 采用疲劳裂纹扩展试验方法,测试上述2种焊接工艺条件下焊缝金属和热影响区组织的疲劳裂纹扩展速率da/d N和阈值,使用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察并分析金相组织和疲劳断口形貌特征。结果 疲劳裂纹倾向于沿裂纹处萌生,裂纹的存在成为主要的裂纹扩展源头,有利于加速裂纹向前延伸。热影响区由于组织结构不均匀,不同位置的晶粒尺寸存在明显差异,疲劳裂纹扩展路径倾向于沿靠近焊缝一侧向靠近母材区域扩展。TIG焊接工艺下焊缝金属和热影响区的裂纹扩展速率明显低于FSW焊接工艺下的焊缝金属和热影响区,与此同时,TIG焊接接头表现出优良的抗疲劳裂纹扩展性能。结论 通过此研究,建议2219铝合金焊接接头采用TIG焊接工艺,抗疲劳裂纹扩展效果更佳。     

焊前装配精度对 5083 铝合金 FSW 工艺的影响

搅拌摩擦焊属于精密的加工技术,对焊前装配精度要求比较高,装配精度的高低会直接影响焊缝性能的优劣。基于这一背景,研究了装配过程中对接间隙和板厚差对铝合金搅拌摩擦焊焊缝表面成形、内部成形以及力学性能的影响。研究表明:FSW工艺对对接间隙存在1.1 mm的容限,在0~1.1 mm的对接间隙内,焊接接头与无缺陷接头的力学性能比较接近,当对接间隙高于这个值时,接头性能就会由于缺陷的出现而显著降低;FSW工艺对板材板厚差也存在一定的容限,当板厚差低于容限,所得接头的力学性能差距不大,当板厚差高于容限,焊接质量就会显著下降。     

换热器管束-管板焊缝失效及焊接工艺综述

管壳式换热器是石油化工行业中最为常用的换热器类型之一。其管束与管板之间的焊缝处是换热器的薄弱部位,非常容易发生失效。对不锈钢管壳式换热器管束-管板焊缝失效形式进行了总结,并详细地综述了不锈钢管壳式换热器管束与管板的焊接工艺,包括焊前处理、焊接方法、工艺参数、焊接检验等;针对性地提出了管束与管板的焊接工艺要点,为减少焊缝处的失效提供了借鉴。     

结构件焊接工艺及变形研究

目前,焊接已成为复杂结构件制造过程中的基础加工方法之一,世界主要工业国家每年生产的焊接结构约占钢产量的45%左右。焊接结构与其它加工方法相比节省金属原材料,生产工艺简单,制造周期短,而且可以生产制造出其它工艺方法难以完成的结构。同时,焊接过程中和焊后会产生相当大的焊接残余应力和焊接变形,影响成品的质量。因此,研究结构件的焊接工艺及焊接变形,努力提高企业结构件的工艺水平,具有很大的现实意义及经济价值。     

旋转速度与焊接速度对铝铜异种材料搅拌摩擦焊接头成形的影响

目的为了获得较好的铝铜异种材料搅拌摩擦焊焊缝,研究旋转速度与焊接速度对焊缝成形的影响规律。方法采用对接的方式对4mm厚的纯铝和紫铜进行搅拌摩擦焊,对比了不同旋转速度和焊接速度对铝铜异种金属焊缝表面的影响,并对焊缝内部成形变化进行了分析。结果旋转速度和焊接速度对焊缝的成形影响较大,当旋转速度为1200 r/min,焊接速度为10 mm/min时,焊缝表面成形美观,焊缝表面相对较为光滑,焊缝内部存在相互交叠的片层结构和漩涡状结构,焊缝内部未见明显缺陷;与旋转速度1200 r/min,焊接速度10mm/min相比,在焊接旋转速度减小或者焊接速度变大时,由于焊接热输入减小,造成焊缝表面出现沟槽、孔洞等焊接缺陷,同时搅拌针的旋转搅拌作用影响焊缝成形和焊缝内部缺陷的产生。结论选择合适的旋转速度和焊接速度能够获得宏观成形较好和内部缺陷较少的焊缝。     

大面积拼焊复板爆炸焊接的研究

本文对拼焊而成的大面积复板爆炸焊接参数的特殊性进行了分析;叙述了爆炸焊接参数的选择原则和方法。在此基础上,对大面积拼焊复板爆炸焊接时产生的诸多缺陷,如:裂边、波纹粗大,表面穿孔及成棱、拼焊缝开裂、局部不复合等进行了初步分析,阐述了产生这些缺陷的可能原因,对制定合理的大面积拼焊复板的爆炸焊接工艺具有参考价值。     

焊接顺序对管状大厚度V形接头焊接残余应力场的影响

在工业级大型结构中,大厚度钢的应用越来越广泛,由于结构的复杂性,组件间不可避免地需要熔化焊连接;对于大厚度结构,通常采用多层多道焊,而多层多道焊的焊接工艺选择不合理或多焊缝间的焊接顺序选择不当时,会造成焊接结构的局部区域残余应力过大或焊接的残余变形过大,影响结构的服役时间.为了得到管状大厚度V形接头焊接最优工艺方案和残余应力分布规律,本研究利用非线性有限元软件Marc从多层焊焊接顺序的角度,对管状大厚度V形接头焊接残余应力场的影响进行了有限元数值分析,并通过实际测试结果进行验证.分析结果表明:在多层焊的过程中,采用对称焊接的方法得到的焊接残余应力最小;对于管状环形焊缝,内侧焊缝在焊接路径上的残余应力值大于外侧焊缝.     

关于PN8.4DN1100和P6.4DN1400卧式分离器返修方案的建议

在厚壁压力容器的接管锻件与筒体的组合焊缝焊接时,经常焊角处产生焊接裂纹,且不断向接管锻件扩展,通过进行化学成分分析及力学性能试验,发现接管锻件材20MnMoNb,20MnMoNb高合金高强钢,且没有进行热处理,组织为马氏体,因此造成所有容器都不合格,如果整体报废损失很大,因此对所有接管进行更换,特制定返修方案,按焊接工艺要求施焊接管锻件与筒体的组合焊缝,一次探伤合格。     

铝基复合材料搅拌摩擦焊搅拌头设计

文中介绍了铝基复合材料搅拌摩擦焊搅拌头材料选择和结构设计方案。根据铝基复合材料复杂的微观和宏观结构,选定钢结硬质合金GT35制造搅拌头,并与选用工具钢制作的普通搅拌头进行对比。对比结果表明,普通搅拌头焊后磨损严重,焊缝质量较差。对搅拌头形状和尺寸进行了设计：最初的“一字凹凸槽”设计存在不同心德患,给加工制造造成困难;后改为分体式搅拌头,采用螺纹连接。采用这种搅拌头能得到表面光滑,宏观形貌良好的接头。     

A simple methodology to define conical tool geometry and welding parameters in friction stir welding

The friction stir welding is a solid state welding process which has been successfully applied for industrial parts. The process development has been supported by experimental and theoretical studies related to weld outcome, material flow and tool geometry. In this study, we propose a new methodology to define the geometry of a conical tool as well as welding parameters for the friction stir welding of thin plates of a given material. This is based on a concept that the tool geometry and process parameters must satisfy four heuristics: a thermal condition and rules relevant to volume, surface and material flow. This all should tend to ensure that the matter reaches an appropriate processing temperature and remains confined to the tool zone without any loss to the surroundings. A calculation algorithm that integrates a basic thermal model, tool geometry and process kinematics is proposed. The methodology and details of tool design are further discussed in relation with the definition of a process window. Experimental investigations on Al 2017-T4 alloys by using a shouldered unthreaded conical tool are presented in support of the model. The outcome of the model and experimental studies is further substantiated by using the published results.     

刚柔协作3CD/2RPU-SPR搅拌摩擦焊机器人研究

为满足搅拌摩擦焊技术的要求,解决搅拌摩擦焊机器人在顶锻力承受以及焊接灵活性方面存在的不足,在三自由度2RPU-SPR搅拌摩擦焊机器人基础上增加了3根绳索,设计了一种刚柔协作3CD/2RPU-SPR搅拌摩擦焊机器人。基于运动学建模,运用封闭矢量法分别计算了3CD/2RPU-SPR搅拌摩擦焊机器人刚性部分与绳索部分的位置逆解;运用求导法求得了机器人刚性部分与绳索部分的速度雅克比矩阵,并运用特征长度法将雅克比矩阵无量纲化,基于求得的速度无量纲雅克比矩阵,利用MATLAB软件分别对添加绳索前后的搅拌摩擦焊机器人的各项运动学性能指标进行编程求解;应用遗传算法对3CD/2RPU-SPR搅拌摩擦焊机器人的性能指标进行优化,通过设定最优个体系数、种群数目、遗传进化次数,对满足3CD/2RPU-SPR搅拌摩擦焊接机器人全域刚度以及全域灵巧性的结构参数进行寻优求解。结果表明:3CD/2RPU-SPR搅拌摩擦焊机器人的承载力、灵巧性、全域灵巧性、刚度、全域刚度等性能指标均有所提高,且在综合考虑灵巧性以及刚度的优质工作空间内运动连续,说明3CD/2RPU-SPR搅拌摩擦焊机器人相较于2RPU-SPR搅拌摩擦焊机器人能够承受更大的顶锻力,且运动灵活性有所提高。通过遗传算法优化后找到符合3CD/2RPU-SPR搅拌摩擦焊机器人全域灵巧性以及全域刚度的10组结构参数,在综合考虑搅拌摩擦焊接工况下,从10组结构参数中选取最优的一组作为搅拌摩擦焊机器人的结构参数,在该结构参数下,机器人性能指标有所提高,更适合完成搅拌摩擦焊接工作。研究为提高机器人搅拌摩擦焊接质量提供了理论依据。     

Process optimization in the self-reacting friction stir welding of aluminum 6061-T6

Self-reacting friction stir welding (SR-FSW), also called bobbin-tool friction stir welding (BT-FSW), is a solid state welding process similar to friction stir welding (FSW) except that the tool has two opposing shoulders instead of the shoulder and a backing plate found in FSW. The tool configuration results in greater heat input and a symmetrical weld macrostructure. A significant amount of information has been published in the literature concerning traditional FSW while little has been published about SR-FSW. An optimization experiment was performed using a factorial design to evaluate the effect of process parameters on the weld temperature, surface and internal quality, and mechanical properties of self-reacting friction stir welded aluminum alloy 6061-T6 butt joints. The parameters evaluated were tool rotational speed, traverse speed, and tool plunge force. A correlation between weld temperature, defect formation (specifically galling and void formation), and mechanical properties was found. Optimum parameters were determined for the welding of 8-mm-thick 6061-T6 plate.     

铝 / 镁异种金属搅拌摩擦焊研究现状及发展趋势

为进一步优化焊接工艺,提高铝/镁异种金属搅拌摩擦焊接头的性能,促进铝/镁异种金属结构在航空航天、轨道交通、汽车工业等领域的广泛应用,综述了近5年来国内外铝/镁异种金属搅拌摩擦焊接的最新研究成果,对焊接工艺参数、接头的力学性能、微观组织以及异种金属搅拌摩擦焊的新工艺进行了总结和分析。国内外大量研究结果表明,通过选择合适的工艺参数、改变搅拌针的偏移,可以获得抗拉强度较高、焊缝成形良好的铝/镁异种金属搅拌摩擦焊接头,焊缝中存在的金属间化合物是导致焊接接头性能不能满足工程应用的主要因素,但目前对于搅拌摩擦焊接过程中金属间化合物的产生、分布规律缺乏深入研究。     

Microstructures and mechanical properties of friction stir welded dissimilar copper/brass joints

In this study, an experimental investigation has been carried out on microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded copper/brass dissimilar joints. Effect of axial tool force to welding quality has been investigated under obtained optimal tool rotation rate and tool traverse speed conditions. The tool for the dissimilar copper/brass friction stir welding manufactured from X155CrMoV12–1 cold work tool steel with material number of 1.2379. The friction stir welding quality was investigated by welding surface inspections, microstructural studies, micro hardness measurements and tensile tests. The experimental studies have shown that constant axial tool force during pre‐heating and during welding process are very important. As a result, by using 2.5–3 kN of axial tool force during pre‐heating and 5.5 kN of axial tool force during welding process, copper/brass dissimilar joints with well appearance and higher mechanical strength can be obtained.     

A review of numerical analysis of friction stir welding

Friction stir welding is a relatively new solid-state joining technique which is widely adopted in different industry fields to join different metallic alloys that are hard to weld by conventional fusion welding. Friction stir welding is a highly complex process comprising several highly coupled physical phenomena. The complex geometry of some kinds of joints and their three dimensional nature make it difficult to develop an overall system of governing equations for theoretical analyzing the behavior of the friction stir welded joints. The experiments are often time consuming and costly. To overcome these problems, numerical analysis has frequently been used since the 2000s. This paper reviews the latest developments in the numerical analysis of friction stir welding processes, microstructures of friction stir welded joints and the properties of friction stir welded structures. Some important numerical issues such as materials flow modeling, meshing procedure and failure criteria are discussed. Numerical analysis of friction stir welding will allow many different welding processes to be simulated in order to understand the effects of changes in different system parameters before physical testing, which would be time-consuming or prohibitively expensive in practice. The main methods used in numerical analysis of friction stir welding are discussed and illustrated with brief case studies. In addition, several important key problems and issues remain to be addressed about the numerical analysis of friction stir welding and opportunities for further research are identified.     

适用于机器人焊接的搅拌摩擦焊技术及工艺研究现状

集绿色化与智能化于一体的机器人搅拌摩擦焊技术具有极高的焊接柔性,在工业生产中受到广泛重视与应用。从减小搅拌摩擦焊接过程中的轴向力方面入手,对一些低轴向力且适用于机器人搅拌摩擦焊的技术方法进行了综述,同时,对能够进一步降低搅拌摩擦焊过程中轴向力的搅拌摩擦焊工艺进行了分析,并对机器人搅拌摩擦焊的发展进行了展望,以期拓宽机器人搅拌摩擦焊的应用范围。     

Tensile behavior of dissimilar friction stir welded joints of aluminium alloys

The heat treatable aluminium alloy AA2024 is used extensively in the aircraft industry because of its high strength to weight ratio and good ductility. The non-heat treatable aluminium alloy AA5083 possesses medium strength and high ductility and used typically in structural applications, marine, and automotive industries. When compared to fusion welding processes, friction stir welding (FSW) process is an emerging solid state joining process which is best suitable for joining these alloys. The friction stir welding parameters such as tool pin profile, tool rotational speed, welding speed, and tool axial force influence the mechanical properties of the FS welded joints significantly. Dissimilar FS welded joints are fabricated using five different tool pin profiles. Central composite design with four parameters, five levels, and 31 runs is used to conduct the experiments and response surface method (RSM) is employed to develop the model. Mathematical regression models are developed to predict the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and tensile elongation (TE) of the dissimilar friction stir welded joints of aluminium alloys 2024-T6 and 5083-H321, and they are validated. The effects of the above process parameters and tool pin profile on tensile strength and tensile elongation of dissimilar friction stir welded joints are analysed in detail. Joints fabricated using Tapered Hexagon tool pin profile have the highest tensile strength and tensile elongation, whereas the Straight Cylinder tool pin profile have the lowest tensile strength and tensile elongation. The results are useful to have a better understanding of the effects of process parameters, to fabricate the joints with desired tensile properties, and to automate the FS welding process.     

6061铝合金无倾角搅拌摩擦焊工艺及性能

目的 为了适应空间曲面构件的搅拌摩擦焊,开展6061铝合金无倾角搅拌摩擦焊工艺及性能的研究。方法 采用无倾角搅拌摩擦焊用的搅拌头,对5 mm厚6061-T6铝合金板材进行试验,研究焊缝成形及接头力学性能,并分析接头组织特征。结果 零倾角搅拌摩擦焊接头从组织上可区分为5个不同区域：焊核区(WNZ)、热力影响区(TMAZ)、热影响区(HAZ)、轴肩影响区(SAZ)和母材(BM);随着搅拌头转速增加,焊缝宽度和焊核尺寸均先变大后变小;随焊接速度增加,焊缝宽度和焊核尺寸均逐渐变小;当焊接速度固定时,随搅拌头转速增加,接头拉伸强度先增加后减小;当搅拌头转速固定时,随焊接速度增加,接头拉伸强度逐渐增大。结论 采用无倾角搅拌摩擦焊接方法,能够实现对5 mm厚6061-T6铝合金板材的有效焊接。