锅炉结渣机理及其防止措施研究(二)

第二部份、煤中矿物质与结渣关系与炉膛结渣有关的煤灰特性是灰的熔融温度和灰渣粘度,而决定煤灰熔融特性和灰渣流动特性的是煤中矿物质的成分与组成。鉴于矿物质的组成难以很好确定,现今的研究基本上是通过灰的化学成份,主要是Si_2O、Al_2O_3,Fe_2O_3、CaO、MgO、Na_2O、K_2O对灰熔融温度和灰渣粘度的影响来进行。     

秸秆中钾元素对生物质成灰特性的影响研究

为研究秸秆中钾元素对生物质成灰特性的影响,利用马弗炉制取玉米秸秆灰样,采用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)及灰熔点测试仪对灰样进行分析,并分别研究K_2CO_3和KOH对灰熔融特性的影响。结果表明,由于生物质在燃烧过程中有机物的燃烧和挥发份的析出,及K元素在高温条件下易析出并主要以颗粒形式存在于灰的外表面,K元素具有可明显增加粘结性的特点,与Si、Ca氧化物粘结附着于灰表面形成孔洞;高温状态下K_2CO_3、KOH与酸性氧化物反应生成低熔点物质;分析可知钾(K)元素是影响灰熔点的重要因素,酸洗预处理可使灰熔点升高;当秸秆灰中K元素含量约为30%时,灰熔点达到最低值。     

碱金属K对无烟煤灰熔融性的影响规律

借助灰熔融性测定仪、X射线荧光光谱分析仪和热力学计算软件FactSage考察了不同比例的碱金属K对山西典型无烟煤煤灰熔融性的影响规律。结果表明:当K_2O的添加比例为10%时可有效降低无烟煤灰的熔融温度,而K_2O的添加比例超过10%时,煤灰熔融温度有上升的趋势;当K_2O的添加比例为10%时,灰中的主要耐熔矿物质石英(SiO_2)、白榴石(KAlSi_2O_6)和钙长石(CaAl_2Si_2O_8)等完全分解,是煤灰熔融温度降低的主要原因。     

生物质燃烧过程中K元素的迁移特性

在生物质热转化过程中,一部分K元素会进入到气相,造成锅炉高温对流受热面上的积灰结渣和高温腐蚀问题,严重威胁锅炉的安全运行.以自行设计的固定床实验系统研究了典型生物质燃料燃烧过程中K元素的迁移特性,考察了温度、时间和掺混燃烧的影响.结果表明,随着温度的升高,燃料中水溶性K会减少,难溶性K和气相析出K会增加.当温度为700～900,℃时,随着反应时间的增加,小麦秸秆中K元素的析出率逐渐升高,且有一部分醋酸铵溶K和盐酸溶K转化为难溶K,另一部分水溶性K转化为气相K析出.掺混了稻壳后玉米秸秆的灰产率会增大,且在燃烧温度较高时掺混高硅燃料对玉米秸秆中K元素的释放会产生一定影响.     

脱硫废水在热烟气环境中的蒸发特性及其产物特性研究

针对旁路烟道旋转喷雾干燥技术和主烟道蒸发技术,开展了脱硫废水蒸发干燥过程及其产物特性的分析对比研究,比较了两种工艺过程中脱硫废水蒸发特性,并对脱硫废水蒸发产物的表面结构特性进行了研究,考察了Cl元素的迁移分布特性及其对后续除尘系统和粉煤灰资源化利用的影响。结果表明:氯离子浓度增大,蒸发效果会随之降低,pH值则对其影响不大,旋转雾化条件较之于主烟道蒸发效果好;两种工艺下蒸发干燥产物表面粗糙,烟道出口S元素含量增加明显,Ca、Mg、K等元素略有增加,蒸发后产物大致相同,由于温度的不同,旋转雾化条件主要是以莫来石、SiO_2、Al_2O_3、 KCl、MgSO_4、CaSO_4·0.5H_2O为主,主烟道蒸发则是以莫来石、SiO_2、Al_2O_3、KCl、MgSO_4·H_2O、CaSO_4·0.5H_2O和CaSO_4·2H_2O等为主;废水中氯离子浓度对氯元素以HCl形式进入烟气影响不大,而碱性脱硫废水则可以有效抑制其以HCl形式析出。     

烟煤与玉米秸秆混烧灰熔融及黏温特性研究

针对烟煤掺玉米秸秆不同比例制成的灰样,采用电子能谱仪(EDS)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)对其组分和矿物结晶相进行分析;并通过灰熔融性测定仪、高温黏度计对灰熔融特性和黏温特性进行探究。研究表明:掺混比低于50%时,随掺混比增加混烧灰组分无明显变化,白云母、二铝酸钙及钙长石衍射强度增强,石英衍射强度减弱,混烧灰熔点平缓下降;掺混比大于50%后,K_2O、CaO、MgO含量明显增加,Al_2O_3、SiO_2含量快速减少,白云母、二铝酸钙及钙长石衍射强度持续增强,石英衍射强度逐渐消失,混烧灰熔点大幅下降。酸碱比曲线与ST、HT、FT曲线变化趋势相近,G_(si)曲线能较好的反映临界黏度温度曲线趋势。灰中K_2O、Al_2O_3、SiO_2等含量的变化引起灰熔点和灰黏度变化。     

竹子灰熔融特性及高温转化行为研究

论文选用杨木和小麦秆作为参照物,针对竹子灰在高温下形态及组分的变化规律,研究了不同温度下竹子灰熔融及高温转化行为.结果表明,竹子灰熔融温度(862℃)比同为木本植物的杨木低约220℃,但比麦秆高约100℃.与麦秆相比,竹子含有较高含量的S、P和碱土金属,有利于形成高熔点的硫酸盐、磷酸盐和硅酸盐.此外,竹子中的K通常以K_2O的形式存在,而非反应活性更高的KCl,所以竹子熔融和烧结倾向低于秸秆,但明显高于木质生物质.因此,在竹子实际燃烧利用中仍需采取合适的措施减缓灰熔融烧结等相关问题.     

玉米秸秆颗粒燃料燃烧特性的试验研究

为了研究玉米秸秆颗粒燃料的燃烧特性,以一个小型反烧单元体炉为试验装置,分别进行了不同料层、不同水分、不同空气量下的燃烧试验,了解其燃烧特性,如点火时间、燃烧时间、燃烧过程及燃烧后的结渣现象。试验结果表明,玉米秸秆颗粒燃料易点燃,燃烧温度高,但燃烧时间短,结渣严重;料层高的玉米秸秆颗粒燃料燃烧时间相对长,但燃烧温度低,轻微结渣;干燥处理过的玉米秸秆颗粒燃料点火时冒黑烟现象明显减轻;加大燃烧过程的空气量时,玉米秸秆颗粒燃料不结渣。     

秸秆燃烧过程中KCl分压蒸发模型的建立与应用

为了研究秸秆燃烧中钾（K）类无机物的逸出特性,计算其逸出速率,利用X射线荧光能谱仪（XRF）和X射线衍射仪（XRD）分析玉米秸及其低温灰中K的化学形态,利用同步热分析仪（STA）研究秸秆及其灰中主要K类无机物在高温过程的逸出特性,建立KCl在多孔介质中逸出和在熔融相中分压的蒸发模型,并应用模型计算秸秆灰中KCl的蒸发速率。结果表明：秸秆低温灰中的K主要以KCl、K₂SO₄形态存在,两者约占灰总量的13%;常用燃烧温度下,KCl主要以蒸发形式逸出;KCl与K₂SO₄的共熔,可降低KCl在熔融相中的蒸气压;秸秆灰中KCl蒸发速率的计算值与实验值吻合良好。     

当量比对稻壳气化及碱金属K释放迁移特性的影响

文章基于气化气成分、气化效率和炭转化率等参数研究了当量比对稻壳气化特性的影响;采用化学分馏法和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱分析仪测量了气化炉产生的飞灰中的碱金属K总含量和各赋存形态的碱金属K含量,进而计算出碱金属K的释放和转化比例。研究结果表明:当量比对稻壳气化特性及碱金属K释放迁移特性影响较大,且当量比对稻壳气化特性及碱金属K释放迁移特性的影响存在最优值;在低温阶段(700℃),KCl会与焦炭基体中的羧基官能团反应生成可离子交换态钾;随着反应温度的逐渐升高,可离子交换态钾开始氧化分解成无机钾(如K_2CO_3)和焦炭结合钾(char-K),随后K_2CO_3与水蒸气(H_2O)反应生成气态的原子K(g)或KOH(g);在O_2气氛下,K(g)会与SiO_2,O_2和Al_2O_3反应生成不溶钾。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.