5A06-O 铝镁合金板材温热成形本构方程研究

目的提出5A06-O铝镁合金板材在不同温度及应变率条件下的统一本构方程。方法采用CCS-88000电子万能试验机对5A06-O铝镁合金板材进行不同变形温度和应变速率条件下的单向拉伸试验。结果随着温度的升高,流变应力明显下降,同时,应变会显著增加;在常温时,应变速率对流变应力的影响不明显,但当温度高于150℃时,流变应力均随着应变速率的增加而升高。结论提出了在温热条件下描述材料复杂流变曲线本构方程的建模方法-增函数相减法,通过该方法建立的本构方程形式简单,能够反映温度和应变率的影响,实现对复杂流变曲线较为准确的描述。     

纯钼薄板温热条件下的各向异性及本构建模研究

目的研究交叉轧制纯钼薄板温热条件下的各向异性和本构关系。方法对纯钼薄板进行不同温度及方向下的拉伸实验,根据各向异性的特征并基于Hu2003屈服准则,以修正的Johnson-Cook模型对屈服准则的参数进行识别,建立考虑温度和应变的屈服准则。结果退火后的纯钼薄板具有一定的面内各向异性和显著的厚向异性,面内各向异性随温度升高而减弱,厚向异性对温度不敏感;加入温度变量的Hu2003屈服准则对不同温度下的屈服面描述较为准确,室温及100℃时屈服面减小速率较大,温度高于300℃时,屈服面减小速率减小并趋于稳定,屈服面形状并未发生明显扭曲变形;屈服面随应变增加未出现较为明显的扭曲强化现象。结论对钼板各向异性和本构关系的研究可用于指导钼板件冲压成形。     

A100钢的热变形行为及加工图

目的 研究A100钢的热变形行为,确定热加工范围并优化工艺参数.方法 使用Gleeble-3800热模拟实验机,对A100钢进行应变为0.6,变形温度为1073～1473 K,应变速率为0.01～10 s–1的等温热压缩实验.利用A100钢的热压缩实验数据,建立在不同变形温度、不同应变速率下的真应力-真应变曲线.建立A100钢基于唯象的本构模型与基于物理的本构模型以及基于Murty失稳准则的热加工图.结果 当应变速率一定,温度升高或一定,应变速率下降时,A100钢的流变应力会减小,流变应力曲线上主要表现为动态再结晶的软化机制.结论 构建的基于唯象的本构方程可以对A100钢在应变为0.6时的流变应力进行较好的预测,基于物理的本构方程可以反映出A100钢的物理特性,通过构建的基于Murty失稳准则的加工图可以得到A100钢的加工范围是温度为1173～1223 K,应变速率为0.01～0.1 s–1和温度为1323～1373 K,应变速率为0.05～0.15 s–1时.     

具有层片状α相组织的TB8钛合金热变形行为及本构方程

主要研究具有层片状α相组织的TB8钛合金在α+β双相区的热变形行为。结果表明,在应变速率为1s-1时,变形温度为650℃的流变曲线展现出连续的流变软化,当温度高于650℃时,流变曲线呈现出不连续屈服现象。不连续屈服现象随变形温度的增加和应变速率的降低而消失。当应变速率为0.001s-1时,750℃和800℃的流变曲线呈现出典型的动态再结晶特征。峰值应力σp,温度T和应变速率ε·三者之间的关系已通过Arrhenius-type本构方程进行表征,建立了材料常数α,A,n和Q值与真应变之间的关系模型,并分析了应变对α,A,n和Q值的影响。α值随真应变的增加而增加,而A,n和Q的值随真应变的增加而逐渐降低。实验应力值和预测应力值之间的相关系数和平均相对误差参数分别为0.945和9.08%。这表明本工作建立的应变补偿的热变形本构方程能够很好地预测具有层片状α相组织的TB8钛合金在α+β双相区热变形过程中的流变应力。     

铝合金复合管连续挤压包覆成形本构方程的建立和数值模拟

基于等温热压缩实验,分别获得了AA3003铝合金在变形温度为20~300℃,AA4343铝合金在变形温度为300~450℃,应变速率为0.01~1 s-1条件下的真实应力应变曲线,建立了AA4343铝合金的本构方程.采用DEFORM-2D软件,以AA3003为芯材,AA4343为包覆材料,分析了复合变形区长度、挤压速度和坯料温度对连续挤压包覆过程的影响.结果表明:随着复合变形区长度的减小,连续挤压包覆成形稳定时芯管的径向受力随之降低,合适的复合变形区长度为2.0 mm;随着挤压速度的增加,芯管出现了不同程度的变形,合适的挤压速度为0.1 mm/s;随着坯料温度的升高,芯管所受到的径向力随之减小,合适的温度范围为400~500℃.     

基于修正的Arrhennius方程钛合金高温本构方程研究

为了更准确地描述钛合金的高温变形行为,对Arrhennius方程进行修正得到钛合金高温本构方程.通过对一种新型钛合金在热模拟试验机上进行恒应变速率等温压缩实验,研究其在700~1 000℃、应变速率0.01~10 s-1条件下的热变形行为,分析了材料的真实应力-真实应变曲线.采用最小二乘拟合的数据回归处理,得到该钛合金在α+β双相区和β单相区的热变形激活能,并通过引入温度变量,获得了Arrhennius方程参数A随温度变化的函数关系,建立了该材料的高温流变应力本构方程.实验结果表明,随着变形增加,流变应力开始急剧增加,随后出现软化并趋于稳态,同时峰值应力对于温度和应变速率具有很强的敏感性.通过在Arrhenius方程中引入温度变量,有利于提高本构方程的准确性.     

新型铝锂合金板材塑性流动与各向异性性能试验研究

通过单向拉伸试验,研究了新型Al-Li-Cu-Mg合金板材的基本成形性能.针对材料显著的各向异性性能,选取屈服强度、抗拉强度、延伸率以及厚向异性指数等材料性能参数进行对比分析,绘制了7个不同取样方向的单向拉伸曲线,研究了材料各向异性的规律.基于对本构方程、各向异性屈服准则的研究及对比,建立了新型Al-Li-Cu-Mg合金的本构模型,并根据实验曲线计算得到Hill48、Barlat89屈服准则中的各向异性参数,结合各屈服准则绘制了新型Al-Li-Cu-Mg合金屈服轨迹.对比分析各试件的断口方向,并结合第一、第三强度理论,分析了材料的各向异性.利用SEM观察试样的断口形貌,分析对比试件断口的韧窝特征及带状特征.研究发现:试件的延伸率越大,其韧窝特征越明显;反之,其带状特征越明显.从微观角度印证了Al-Li-Cu-Mg合金板材存在的各向异性.     

7A04铝合金动态再结晶的临界应变研究

通过Gleeble热力模拟获得了7A04铝合金恒温和恒应变速率条件下的压缩应力-应变曲线,温度范围和应变速率范围分别为350～450℃和0.01～10s-1。在峰值应力的双曲正弦模型基础上,测定了7A04铝合金热变形激活能Q;并利用加工硬化率θ和Sellars模型结构,自主建立了7A04铝合金动态再结晶的临界应变本构模型。结果表明:由动态再结晶临界应变本构模型得到的结果与Gleeble热力模拟实验结果基本吻合,该本构模型可较准确地预测7A04铝合金热成形过程中的动态再结晶发生的临界点。     

大幅面板材渐进折弯成形的本构建模及模拟

为了提高大幅面板材成形的模拟精度,在板材折弯平面应变假设条件下,推导出基于Hill各向异性屈服准则的弹塑性本构方程.借助ABAQUS有限元软件本构模块用户子程序接口,通过编程将上述推导的应力-应变本构关系显示表达式嵌入ABAQUS分析平台.以超长大开口半椭圆形工件成形为例,建立了大幅面钢板渐进折弯的三维弹塑性有限元模型,并数值模拟了多道次渐进折弯成形及回弹全过程.模拟效果和工程应用结果表明,与传统的基于平面应力假设的本构关系模型相比,采用平面应变假设的本构关系模型的模拟结果更接近实验值.     

TC21 钛合金高温变形本构方程研究

目的研究变形温度、应变速率等热力参数对TC21钛合金流动应力的影响规律,并构建出TC21钛合金本构方程。方法在热模拟试验机上对TC21钛合金进行了等温恒应变速率压缩实验,分析其真应力-真应变曲线。结果获得了该合金在变形温度范围为760~920℃、应变速率范围为0.001~10 s-1的流动应力数据,采用多元线性回归法建立了该合金的本构方程。结论误差分析表明,该本构方程具有较高精度,可为TC21钛合金锻造过程中的数值模拟和锻造热力参数的合理制定提供理论依据。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...