无氧铜电子束焊接接头的显微组织及力学性能

以40mm厚的无氧铜板材作为研究对象,选取适当的工艺参数进行电子束焊接,对母材和焊接接头的显微组织及力学性能进行了对比分析。结果表明:无氧铜板经电子束焊接后,焊接接头无明显表面缺陷,焊缝区域狭窄呈钉形,显微组织为铸态等轴晶粒,焊接接头性能良好,其硬度、抗拉强度及塑性均与母材的相当。     

紫铜-碳钢磁脉冲焊接接头界面形貌研究

为探索紫铜-碳钢磁脉冲焊接(MPW)接头界面形貌等微观特征,本文进行了T2紫铜管和50#钢管的磁脉冲焊接试验,在电压11 k V、径向间隙2.2 mm、重叠面积比3/4的条件下,获得了T2铜管-50#钢管冶金连接接头.通过光学金相、SEM/EDS、显微硬度和纳米压痕试验,重点研究了接头界面形貌、基体元素扩散和硬度分布.结果表明:接头由未焊合区、波状界面结合区、平直界面结合区等特征区域构成,连接区长度达到5 mm;波状结合区界面波长约为60μm,波峰幅值高约20μm;平直界面结合区基体元素扩散区(过渡区)宽度约2μm,而在波状界面结合区,扩散区宽度可达6μm;接头铜侧硬度相对初始值提高50%,最高硬度值出现在靠近界面的50号钢侧,而界面硬度介于两种母材之间.     

TA19/TB2异质钛合金线性摩擦焊试验研究

目的 探究TA+TB钛合金组合的线性摩擦焊（LFW）接头组织及力学性能特点。方法 进行了TA19/TB2异质接头LFW焊接试验。利用光学显微镜及扫描电镜观察分析了接头微观组织特征,利用拉伸试验机及显微硬度计测试分析了接头力学性能。结果 TA19侧焊缝区为动态再结晶形成的等轴细晶组织,晶内析出了针状α''及细小片层α,热力影响区晶粒发生了不同程度的变形,在近焊缝较宽范围内形成水平流线形貌;接头中部界面TA19侧形成了直径约为2~3 μm的细小等轴晶;TB2侧焊缝区由动态再结晶形成的等轴晶及部分变形晶粒组成,热力影响区晶粒变形程度较低未形成流线形貌。接头界面两侧组织特征具有不同程度的强化效果,TA19侧从母材区到界面显微硬度值逐渐增大,TB2侧焊缝及热力影响区显微硬度值略高于母材;接头拉伸强度与TB2母材相当。结论 说明TA19与TB2钛合金可通过LFW获得可靠连接。     

钛/铝异种合金脉冲激光焊接接头裂纹产生机理

目的 对0.8 mm厚的Ti6Al4V钛合金和2 mm厚的AA6060铝合金薄板进行脉冲激光焊接,分析异种轻合金激光焊接裂纹产生的机理及界面结合机理。方法 采用扫描电镜、EDS能谱以及显微硬度计等微观表征分析方法,对焊接接头的形貌特征、成分以及显微硬度进行分析,探索焊接接头处裂纹产生的原因。结果 钛/铝脉冲激光焊接性较差,接头存在严重的裂纹缺陷,裂纹多集中在焊缝与铝母材交界处以及焊缝中心区域位置,主要以热裂纹为主;接头焊缝可能存在大量的Ti-Al金属间化合物以及少量未熔的钛,其界面层主要成分推测为层状TiAl和外层锯齿状的TiAl3;接头整个焊缝区域的平均显微硬度为HV0.1420,其硬度水平远远高于焊缝两侧铝合金母材,也高出钛合金母材很多。结论 钛铝金属间化合物使钛铝焊接接头焊缝区脆性增大,另外接头焊缝区存在较大的组织应力、热应力、拉压应力、拘束应力等复杂应力,致使焊缝内存在较严重的裂纹缺陷。     

TA23合金不同焊接方法接头组织性能研究

采用CMT、TIG和EBW焊对TA23合金进行焊接,对比分析了不同焊接方法下接头微观组织和力学性能的差异。结果表明,焊接热输入直接影响焊缝晶粒尺寸和焊接接头宽度,TIG焊缝晶粒尺寸最大,CMT次之,EBW最小;EBW接头宽度为5 mm,CMT接头宽度为7 mm,TIG接头达14 mm;3种焊接方法焊缝区域组织均由马氏体α相、片层状α相和残余β相组成,热影响区组织形态介于焊缝和母材组织形态之间;3种焊接方法焊缝区显微硬度和接头抗拉强度均大于母材,其中EBW焊缝区显微硬度值最大,TIG焊接头抗拉强度最高,CMT焊缝显微硬度和接头抗拉强度均居中。     

Ti17合金电子束焊接接头的性能及组织分析

分析了Ti17合金真空电子柬焊接接头的显微组织结构及其显微硬度分布规律,并结合室温和高温拉伸试验结果分析了焊接接头的力学性能。结果表明,用电子束焊接方法焊接的Ti17合金其焊缝区和热影响区显微组织为β相基体上分布着细长针状α相,母材为典型的α＋β双相网篮组织,焊后焊缝晶粒细化,焊接接头的焊缝区硬度最高,焊缝的抗拉强度和缺口敏感性均高于母材。     

高低温循环试验下磁脉冲焊接接头性能研究

磁脉冲焊接是一种高效的固相焊接工艺,对异种金属材料在汽车轻量化中的运用具有积极意义.通过对5052Al/HC420LA板件磁脉冲焊接接头进行不同条件下的高低温循环试验,对比焊接接头在高低温循环试验前后的力学性能变化,研究了高低温循环冷却方式、循环次数对焊接接头性能的影响.利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)研究了焊接接头微观形貌特征,分析了高低温循环试验前后焊缝微观界面的特征及其变化.研究表明：不同高低温循环试验条件下5052Al-HC420LA铝-钢磁脉冲焊接接头的连接强度相比于5052铝合金的母材强度下降了5%~25%;冷却速度越快,高低温循环次数越多,接头力学性能下降越明显;接头在高低温循环试验前后出现了母材失效与焊缝失效两种剪切失效模式;水冷冷却的接头比空冷冷却更易产生微观裂纹.     

厚板7022铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接实验研究

对10mm厚度的7022铝合金进行了搅拌摩擦焊接,获得表面光滑的焊接接头,并通过X射线检测焊缝无裂纹和气孔。研究该搅拌摩擦焊接头不同区域的显微组织特征,并通过拉伸、冲击和硬度试验分析了焊接接头的力学性能。结果表明,焊缝处组织为细小均匀的等轴晶粒;在搅拌头转速为400r/min,焊接速度为100mm/min时焊接接头的抗拉强度、屈服强度均比母材高;焊接接头的冲击韧性比母材高;焊接接头显微硬度比母材稍低,焊接接头具有良好的力学性能。     

Mg-Y-Nd-Zr镁合金焊接接头的显微组织与力学性能研究

目的研究Mg-Y-Nd-Zr镁合金焊接接头显微组织和力学性能。方法采用钨极氩弧焊工艺制备Mg-Y-Nd-Zr合金焊接接头,采用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜观察焊接接头显微组织,采用能谱测试主要合金元素含量,采用电子万能实验机测试焊接接头的力学性能,采用维氏硬度计测试焊接接头的硬度。结果Mg-Y-Nd-Zr合金母材、焊缝区与热影响区平均晶粒尺寸分别为80, 30, 95μm。焊接接头的抗拉强度、屈服强度和断后伸长率分别为295 MPa, 188 MPa和3.0%。结论 Mg-Y-Nd-Zr合金母材、焊缝和热影响区晶粒均为等轴晶,与母材相比,热影响区未发生晶粒粗化,焊缝区晶粒明显细化,析出相Mg24Y5增多。Mg-Y-Nd-Zr合金焊接接头经525℃×12 h固溶+225℃×12 h时效处理后,各区域的硬度差异不大。抗拉强度达到母材的93%,断后伸长率达到母材的67%。     

铝/镁异种合金磁脉冲焊接接头组织与性能研究

本工作采用磁脉冲焊接方法实现了铝/镁异种合金的连接，并通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射和拉伸试验等分析方法对不同放电能量下的接头微观组织及力学性能进行研究。结果表明，铝/镁异种合金焊接接头界面呈现波形界面和平直界面，且随着放电能量的增加，界面的有效结合区宽度逐渐增加，最大达到了2.87 mm；波形界面的特征越明显，接头的力学性能越高；当放电能量为30 kJ时，波形界面的波长为62.7μm，波幅为9.1μm，接头拉剪力最大，达4 679.5 N。断口形貌分析结果表明，焊缝由内、外两个椭圆环组成；内环形貌呈密集的颗粒与空洞混合结构，外环形貌为条纹状结构。机械互锁和冶金结合同时存在的波状结构界面是获得力学性能优异的铝/镁异种合金磁脉冲焊接接头的关键。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...