混浊梨汁的微波预处理工艺

梨汁褐变是梨汁加工和贮藏过程中的主要技术难题之一,严重影响了梨汁的外观、风味等品质,降低了梨汁的价值。梨汁的褐变分为酶促褐变和非酶褐变两种,酶促褐变是加工过程中发生褐变的主要原因。为保持混浊梨汁的品质,本研究以酥梨为实验材料,采用微波处理对破碎前的酥梨进行处理。讨论了微波时间、功率对混浊梨汁的酶活及色值的影响,结果表明微波处理是一种有效的钝化多酚氧化酶活性的方法。在微波时间、功率单因素实验的基础上,结合抗坏血酸浸泡处理设计正交试验。得出微波功率对多酚氧化酶活性有显著影响,最佳工艺条件是在微波功率720W、微波时间20s、用3mM抗坏血酸浸泡15min,在此条件下,不仅能较好的保持果汁的色泽,降低多酚氧化酶的活性还能使果汁中总酚得到较好的保存。     

抑制剂对梨浊汁酶促褐变的控制研究

酶促褐变是梨汁加工和贮藏过程中的主要技术难题之一,其严重影响梨汁的外观、风味等品质。文章以酥梨为试验材料,考察抗坏血酸(AA)、氯化钙、柠檬酸、β-环糊精(β-CD)、乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)5种抑制剂及其组合对梨浊汁酶促褐变的抑制作用。结果表明:在所选浓度范围内,单一抑制剂对多酚氧化酶相对酶活的抑制强弱顺序为:AA氯化钙柠檬酸β-CDEDTA,当AA、β-CD、EDTA 3种抑制剂结合使用时具有协同作用。通过正交试验设计得出最佳抑制剂组合为:0.10%AA+0.4%β-CD+0.08%EDTA,不仅能够较好地保存果汁中的酚类物质,而且可以使梨汁中多酚氧化酶活性降至未添加防褐变剂时的9.6%,获得色值较好的梨汁产品。     

柿子醋贮藏期间褐变及其抑制方法

研究柿子醋褐变原因及抑制其褐变方法。利用分光光度计和色差法分析柿子醋在贮藏期间总酚含量、多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)和过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)活性以及褐变度的变化,并研究几种抑制剂(NaCl、柠檬酸和L-抗坏血酸)对其褐变抑制的影响。结果表明：柿子醋贮藏期间发生的褐变主要是由于PPO和POD催化氧化总酚类物质引起的酶促褐变。不同质量浓度的褐变抑制剂NaCl、柠檬酸和L-抗坏血酸均显著维持醋液中较高的总酚含量,抑制PPO和POD活性,从而降低褐变度,减缓褐变发生,其中以0.24g/100mL NaCl、溶液1.2g/100mL柠檬酸和0.48g/100mL L-抗坏血酸对柿子醋抑制效果较好。     

草莓褐变过程中主要氧化酶的活性变化

室温下草莓酚类物质逐渐减少，总的多酚氧化酶和游离多酚氧化酶活性则持续升高，ＳＯＤ活性先降后升，ＰＰＯＤ活性先升后降，丙二醛含量呈上升趋势。低温处理可抑制多酚氧化酶活性的增加，使酚类物质保质较高水平。ＳＯＤ、ＰＯＤ活性高于室温处理，丙二醛含量增加受阻。表明低温通过调节氧化酶活性而抑制褐变过程。     

‘东壁’和‘福眼’龙眼果实果皮褐变差异的生理机制

比较研究在温度(8±1)℃、相对湿度85%贮藏条件下‘东壁’和‘福眼’龙眼果实的果皮褐变差异及其与活性氧及酚类物质代谢的关系。结果表明:贮藏期间,‘东壁’龙眼果实的果皮褐变指数、果皮O2-·产生速率、丙二醛含量、细胞膜透性都显著低于‘福眼’龙眼,而活性氧清除酶(超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸氧化酶(APX))活性和内源抗氧化物质(还原型抗坏血酸(As A)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH))含量都显著高于‘福眼’龙眼;‘东壁’龙眼果实的果皮多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性都低于‘福眼’龙眼,而果皮花色素苷、类黄酮和总酚含量则高于‘福眼’龙眼。因此,采后‘东壁’龙眼果实较不容易发生果皮褐变,与其具有较强的活性氧清除能力,能减少O2-·积累,减轻膜脂过氧化作用,较好地保持龙眼果皮细胞膜结构的完整性,延缓PPO、POD与酚类物质接触而减少酚类物质的酶促氧化褐变有关。     

不同切割方式对鲜切荸荠贮藏品质的影响

以荸荠为试验材料,研究了不同切割方式(去皮整果、切片、切丝、切碎)对鲜切荸荠贮藏期间品质相关指标的影响。研究结果表明:切碎处理可有效抑制鲜切荸荠的褐变,保持荸荠的固有色泽、抑制苯丙氨酸解氨酶、多酚氧化酶活性、降低酚类和黄酮类物质的积累;切片处理可以显著提高活性氧的含量,诱导抗氧化酶活性,增强鲜切荸荠的抗氧化能力。因此,切碎处理可以显著抑制鲜切荸荠的褐变与黄化;而切片处理可以诱导酚类和黄酮类物质的合成,从而提高鲜切荸荠的抗氧化活性。     

莲藕采后生理及保鲜技术研究进展

指出莲藕在贮藏过程中发生褐变和衰老的主要原因是组织内部的多酚氧化酶催化氧化酚类物质产生黑色素。概述了近年来莲藕多酚氧化酶的催化反应动力学特性;pH值、温度、金属离子对莲藕多酚氧化酶活性的影响;莲藕采后多酚氧化酶活性与组织褐变、呼吸及衰老之间的关系;莲藕褐变和衰老的抑制及其保鲜技术等方面的研究进展。     

莲藕采后生理及保鲜技术研究进展

指出莲藕在贮藏过程中发生褐变和衰老的主要原因是组织内部的多酚氧化酶催化氧化酚类物质产生黑色素。概述了近年来莲藕多酚氧化酶的催化反应动力学特性；pH值、温度、金属离子对莲藕多酚氧化酶活性的影响；莲藕采后多酚氧化酶活性与组织褐变、呼吸及衰老之间的关系；莲藕褐变和衰老的抑制及其保鲜技术等方面的研究进展。     

烹饪解疑

如何防止果蔬的变色? 果蔬的变色主要是由酶促褐变引起的,果蔬发生酶促褐变现象,必须具备三个条件,即多酚类物质、多酚氧化酶和氧气,缺一不可。 为了防止变色,可降低或抑制多酚氧化酶的活性,将易变色的果蔬浸泡在柠檬酸和抗坏血酸的混合液中。因为,多酚氧化酶活性最适宜的PH范围是6- 7,PH3以下时,其活性几乎完全可以被抑制。柠檬酸除了降低PH值外,还能与多酚氧化酶的铜辅基络合,使多酚氧化酶失活;抗坏血酸能使醌还原成多酚类物质,避免醌进一步氧化聚合生成黑色素,同时还能消耗溶液中的氧,达到制止褐变的良好效果。实验证明,0.5%的柠檬酸与0.3% 的抗坏血酸混合使用效果较好,也可单独使用抗坏血酸,浓度为1% 即可。 除去氧也是防止酶促褐变的有效方法,最简便的是将果蔬(如土豆丝)浸在清水、糖水或盐水中,与氧隔离。但此法不是长久之计,当果蔬重新暴露在空气中时,还会发生变色,而且浸泡时间太长,组织中的氧也会使果蔬缓慢褐变。     

干制速度对无核白葡萄酚类物质和多酚氧化酶细胞化学定位及褐变的影响

为了探索脱水速度对干制过程中无核白葡萄酚类物质和多酚氧化酶细胞化学定位的影响及其与褐变的关系。利用透射电镜技术观察快速和缓慢脱水过程中的无核白葡萄细胞中酚类物质和多酚氧化酶的精确定位观察及褐变指数的变化。结果表明:酚类物质主要分布于液泡中,多酚氧化酶主要分布于细胞质、叶绿体膜、线粒体膜、液泡膜、细胞膜上。缓慢脱水质量损失40%时和快速脱水质量损失60%时,液泡膜破裂,区室化作用打破,酚类物质流出,与多酚氧化酶反应引起褐变,褐变指数上升,表明无核白葡萄褐变与细胞区室化作用相关。与缓慢脱水相比,快速脱水的无核白葡萄能更好的保持细胞完整性,降低褐变程度。研究结果为快速脱水技术在无核白葡萄干制中的应用提供理论依据。     

雪梨多酚氧化酶酶学特性及其果汁褐变控制技术研究

雪梨在加工过程中极易发生酶褐变,为抑制雪梨汁的酶褐变,试验以雪梨为原料制备多酚氧化酶(Polyphenol oxidase,PPO)粗酶提取液,加入邻苯二酚为底物,采用分光光度法对其PPO的酶学特性及不同护色剂对PPO活性的影响进行了研究;并选择L-半胱氨酸、D-异抗坏血酸钠、抗坏血酸3种添加剂对雪梨汁进行护色,通过响应面优化试验确定雪梨汁最优护色组合。结果表明:雪梨PPO的最适pH为4.5,最适温度为30 ℃;雪梨PPO具有一定的热稳定性,随着温度的提高,抑制PPO活性所需要的时间逐渐减少;雪梨PPO催化底物邻苯二酚的酶促反应动力学与米氏方程高度符合,最大反应速率Vmax=217.39 U/min,米氏常数Km=0.152 mol/L。雪梨汁加工的最优护色剂组合为:6.56 mmol/L的L-半胱氨酸、4.58 mmol/L的D-异抗坏血酸钠和6.18 mmol/L的抗坏血酸,在此条件下对雪梨汁褐变的抑制率可达90.82%。     

苹果梨和鸭梨酶促褐变机理的研究

以苹果梨和鸭梨为研究对象。在一定的贮藏期内,通过定期测定梨中ｐＨ值,可溶性固形物,褐变度,总酚和多酚氧化酶活性及其与不同底物的结合能力,分析梨的酶褐变机是,苹果梨和鸭梨在贮藏期间,ｐＨ值和可溶性固形物的含量总体呈下降趋势;多酚类物质的含量和多酚氧化酶的活性呈上升趋势,与贮藏期间的褐变度的升高是一致的,多酚氧化酶与底物结合能力的强弱依次为：没食子酸〉儿茶酚〉绿原酸〉咖啡酸;抗坏血酸和还原糖含量对水果     

曲酸、抗坏血酸及柠檬酸对鲜切苹果褐变的影响

以鲜切苹果为试材,分别用曲酸、抗坏血酸和柠檬酸浸泡3 min,于4℃存放9 d,对鲜切苹果的硬度、色泽、总酚、可溶性醌、多酚氧化酶活性、维生素C等指标进行分析。结果表明,3种有机酸对鲜切苹果的硬度和多酚氧化酶的影响差异不显著(P>0.05),而对褐变、总酚和维生素C影响差异显著(P<0.05)。综合来看,3种有机酸均对鲜切苹果褐变都有抑制效果,而曲酸明显优于柠檬酸和抗坏血酸,说明曲酸是一种潜在的鲜切苹果保鲜和护色剂。     

酶解对植物乳杆菌发酵红枣汁品质的影响

为了明晰酶解处理对发酵红枣汁品质的影响,采用果胶酶和半纤维素酶酶解红枣浆,研究经植物乳杆菌发酵后及4℃贮藏期间乳酸菌活菌数、主要营养品质和色泽的变化。结果表明,与对照相比,酶解处理可显著提高红枣汁的可溶性固形物含量和可滴定酸含量。酶解处理有利于保持红枣汁贮藏期间的抗坏血酸含量、多酚含量和蛋白质含量,在贮藏28d时,其含量分别高出对照0.7、0.28mg/100mL和0.58mg/100mL,多糖含量也有小幅增加,色泽有明显改善。此外,酶解处理提高了红枣汁中的乳酸菌活菌数,在贮藏28d时,酶解处理组的乳酸菌活菌数显著高出对照组0.17(lg(CFU/mL))。表明红枣汁发酵前采取酶解处理可以改善红枣汁的后续发酵品质。     

Maintaining the quality of sugarcane juice with blanching and ascorbic acid

The physicochemical changes in fresh sugarcane juice stored at 10 °C were studied by determining juice yield, color, reducing sugar, titratable acidity, viscosity, pH, polyphenol oxidase (PPO), sucrose neutral invertase (SNI) and total microbial count. Results showed that blanching of stems before squeezing effectively prevented degreening and/or browning, and reduced activities of PPO and SNI in fresh sugarcane juice. Added ascorbic acid delayed the increase of reducing sugar, titratable acidity, viscosity and total microbial count, and also prevented degreening and/or browning with reduced PPO and SNI activities in fresh sugarcane juice during storage. Addition of 0.1% ascorbic acid seemed to be more effective than blanching of sugarcane stems, and was able to maintain the quality of fresh sugarcane juice for up to 5 days at 10 °C. Deterioration of fresh sugarcane juice was demonstrated as a rapid increase of titratable acidity and viscosity with a obvious browning.     

Effect of ascorbic acid and citric acid on the quality of salted Chinese cabbage during storage

Changes in color, browning indices, enzyme activity, and physical and chemical quality during the storage period were investigated to assess the effectiveness of storage period extension along with the addition of ascorbic acid (AA) and citric acid (CA) to salted Chinese cabbage. After 16 days of storage, the change in chromaticity value showed treatment with 0.5% CA showed the lowest change in the brown index during the storage period. The control showed the highest residual activity of polyphenol oxidase among control, AA, and CA-treated salted cabbage. AA and CA treatment effectively inhibited the initial populations of microorganisms including total aerobic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, and yeast and molds in salted Chinese cabbage during storage. Further, the texture, i.e., hardness, chewability, and elasticity, tended to decrease with increasing storage. These results suggest that treatment with AA could help maintain the quality of salted Chinese cabbage during the storage period.     

Improvement of colour stability of pear juice concentrate by heat treatment

Clarified pear juice concentrates were prepared from ascorbic acid treated juices that had been boiled for 0, 1, 2, 3 and 5 min and an unheated control. Boiling of pear juice for 1 min was required for complete inactivation of pear juice polyphenol oxidase (EC 1.14.18.1, monophenol monooxygenase). During 6 months of storage at 0,20 and 38°C concentrates prepared from boiled juice were characterized by greater colour stability as indicated by slower rates of browning and changes in the Hunter 'L' values when compared to these changes in concentrates prepared from unheated juice.
Colour stability of the concentrates was also improved by storage at 0°C.     

Inhibition of Browning on Fresh-cut Pear Wedges by Natural Compounds

ABSTRACT: Mechanical operations such as peeling and cutting during minimal processing involve enzymatic browning of fruit tissue. The objective of this work was to evaluate the individual and combined effects of N-acetyl-L-cysteine, reduced glutathione, ascorbic acid, and 4-hexylresorcinol to control pear browning. Browning of fresh-cut pears was prevented by a minimum concentration of 0.75% N-acetyl-L-cysteine up to 28 d at 4°C. Reduced glutathione treatments were also effective along the storage time although browning was observed after 21 d of storage with a dip of 0.75% reduced glutathione. However, ascorbic acid or 4-hexylresorcinol treatments did not seem to completely prevent browning of pear wedges throughout the storage period. An enhanced antibrowning effect was observed when combining both N-acetyl-L-cysteine and reduced glutathione, considering hue angle as color change index. Thus, hue angle reached maximum levels at 1.5% N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) or 1.5% glutathione (GSH) and 1% NAC with 1% GSH for 28 d. Besides, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, reduced glutathione and 4-hexylresorcinol completely inhibited polyphenol oxidase activity as well as browning inhibitors slightly reduced firmness of fresh-cut pears.     

Slight Fermentation with Lactobacillus fermentium Improves the Taste (Sugar:Acid Ratio) of Citrus (Citrus reticulata cv. chachiensis) Juice

The aim of this study was to evaluate the hypothesis that fermentation with Lactobacillus fermentium, which can metabolize citric acid, could be applied in improving the taste (sugar:acid ratio) of citrus juice. During fermentation, the strain of L. fermentium can preferentially utilize citric acid of citrus (Citrus reticulata cv. Chachiensis) juice to support the growth without the consumption of sugar. After 6 h of fermentation with L. fermentium at 30 °C, the sugar:acid ratio of citrus juice increased to 22:1 from 12:1, which resulted in that the hedonic scores of sweetness, acidity and overall acceptability of fermented‐pasteurized citrus juice were higher than the unfermented‐pasteurized citrus juice. Compared with unfermented‐pasteurized citrus juice, the ORAC value and total amino acid showed a reduction, and no significant change (P > 0.05) in the L*, a*, b*, total soluble phenolics and ascorbic acid (Vc) content in the fermented‐pasteurized citrus juice was observed as compared with unfermented‐pasteurized citrus juice. Hence, slight fermentation with L. fermentium can be used for improving the taste (sugar:acid ratio) of citrus juice with the well retaining of quality.     

植物乳杆菌和发酵乳杆菌对胡柚汁发酵品质及其抗氧化性的影响

适用于果汁发酵的乳酸菌植物乳杆菌L1（Lactobacillus plantarum L1）和发酵乳杆菌L2（Lactobacillus fermentum L2）分别发酵胡柚汁,研究胡柚汁发酵过程中活菌数、酸度、pH值、VC、有机酸和色泽变化,以及乳酸菌对发酵胡柚汁总酚、总黄酮类化合物和抗氧化性的影响。结果表明,2?种乳酸菌在胡柚汁中生长良好,活菌数突破108?CFU/mL,pH值显著降低,酸度和VC显著提高;色差值变化明显,L*值呈下降趋势,a*值、b*值呈上升趋势;有机酸变化显著,酒石酸、柠檬酸、乙酸和乳酸的含量均显著提高,草酸、苹果酸和琥珀酸显著下降,其中乙酸、乳酸和苹果酸的变化最为明显;与未接种乳酸菌相比,抗氧化性显著提高,1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基、超氧阴离子自由基和羟自由基的清除能力分别提高了4.3%、15.9%和0.7%以上;总酚和总黄酮含量均提高。两种乳酸菌接种发酵显著改善了胡柚汁的品质和抗氧化特性,研究结果为胡柚汁益生菌发酵加工及益生菌果汁饮料产品开发提供一定的理论依据。