5mm小管径内R290凝结换热研究

对R290在5 mm小管径内的凝结换热特性进行了实验。实验工况:热流密度5～10 kW/m~2、质量流率180～250 kg/(m~2·s)、饱和温度40～55℃、管径5 mm。研究了质量流速、饱和温度、热流密度及管型对管内换热系数的影响。研究表明:换热系数随质量流率的增大而增大,随饱和温度的上升而下降,且在干度较大区域,影响更加明显;换热系数随热流密度的增大而增大,且存在最佳热流密度使其达到最大值;相同工况下,内肋管换热系数大于光管,在质量流速低、干度小的区域内肋管的强化效果更优。     

油浓度对小管径水平内螺纹管内R404A冷凝换热影响的实验研究

研究了强制对流条件下水平内螺纹管内R404A气液两相流冷凝换热特性,主要讨论油浓度对外径为5 mm的内螺纹管内R404A冷凝换热的影响。实验中油浓度变化范围为0~5%,设置入口平均饱和冷凝温度为40℃,质量流密度变化范围为200~400 kg/(m~2·s),热流密度变化范围为5~45 kW/m~2。实验研究表明:油的出现恶化了换热,在油浓度为1%以下时恶化作用可以忽略,但随着油浓度的增加换热恶化作用越来越明显;对于纯R404A和油浓度为1%的R404A-油混合物,冷凝换热系数随着制冷剂蒸汽干度的降低而逐渐减小;对于油浓度为3%和5%的R404A-油混合物,随着制冷剂蒸汽干度的下降,冷凝换热系数先增加然后逐渐减小,在干度为0.7~0.75之间呈现出一个冷凝换热系数的峰值。同一质量流密度下,换热系数惩罚因子会随着干度的增加而减小,即干度越大,换热恶化作用越大;当质量流密度从200 kg/(m~2·s)增加到400 kg/(m~2·s)时,同一油浓度下油对换热系数的恶化作用相对变小。     

水平光管内R410A与R134a流动冷凝换热特性的对比研究

为研究R410A与R134a在水平光管内的冷凝换热特性,在管内冷凝换热试验台上进行冷凝试验,分析质量流量、冷凝温度、测试水雷诺数Re、管径和制冷剂物性对换热系数和压降的影响。研究表明:换热系数、压降均随着质量流量的增加而变大,随冷凝温度的升高而减小,换热系数随测试水雷诺数Re的增加而减小,而测试水雷诺数Re对压降的影响相对较小;尽管R410A的换热系数随管径的减小而增大,而管径对R134a换热系数的影响并不显著,R134a与R410A的压降均随管径的减小而增大;单位压降换热系数随质量流量的增加而减小; Cavallini et al.关联式可较好预测R410A与R134a在光管内换热系数,而Shah关联式只能用于预测R134a的换热系数。     

水平内螺纹铜管内R404A的冷凝压降特性

对R404A在内螺纹铜管内冷凝压降进行了实验研究。为了给R404A在小管径换热器中应用的可行性提供依据,研究缩小管径带来压降上升的特性,设置了不同的影响因素来研究R404A在内螺纹铜管中的冷凝压降特性。实验工况为:饱和温度35～45℃,质流密度200～900 kg/(m~2·s),热流密度10 kW/m~2,入口干度0.1～0.9,内螺纹铜管管径分别为5、7和9.52 mm。实验结果表明:饱和温度对冷凝压降的影响主要集中在较高的质流密度区间,压降随饱和温度的升高而降低;压降随质流密度的增大而上升,随管径的减小而增大;随着干度值的降低,冷凝压降从一个峰值开始逐渐下降,其中5 mm管的压降下降速率最大;通过对比相对传热系数得出3种内螺纹管中,5 mm管的综合性能更好。     

5 mm微肋管内R404A流动沸腾换热特性研究

通过实验研究了R404A在5 mm微肋管内的流动沸腾换热特性。热流密度为5～25 kW/m~2、质量流速为200～500 kg/(m~2·s)、饱和温度为-5～5℃、干度为0.1～0.9。结果表明:提高饱和温度可以提高换热系数,在0.1～0.3低干度区提升作用较为明显,在0.3～0.6中干度区提升作用逐渐降低;随着质量流速的增大,换热系数呈上升趋势,其对换热系数的影响主要体现在中干度区;热流密度的增大也能够有效提升换热系数,同时使换热系数的峰值提前出现,加速干涸现象的发生。针对本实验数据,修正后的Gungor模型预测精度较高,修正系数为1.372,统计得出平均绝对偏差仅9.30%,高达98.18%的数据偏差度小于±30%。     

近临界压力下R410A在水平螺纹管内的冷凝换热研究

为研究近临界压力下R410A在水平螺纹管内的冷凝换热特性,在质量流率为200 ～ 800 kg/(m2·s)、干度为0.1～0.9、冷凝压力比为0.8和0.9时,对3种不同管径的内螺纹铜管(5、7和9.52 mm)进行单管冷凝换热实验.结果 表明:冷凝换热系数随着质量流率和干度的增加而增加,冷凝压力越接近临界压力,换热...     

R32与R290在小管径内的沸腾压降与换热特性研究

搭建5 mm内螺纹小铜管内水平单管沸腾实验台,实验工况为饱和蒸发温度20℃,热流密度25 kW/m~2,质量流速100～300 kg/(m~2·s),干度0.1～0.9。对比研究替代制冷剂R32与R290在不同干度和质量流速下的沸腾压降与换热特性。结果表明:两种制冷剂的摩擦压降均随质量流速的增加而显著增大,R290的摩擦压降比R32平均大59.4%,且随着干度的增大摩擦压降的差值呈上升趋势。R32与R290的沸腾换热系数与质量流速呈正相关,在0.1～0.6中低干度区域内,R32的沸腾换热系数明显大于R290,但在干度大于0.6的高干度区域内,R32的沸腾换热系数仅比R290大9.8%,两者数值较为接近。通过对SunMishima压降关联式与Li换热关联式进行修正,提高了关联式的准确性,修正后实验值与预测值的压降平均相对偏差为15.93%,沸腾换热系数平均相对偏差为16.71%。     

R134a在水平内微翅管管内凝结换热的实验研究

对制冷剂R134a在水平强化换热管管内的凝结换热性能进行了实验研究。实验管为两种内微翅管,分别命名为A管和B管。实验件采用套管结构,强化内管外表面和外管内表面之间(管间)走乙二醇水溶液。实验过程中管内冷凝温度为51℃,管间乙二醇水溶液的流速为3.35 m/s,乙二醇水溶液的进口温度根据制冷剂的质量流速做相应调整,以保证试件出口制冷剂有一定的过冷度。实验结果表明:两种水平强化管的管内冷凝换热系数均随着制冷剂质量流速的增加而增大,在制冷剂质量流速从300 kg/(m2.s)增加到700kg/(m2.s)时,A管的管内冷凝换热系数比B管高1.87%到6.28%,而B管的制冷剂流动阻力比A管高9.56%到11.05%,A管的结构优于B管。     

微细通道内R290流动沸腾换热特性实验研究

对R290制冷剂在微细通道内的流动沸腾换热特性进行了实验研究。研究管径分别为1和2 mm,热流密度为20~65 k W/m~2,质量流率为100~200 kg/m~2·s,饱和温度为15和25℃,干度范围为0.1~0.9。通过实验数据分析管径、热流密度、质量流率、饱和温度对流动沸腾换热的影响。结果表明:随着管径的下降,换热系数呈现出大幅上升的趋势,其平均增幅为31%;随着热流密度的上升,换热系数呈现出大幅上升的趋势,其平均增幅达到了131%;随着质量流率的上升,换热系数呈现出小幅上升的趋势,其平均增幅为14%;随着饱和温度的上升,大部分换热系数呈现出小幅上升的趋势,其平均增幅为12.6%。     

水平光滑细管内R32的冷凝换热特性

对流体R32在内径2 mm的水平光滑圆管内的冷凝换热特性进行实验研究。实验设定的流体饱和温度为35、40和45℃,质量流量为100~500 kg/(m2·s),热流密度7~28 k W/m2。实验获得R32在不同工况下的冷凝换热系数和摩擦压降梯度。发现其换热系数随质量流量增加而增大,随饱和温度提高而减小。入口干度和热流密度对其影响不大。摩擦压降梯度随质量流量增加而增加,相同质量流量下,随饱和温度升高而降低。并将该次实验值与其他经典换热模型和压降模型进行对比分析,发现Baird模型对该次实验的换热系数预测较好,Müller-Heck模型和Chisholm模型对R32的摩擦压降预测较好。     

Experimental investigation of heat transfer enhancement using impingement of multiple water jets

The problem of cooling electronic components has become a subject of special interest in recent years due to the increasing capacity and rapidly decreasing size of electronic components. Direct contact cooling using multiple jet impingement is considered the most effective method. The heat transfer problem is complex and a better understanding of the jet impingement method is essential for the proper application of this method for electronic cooling. Investigations were carried out using an electrically heated test plate. Heat flux in the range of 25 to $200 \ \hbox{W/cm}^{2}$ , which is a typical requirement for cooling high power electronic components was dissipated using 0.5‐mm diameter water jets arranged in a 7×7 array with a pitch of 3 mm. Temperature difference between the test plate and water was within $30 \ ^{\circ}\hbox{C}$ . Tests were performed in the flow rate range of 22 to 40 ml/min, resulting in a Reynolds number range of 1100 to 1750. Results show a significant increase in the heat transfer coefficient or Nusselt number with an increase in heat flux. The effect of the flow rate or Reynolds number on the heat transfer coefficient is found to be negligible. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20291     

Augmentation of heat transfer through passive techniques

The thermal performance of energy preservation systems is greatly improved by increasing miniaturization and boosting. These are imaginative (or Promethean) techniques to enhance heat transfer. Enhancement methods of heat transfer draw great attention in front of the industrial sector because of their ability to provide energy savings and raise the economic efficiency of thermal systems. Three techniques these methods are categorized; those are active, passive, and compound. Different types of components are used in passive methods because of the transfer/working fluid flow path to the enhancement of the heat transfer rate. In this article, the subject of the review was the passive heat transfer enhancement methods including inserts (conical strips, winglets, twisted tapes, baffles), porous materials, coil/helical/spiral tubes, rough surfaces (corrugated/ribbed surfaces), extended surfaces (fins) and nanofluids (mono and hybrid nanofluid). Recent passive heat transfer enhancement techniques are studied in this article as they are cost-effective and reliable, and also comparably passive methods do not need any extra power to promote the energy conversion systems' thermal efficiency than active methods. In the passive approaches, various components are applied to the heat transfer/working fluid flow path to improve the heat transfer rate. The passive heat transfer enhancement methods studied in this article include inserts (twisted tapes, conical strips, baffles, winglets), extended surfaces (fins), porous materials, coil/helical/spiral tubes, rough surfaces (corrugated/ribbed surfaces), and nanofluids (mono and hybrid nanofluid). From the pioneers' research work, it is clear that a lower twist ratio and lower pitch, lesser winglet angles can provide more heat transfer rate and a little bit more friction factor. In the case of nanofluids, a little bit of pumping power is enhanced. Finally, heat transfer enhancement is compared with the thermal performance factor, which is more than unity.     

中餐炒菜灶的系统热效率分析

传统的鼓风式中餐炒菜灶热效率仅为20%左右,通过增加辐射壁,可强化传统炒菜灶的燃烧与换热过程,提高系统热效率。采用均匀搅拌反应器(PSR)模型,研究了炉内的燃烧与换热过程,建立了相应的传热模型,并对系统热效率进行了分析。研究发现改造后的新型中餐炒菜灶热效率有大幅度提高,具有显著的节能效果和应用前景。     

套管换热器对流换热的数值模拟研究

本文建立了一种复杂的数学模型用于预测套管式换热器内流体的流动及传热特性。数学模型包括计算流体力学模型和计算传热学模型。其中,计算传热学模型中的湍流扩散系数是利用温度方差t2和温度方差耗散率εt来求解,而不是利用通常采用的Pr数假设值或实验测定值来求解。为验证新建立模型预测结果的准确性,本文将数值模拟结果与文献中的实验结果进行了比较,结果吻合较好。     

LDV散热器传热特性的分析研究

散热器是发动机是重要部件总成。本文对上海汽车商用车技术中心LDV车用散热器的传热性能进行风洞试验,由实测试验数据,将管外横掠管簇的对流换热系数从传热系数中分离出来,整理成无量纲准则式,为散热器的优化设计提供参考依据。另外,对一些未做过性能试验的散热器的设计计算也能提供帮助。     

Inverse estimation of boundary conditions on radiant enclosures by temperature measurement on a solid object

In this paper, we present an inverse analysis to estimate the thermal boundary conditions over a two-dimensional radiant enclosure from the knowledge of the measured temperatures for some points on a solid object within the enclosure. The conduction heat transfer in the solid object and the radiative heat transfer between the surface elements of the enclosure are formulated by the finite volume method and the net radiative method, respectively. The resultant set of nonlinear equations is solved by the Newton's method. The inverse problem for estimation of boundary conditions over the radiant enclosure is solved by the conjugate gradient method.     

锥形内肋管传热与流阻性能的数值模拟

根据纵向涡强化传热技术提出了新型的强化换热管——锥形内肋管,运用数值模拟方法,研究了新型强化换热管结构参数锥底宽度a、导程P、肋深e和Re数对Nu、沿程阻力系数f及传热综合因子η的影响。结果表明：换热管内壁面边缘处产生了较多的微小涡流,有效破坏了流动边界层,强化了传热。在充分湍流的条件下,流体Re越小、e越小,其综合传热性能越强。当Re<15 000时,a对η的影响要大于P;在过渡点后, P对η影响较大。通过综合传热性能分析,给出了适合不同Re区间的锥形内肋优化参数。     

Application of Hermite wavelet method for heat transfer in a porous media

In this article, the flow and heat transfer for non-Newtonian viscoelastic fluid in an axisymmetric channel with a porous wall is investigated. Convective boundary conditions have been used in the problem formulation. We obtain coupled, highly nonlinear ordinary differential equations from the fundamental governing equations via appropriate similarity variables. The solution for velocity and temperature are computed by applying the Hermite wavelet method (HWM). The comparison between the results from the HWM, differential transform method, and numerical method are well in agreement which proves the capacity of HWM for solving such problems. The effects of Reynolds number and Prandtl number on the velocity and temperature are illustrated through graphs and tables for different values of an independent variable.     

Heat and fluid flow characteristics inside differentially heated square enclosures with single and multiple sliding walls

Fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics of differentially heated lid driven cavities are numerically modeled and analyzed in the present study. One‐, two‐, and four‐sided lid driven cavity configurations are considered with the vertical walls being maintained at different temperatures and the horizontal walls being thermally insulated. Eight different cavity configurations are considered depending on the direction of wall motion. The Prandtl number Pr is taken to be 0.7, the Grashof number is taken to be 10⁴, while two values for the Richardson number Ri are considered, 0.1 and 10. It is found that both the Richardson number and the cavity configuration affect the heat and fluid flow characteristics in the cavity. It is concluded that for Ri=0.1, a four‐sided driven cavity configuration with all walls rotating in the same direction would triple the value of the average Nusselt number at the cold wall when compared to a one‐sided driven cavity configuration. However, for Ri=10, the cavity configuration has minimal effect and all eight cases result in an average Nusselt number value at the cold wall ranging between 1.3 and 1.9. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience. wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20264     

对流传热计算中的烟气辐射放热系数α_1

本文提出锅炉对流传热计算中用到的烟气辐射放热系数α_(?)袭用炉内辐射传热的计算公式有误差,因为所对应的温压不同,应予改正。