考虑SSI效应的风力机塔架地震动力响应时频特性分析

为分析风-震共同作用下风力机塔架的动力响应,基于Wolf方法建立了土-构耦合模型,通过开源软件Fast预留数据接口开发了地震载荷模块,研究了在不同土质下塔架的振动特性和响应幅值。结果表明:地震载荷极大地加剧了塔架振动,尤其是塔架一阶固有频率和二阶固有频率的振动幅值明显增大;设防烈度为8度时,塔顶振动的主要激励为地震载荷,气动载荷对塔顶振动的影响很小,可忽略不计;由于阻尼和地震反应谱特征周期不同,在不同土质下塔架的响应幅值和振动特性差异较大;与无地震相比,在额定风况下硬黏土、岩土和软土3种不同场地土质发生地震时,塔顶侧向位移分别增大了316%、242%和265%。     

海冰载荷作用下海上风力机TMD减振研究

为保证桩柱式海上风力机塔架结构稳定和系统运行安全,提出安装于机舱内的调谐质量阻尼器(Tuned Mass Damper,TMD),以减弱海冰与湍流风联合作用环境下的风力机振动。基于多体动力学开源仿真软件(FAST),通过计算并分析NREL 5 MW海上风力机风-冰联合作用下塔顶振动特性,发现TMD控制对前后向的塔顶位移及塔基剪切力影响较小,但可以有效降低侧向的塔顶位移及塔基剪切力,降低幅度分别达39%与52%。同时,塔架一阶固有频率处的响应降低64%与90%,说明TMD装置能有效减弱风力机振动,保护风力机安全。     

大型风力机地震动力响应研究

为研究地震载荷与风载荷联合作用下的大型风力机结构动力学响应,本文研究分别以Wind PACT 1.5 MW和NREL 5 MW风力机为研究对象,采用EI Centro 6.9级地震为输入激励,通过改进版的开源软件FAST(风电载荷仿真软件)计算风力机在正常运行、紧急停机和一直停机3种运行方式下的塔顶振动和塔架结构荷载情况,结果表明:地震载荷极大加剧了塔顶振动,机舱加速度峰值增大2倍以上。紧急停机操作可减小塔尖位移,一定程度上可以保护风力机结构安全。地震载荷主要增大了塔架一阶固有频率及其二倍频的振动。6.9级地震与额定风载荷联合作用下,NREL 5MW风力机塔基弯矩设计需求为159 MN·m,略大于极限风载荷作用。说明地震常发地区,塔架结构强度设计必须考虑地震载荷作用。     

基于土基-结构耦合作用的风力机塔架地震时频特性分析

为研究不同土质时地震载荷对大型风力机结构动力学响应的影响,基于Wolf方法建立风力机基础平台与土体的耦合模型,通过FAST软件仿真Wind PACT 1.5 MW风力机在不同土质和不同地震强度时塔架的动力学响应。通过分析不同工况下风力机的结构动力学响应,发现地震载荷对塔顶位移和塔基弯矩的影响不可忽略,尤其是塔顶侧向位移和塔基俯仰力矩。在九级设防烈度地震作用下,相比无地震工况,软土、硬黏土和岩土地质风力机塔顶侧向位移分别增大925%、785%和771%。且由于软土阻尼最小,能量耗散小,所以地震后塔架响应降低的速率最慢。     

地震作用下的风电机组振动仿真分析

应用基于多柔体动力学的联合仿真技术对地震作用下的风力发电机振动响应进行了研究。首先采用GDW理论进行风力机气动载荷计算分析,在Fortran下建立风力发电"叶轮—机舱—塔架"整机的多柔体系统动力学模型,将该系统模型转化为ADAMS分析模型。然后通过动态链接文件和根据Eurocode8编写的地震载荷谱,在ADAMS中进行地震作用下的风力机系统联合仿真。仿真数据同Bladed软件结果比较表明,该联合仿真方法可较好的模拟风力机在地震作用下的振动响应。该文为研究地震对风力发电机的影响进行了一次有益的探索。     

5MW风力机地震工况塔架动力学响应研究

基于FAST开源软件和Wolf土-构耦合(SSI)模型建立了风力机地震工况动力学仿真模型,并计算了5种不同平均风速的气动载荷与101种不同强度的地震载荷联合作用下风力机的动力学响应.结果表明:在额定风速下,气动载荷与地震载荷之间为非线性耦合,评估风力机地震动力学响应时,必须充分考虑风-震耦合效应;风速相同时,塔基最大弯矩先保持不变,再以线性增长的趋势变化;在低强度地震时,塔架不同高度处的最大弯矩与塔架高度之间为线性关系;随着地震强度的逐渐增大,塔架最大弯矩与塔架高度之间的关系逐渐变为非线性,且额定风速下塔架最大弯矩最大.     

结构阻尼对风力机塔架振动特性的影响

采用刚体有限元方法建立风力机塔架的三维结构动力学模型。研究湍流风况下风力机塔架弯曲、扭转及沿重力方向的固有振动特征,分析结构阻尼对塔架振动特性的影响。计算结果显示:塔架沿重力向和沿轴扭转的振动特征比弯曲振动复杂得多;结构阻尼能够很容易消除弯曲振动的高阶频率,但其对塔架扭转振动的耗散作用则不显著;塔架重力向振动的高阶频率在很大的结构阻尼下才能被消除。随着阻尼的增大,塔架一阶弯曲振动的主导作用减弱,振动特征被外界湍流风所控制。     

基于ABAQUS地震激励下风力机结构损伤分析

高耸的风力机塔架结构属于典型的顶部附有大集中质量的细长柔性体的力学结构,相比传统建筑结构差异性较大,极易受到地震载荷影响。基于有限元分析软件ABAQUS建立风力机塔架、基础平台和土体模型,通过FAST导出风轮非定常推力,作用在塔顶机舱,土体底部施加地震加速度时间序列,进行风力机结构模态分析、稳定性分析和动力学响应分析。研究表明:塔架主要的运动形式为摇摆运动和弯曲振动;塔架一阶固有频率为0.290 Hz,大于风轮的额定旋转频率0.202 Hz,因此叶片旋转不会引起风力机塔架发生共振;风载荷作用下,塔架发生横向屈曲,屈曲位置位于塔架底部且随模态阶数增大而逐渐向上发展,屈曲因子较大;地震载荷作用下,塔架发生纵向屈曲,屈曲位置同样位于塔架底部且随模态阶数增大而逐渐向上发展,较风载荷发生屈曲区域相对更大,屈曲因子相对较小。     

漂浮式风力机多频调谐质量阻尼器控制及其参数优化设计

以ITI Barge型漂浮式风力机为研究对象,在机舱和塔架中配置参数不同的调谐质量阻尼器(TMD),组成多频调谐质量阻尼器(MTMD)系统。基于多岛遗传算法,对MTMD系统进行参数优化,并比较了无控制、无优化MTMD控制及优化MTMD控制下风力机的稳定性。结果表明:MTMD对塔顶纵向位移和平台横摇角有很好的抑制效果;风力机塔顶纵向位移和平台横摇角均随机舱TMD质量和塔架TMD质量的增大而减小,随TMD阻尼的增大而增大;优化MTMD控制后,风力机稳定性进一步提升,其塔顶纵向位移和平台横摇稳定性分别提升了80.4%和83.8%。     

1.5MW风力机塔架-基础的动力特性研究

采用多种计算模型结合敏感性分析,研究了塔架及塔架-基础的动力特性,发现塔架与基础的振动有一定的耦合作用;考虑基础与塔架相互作用后,塔架各阶自振频率降低,特别是高阶自振频率降低较多;在地震液化等极端工况下,地基基础对塔架动力特性的影响更明显。总结并分析了塔架的振源,指出脉动风荷载是风力机设计中必须重视的部分;风绕塔架流动一般处于超临界或跨临界范围,在超临界范围不会出现明显的塔架涡激振动,在跨临界范围可能出现严重的振动;风轮属细长弹性体、气动特征明显,其振动响应比较复杂且易发生破坏事故。为减小柔性塔架振幅,给出了风力机起动时快速跳过瞬态共振区、增加塔架阻尼和优化塔架体型以进一步改善塔架动力特性等方面的建议。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

<正>~~     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.