水平单管内换热实验研究

利用隔膜泵作为系统动力输出源,搭建了单管内传热和流动测试实验台,对制冷剂R22在水平单管内的换热性能进行了实验研究,考察了不同蒸发温度和不同冷凝温度对总传热系数、制冷剂表面换热系数和管内压降的影响.实验结果表明:总传热系数和制冷剂表面换热系数均随着蒸发温度和冷凝温度的上升而增大;管内压降随着蒸发温度的上升而减小,随着冷凝温度的上升而增大;对于同一根实验管,在相同的冷却水流量和制冷剂质量流量下,最佳蒸发工况为10℃;冷凝实验中,总传热系数和制冷剂表面换热系数在40℃时高于其他两种冷凝温度时的值,但35℃冷凝时,管内压降高于其他两种工况.     

一个新的吸收-喷射复合制冷循环

提出了一个新的吸收-喷射复合制冷循环.在新循环中,部分冷凝器出口的饱和液态制冷剂被冷剂泵加压到制冷剂在发生温度下对应的饱和压力,这股高压制冷剂液体在一个沸腾器里被加热成饱和高压蒸气后将预热器出口的过热制冷剂蒸气引射到冷凝压力.由于在新循环中发生压力可以比冷凝压力低,因此该系统可以利用较低品位的热量制取低温下的冷量.研究结果表明:新循环可以利用比传统两级吸收式制冷循环温度更低的热源,制取同一温度下的冷量.此外,在蒸发温度或发生温度较低时,新循环的COP比单效循环高得多;当发生温度或蒸发温度较高时,新循环和传统单效循环的COP相同.     

多级气动液压泵供液的有机朗肯循环性能分析

针对有机朗肯循环(Organic Rankine Cycle,ORC)中电动工质泵耗功占膨胀机输出功比例较大的问题。提出一种多级气动液压泵,该泵利用蒸发器内产生的蒸汽为动力,给ORC系统供液。以R245fa为工质,分析了气动液压泵与电动泵的ORC系统受蒸发温度的影响情况对比、不同级的气动液压泵的性能随蒸发温度的影响、ORC系统性能受泵效率的影响对比。结果表明,采用多级气动液压泵后,ORC系统的净输出功率等于膨胀机的输出功率;系统效率得到改善,且随着泵级数的增加而更为明显;泵效率随蒸发温度的升高而减小,但随泵级数的增加而提高。在蒸发温度为145℃、冷凝温度为35℃时,电动泵供液的ORC系统净输出功率为25.8 kW,系统效率为0.106,而采用4级气动液压泵的ORC系统净输出功率为33.2 kW,系统效率为0.12。     

工况对两相流引射器制冷循环系统性能的影响

引射器结构简单、无运动部件,在制冷系统中代替膨胀阀可提高系统的COP。以R134a为工质,实验研究了不同工况条件下两相流引射器制冷循环系统性能,分析了蒸发温度、冷凝温度对引射比、压力提升比、制冷量和系统COP的影响。研究发现:当冷凝温度为40℃时,随着蒸发温度的提高,引射比和压力提升比均下降,制冷量和系统COP均提高;当蒸发温度为-10℃时,随着冷凝温度的增加,引射比和压力提升比均增大,制冷量和系统COP均下降。     

R134a在水平内微翅管管内凝结换热的实验研究

对制冷剂R134a在水平强化换热管管内的凝结换热性能进行了实验研究。实验管为两种内微翅管,分别命名为A管和B管。实验件采用套管结构,强化内管外表面和外管内表面之间(管间)走乙二醇水溶液。实验过程中管内冷凝温度为51℃,管间乙二醇水溶液的流速为3.35 m/s,乙二醇水溶液的进口温度根据制冷剂的质量流速做相应调整,以保证试件出口制冷剂有一定的过冷度。实验结果表明:两种水平强化管的管内冷凝换热系数均随着制冷剂质量流速的增加而增大,在制冷剂质量流速从300 kg/(m2.s)增加到700kg/(m2.s)时,A管的管内冷凝换热系数比B管高1.87%到6.28%,而B管的制冷剂流动阻力比A管高9.56%到11.05%,A管的结构优于B管。     

管内R32流动冷凝换热特性的研究

对光管内R32流动冷凝换热特性进行试验研究,工况设定时冷凝温度为35℃、40℃和45℃,质量流量为500～1 100 kg/(m~2·s),冷冻水Re为10 000、20 000、40 000。试验主要分析工况条件、管径、制冷剂物性对冷凝换热系数的影响,发现R32冷凝换热系数随质量流量的增加、冷凝温度的降低、管径的减小而增大,其中R32的换热系数约是R22的1.576～1.718倍。对换热器换热热阻比重受工况条件的影响进行研究,发现制冷剂热阻占总热阻比值R_(hr)随质量流量的增加而减小,随着测试水Re的增加而增大,且R32的R_(hr)值小于R22的R_(hr)值。     

光管内流动冷凝换热系数预测关联式研究

选用R22、R32、R134a 3种制冷剂,对其在内径为5 mm光管内的流动冷凝换热特性进行实验。实验工况为:制冷剂质量流速500～1 100 kg/(m~2·s),冷凝温度35、40和45℃,冷冻水Re 10 000～40 000,制冷剂在测试管进出口保持2～3℃的过热、过冷度。选取Cavallini、Shah和Dobson and Chato 3个关联式的预测值与3种制冷剂在光管内换热系数实验值进行比较。结果表明:Shah关联式对换热系数的预测精度最高,其预测误差在10%以内。基于Shah关联式对管内换热机制的假设,参考Dobson and Chato关联式拟合机制,提出新关联式,±7%的预测误差,足可证实新关联式较好的预测能力。     

结合ORC和VCR的中温余热回收系统性能分析

为了利用丰富的中低温余热进行制冷,本文提出了一种结合ORC(有机朗肯循环)和VCR(蒸汽压缩制冷循环)的制冷系统,并对新系统进行了热力学分析和火用损失分析。此外,对比分析了Cyclohexane、D4、n-octane及R141b四种工质的热力学性能与ORC蒸发温度、制冷剂蒸发温度及透平效率等参数对系统制冷性能的影响。结果表明:以Cyclohexane为ORC工质时,系统总制冷COP(性能系数)最高为1.262;ORC蒸发温度对制冷工质与有机工质的质量流量比有显著的影响;制冷剂蒸发温度对系统的制冷COP有显著的影响;制冷剂冷凝温度对系统制冷COP的影响比ORC冷凝温度大;ORC蒸发器、VCR冷凝器以及ORC冷凝器的火用损失占系统总火用损失的57.28%。     

液体射流泵喷嘴长径比的数值分析

液体射流泵的工作喷嘴一般采用锥直形喷嘴,锥直形喷嘴出口直段的长度与喷嘴出口直径之比即喷嘴长径比,是射流泵的重要几何参数。为了研究喷嘴长径比对液体射流泵性能的影响,采用Realizableκ-ε模型对不同长径比的射流泵内部流动进行三维数值模拟。结果表明,在射流泵的流量比小于0.5时,不同喷嘴长径比所对应的射流泵效率曲线差别不大;在流量比大于0.5时,以射流泵效率为判据,喷嘴长径比范围为0.250～1.000的射流泵性能较好;不同喷嘴长径比对应的射流泵壁面剪切应力相差不大。从湍流耗散率、喷嘴出口断面收缩、核心区长度等方面考虑,喷嘴长径比范围为0.250～1.000的射流泵性能较好。     

基于单级蒸汽压缩制冷系统冷凝废热回收的制冷剂数值优选研究

在大型制冷工程中,若能合理回收制冷系统的冷凝热并应用于牛奶厂、屠宰场、水果烘干、生活热水供应等场合,具有十分积极的节能减排意义。为保证冷凝热回收的同时制冷系统高效运行,制冷剂的选择至关重要。通过流程模拟软件模拟单级蒸汽压缩制冷过程,在制冷量80 kW,蒸发温度-25℃的设定条件下,从热力学性能、系统运行参数以及其对环境的影响大小等方面比较了12种不同的制冷剂。结果表明R21既能获得很高的系统性能系数,又对环境负面影响小,是优选的冷凝废热回收单级蒸汽压缩制冷系统制冷剂。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.