粮食中新兴真菌毒素的污染现状及毒理学研究进展

产毒真菌污染粮食等农产品产生有毒有害的次级代谢产物,称真菌毒素,严重威胁食用和饲用产品的质量安全。较为常见的真菌毒素包括黄曲霉毒素、镰刀菌毒素脱氧雪腐镰刀烯醇、玉米赤霉烯酮等,国内外针对这些主要污染毒素制定了相应的限量标准。近年来,随着真菌毒素研究的发展和检测技术的更新,一些新型真菌毒素不断被发现。将目前尚未被列入常规风险筛查和监管、也尚无相关限量标准的真菌毒素种类,称谓新兴毒素（Emerging toxins）。目前检出频次高、污染较为严重的新兴毒素主要由镰刀菌属（Fusarium spp.）和链格孢属（Alternaria spp.）等产毒真菌产生。这些新兴真菌毒素通常与主要毒素复合污染,本文将依据现有的风险调查报告与数据,综述粮食中常见新兴镰刀菌和链格孢毒素的污染现状和毒理学研究进展,为真菌毒素的全面风险评估和管控技术研发提供依据。     

中国及欧盟粮油食品真菌毒素限量及减控措施对比

粮油食品质量安全关系到国计民生。目前,真菌毒素已成为威胁粮油食品质量安全的主要风险。欧盟的限量标准以严格著称。近几年,我国农产品出口欧盟最大阻碍之一为真菌毒素超标。本文对中国和欧盟真菌毒素限量标准的真菌毒素种类、食品分类及限量进行梳理,发现欧盟有限量标准的真菌毒素种类多于我国,并且欧盟在制定限量的过程中,考虑的因素比较全面,包括了食品品类、加工工艺以及食用人群等,限量有严有松,在保障食品安全的同时,也充分考虑了生产企业等的利益,通过对这些差异的分析,本文为我国现有的粮油食品质量安全标准的制修订提供了建议。在真菌毒素防控措施方面,本文充分对比了相关标准的相同点及差异点,并提出了进一步提高中小型粮油企业自检等建议,为推动中欧标准体系协同提供参考。     

粮油产品质量安全检测技术的研究进展与发展趋势

我国粮油产品存在真菌毒素污染、重金属超标和非法添加有毒有害物质等主要质量安全问题。摄入受污染的粮食作物为原料加工而成的食品(饲料)会对人类和动物的身体健康造成极其严重的危害。为了满足粮油产品质量的安全监管,保障国民健康,加快建立健全粮油产品质量安全检测技术尤为重要。本研究从真菌毒素检测技术、重金属检测技术和粮油掺伪检测技术3个方面,综述了近10年来国内外的研究进展,讨论了各种技术的优点及限制因素,分析了存在的主要问题,并对其发展趋势进行了展望,以期为粮油产品质量安全检测提供参考。     

T-2毒素检测方法研究进展

T-2毒素主要是由镰刀菌属霉菌（Fusarium）产生的一类单端孢霉烯族类（Trichothecenes，Ts）真菌毒素，具有毒性强、污染范围广的特点，常见于受污染的小麦、玉米、大麦、燕麦等粮谷及其制品和相关动物饲料中，对粮食安全及人体健康构成了极大的威胁，已逐渐成为粮食行业和畜牧行业监测和检测关注的重点。欧盟已针对谷物原料及其加工产品分别制定了相应的限量标准，我国虽然还没有制定相应的限量标准，但于2016年发布了T-2毒素食品安全国家标准《食品中T-2毒素的测定》。本文简要介绍了T-2毒素危害及其限量标准，重点就近年来色谱法、免疫化学检测技术、适配体生物传感器检测技术等方法在T-2毒素检测方面的应用进行了综述，并对未来发展方向进行了展望，以期为粮谷产品T-2毒素污染防控和质量监测提供借鉴。     

超高压液相色谱-质谱同时测定酿酒、制曲原料中多种真菌毒素的方法研究

采用超高压液相色谱-质谱法同时检测酿酒、制曲原料中黄曲霉毒素B1、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、赭曲霉毒素A、玉米赤霉烯酮4种真菌毒素,同时采用梯度洗脱,在质谱正离子模式下监测并完成检测,检出限可满足国家标准《食品安全国家标准食品中真菌毒素限量》(GB 2761—2017)对粮食中4种真菌毒素的要求。该方法灵敏度高、准确性好,而且简单快速,可用于粮食中真菌毒素的检测及其风险评估。     

粮油食品中真菌毒素检测技术研究进展

粮油食品为我国的主要食品,其生产和储存过程中容易受到真菌毒素的污染。真菌毒素进入人体后会对人体脏器造成损伤,抑制免疫系统,造成畸变及癌变等危害。粮油中真菌毒素的检测非常重要,其对于保证粮油食品安全、无污染具有重要意义。近年来,我国对粮油中真菌毒素检测技术的研究越来越多。本文对粮油食品中真菌毒素检测技术及其发展进行了综合分析,对我国粮油食品真菌毒素检测技术的研究现状进行总结,为相关行业从业人员提供综合性参考。     

食品中主要真菌毒素检测方法研究进展

文章重点介绍了黄曲霉毒素、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、链格孢霉毒素等毒性较强的真菌毒素污染食品状况和毒性,并就当前国内外常用的真菌毒素检测方法进行了概述,分析了各方法的优缺点,最后对今后真菌毒素检测方法的发展方向进行了展望。     

粮油真菌毒素检测技术与应用分析

真菌毒素是在适宜条件下由丝状真菌产生的有毒代谢产物,常见于粮食中,对人类和动物健康构成极大威胁。本文以真菌毒素综述为出发点,简要分析了T-2毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮毒素、黄曲霉毒素、伏马毒素等代表性毒素,探讨了粮油真菌毒素传统检测方法和新兴检测技术的应用,以期为相关研究提供参考。     

粮油加工副产物中真菌毒素消减技术研究进展

真菌毒素是一些真菌在生长繁殖过程中产生的有毒有害代谢物，其对粮油加工产业、畜牧业和食品工业造成经济损失的同时亦会威胁人类健康。粮油加工副产物中真菌毒素的污染率相对较高，这些污染的副产物用于畜牧业生产，会严重影响畜禽生产性能。对畜禽危害严重的真菌毒素主要有：黄曲霉毒素（aflatoxin，AF）、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（又称呕吐毒素，Deoxynivalenol ，DON）、赭曲霉毒素（ochratoxin，OTA）、玉米赤霉烯酮（zenralenone，ZEN）、T-2毒素（属于单端孢霉烯族毒素）、伏马毒素（fumonisin，FB）等。受真菌毒素污染的饲料和谷物颜色、气味及营养成分会发生变化，导致适口性变差，营养价值降低，还会造成畜禽生长缓慢、免疫力降低、生殖障碍甚至死亡。我国《食品卫生标准（GB2761-2017）》对粮油食品中主要真菌毒素的限量有相应的控制标准。《饲料卫生标准（GB13078-2017）》也明确规定粮油加工副产物用作饲料时其中主要六种真菌毒素的限量标准。目前常用的真菌毒素脱毒方法有物理脱毒法、化学脱毒法、脱霉剂脱毒法等。在处理霉变畜禽饲料时，前两种方法都有一定的缺陷，通常采用添加真菌毒素脱霉剂来降低其对畜禽的危害。本文阐述了饲料中常用脱霉剂吸附剂和降解菌/酶以及脱霉剂体外和体内评估方法，总结了现有吸附剂和降解菌/酶对控制粮油副产物中真菌毒素的作用效果以及使用中存在的问题，并对真菌毒素消减技术的发展方向进行了展望，以期为解决资源浪费问题，促进粮油加工副产物的高效利用提供一定的参考价值。     

国内外粮食中真菌毒素采样标准对比及分析

真菌毒素广泛存在于粮油等食品中,危害人类和动物的健康。由于粮油等食品中真菌毒素的污染分布不均匀,因此科学、合理、经济的采样(扦样)计划尤为重要。梳理了国内外粮食的采样标准,并对每个标准适用范围、是否适合真菌毒素、各个采样环节规定进行比较分析。国际采样标准就不同的食品类别或真菌毒素(污染物)的各个采样环节的要求进行了系统阐述,涵盖了粮食中真菌毒素的采样要求。目前国内没有系统的针对粮食中真菌毒素采样标准。通过对国内外相关标准的研究,为提出符合我国种粮散户多、运输工具规格不同、大中小粮仓乃至高大平房仓等不同储运环节粮食中真菌毒素的科学、有效、公正的采样方案提供了一定的参考。     

动物源性食品中抗生素残留的分类及检测方法的研究进展

随着抗生素在动物饲养过程中的普遍应用, 抗生素的不合理使用现象日益普遍, 造成动物源性食品(牛奶、肉类、水产品、鸡蛋、蜂蜜等)中抗生素的残留, 从而对人体健康造成潜在的危害, 因此动物源性食品中抗生素残留检测是控制食品质量安全的重要环节。本文对动物源性食品中抗生素残留的现状, 抗生素残留的种类及检测方法作了阐述, 并对抗生素检测方法的应用前景进行了展望, 以期为有关部门在检测动物源性食品中抗生素的残留的工作提供技术参考。     

Contaminants in organic and conventional foodstuffs in France

The aim was to compare the levels of contamination in organic and conventional raw materials. To this end, the level of contamination by heavy metals (lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury), nitrates and nitrites, and some mycotoxins were monitored. Fifteen products were tested in their organic and conventional forms, including meat, milk, eggs, vegetables and cereals. The median levels of contamination were calculated and compared with the recommended or regulated maximum levels. The maximum levels were exceeded for lead in organic carrots and buckwheat, and in conventional wheat; for cadmium, in both organic and conventional buckwheat; for nitrates, in organic spinach; and for patulin in organic apples. Moreover, contamination of both conventional and organic wheat by deoxynivalenol was observed with a higher level in organic products. However, the health risk for consumers might be real only for the contamination by mycotoxins as the contaminated foods (apples, wheat) are the main contributors to total exposure.     

Determinants of specific food consumption in the Canary Islands (Spain)

The consumption of specific functional foods (FF) and some determinants of FF item selection were assessed using a questionnaire administered to 1112 individuals in the Canary Islands (Spain). Food items considered were Milk products: easily digestible milk (or milk low in lactose), milk enriched with vitamins and/or minerals, skimmed milk with soluble fiber, milk with royal jelly, milk with modified fatty acids (omega 3), milk products low in fat, pro-biotic foods (yoghurt and fermented milk) and yoghurt with phytosterols; Cereals: fortified breakfast cereals, wholemeal cereals and energy bars; Drinks: juices and enriched drinks, stimulating drinks and isotonic drinks; DHA-enriched, low cholesterol eggs; Meat products: low salt sausages and cooked low fat ham; Fats: enriched margarine, margarine rich in phytosterols and sunflower oil rich in oleic acid; Condiments: iodated salt. These food items were organized into 7 FF groups (milk products, cereals, fortified drinks, DHA eggs, meat product, fats, condiments). The results indicated that the highest prevalence was fortified drinks (63.6%; 95% CI: 60.7-66.5). Overall FF consumption prevalence was 80.1% (95% CI: 77-83): single FF item consumption being rare. There were significant inter-group relationships, and some group intakes (milk products, cereals and drinks) were related to age but with no overall relationship between consumption and age. The education level was significantly related to the consumption of cereals, drinks, meat products and condiments (χ2 test p = 0.04). Some specific FF item consumption segregated with environment (rural or urban) but with no overall significant relationship between the FF group and environment or gender.     

食品和饲料中动物源性成分检测技术研究进展

近年来,肉、奶等食品中“掺杂使假”的投诉事件不断上升,疯牛病的传播风险也在不断加大,作为保障食品安全、维护缴费者利益的重要技术手段,食品和饲料中动物源性成分的定性或定量检测技术已成为国内外的研究热点,适用于各种样品、基于各种原理的方法和技术被开发出来。本文综述基于蛋白质和DNA特异性建立的动物源性成分检测技术类型和研究现状,并对其发展趋势进行讨论。     

Occurrence of phthalates in different food matrices: A systematic review of the main sources of contamination and potential risks

This systematic review aimed to investigate the occurrence of phthalates (phthalic acid esters [PAEs]) in different food matrices, as well as report the main sources of PAEs in food, the potential risks to the population, and the factors that influence its migration from food contact materials (FCMs) to food. Nineteen PAEs were identified, including di-(2-ehtylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl-phthalate (DBP), benzylbutyl phthalate (BBP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP), and diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP) in fruits and vegetables, milk and dairy products, cereals, meat, fish, fat and oils, snacks, condiments and sauces, miscellaneous, and baby food. Fifty-seven values of PAEs were above the legal limits of countries. DEHP is the PAE with the highest incidence, with maximum concentrations above the specific migration limit (SML) for milk and dairy products, oils and fats, fish, cereals, condiments and sauces, meat, and fruits and vegetables. The risk of exceeding the tolerable daily intake (TDI) was high for DEHP and DBP in fish, fat and oils, cereals, and milk and dairy products for children and adults. Fat and oils are the most critical food for DEHP, DBP, BBP, and DINP. Comparing the estimated daily intake (EDI) with the TDI, there was a risk for “milk and dairy products” in adults and for “cereal and cereal products” in children concerning DEHP. “Cereal and cereal products” presented a risk in children and adults concerning DBP. The “fat and oils” category presented a risk in children and adults about DBP and DINP. Temperature, contact time between food and the FCM, fat percent, and acidity positively correlate with the PAE's migration. The contamination occurs in many steps of the production chain.     

动物源性降糖肽的研究进展

一些食源性活性肽降糖效果显著,具有开发成功能性食品的潜力,在世界范围内引起广泛关注。其中广泛存在于食物蛋白水解物中的动物源性活性肽具有较好的降血糖特性,其潜在机制包括抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶或二肽基肽酶-4(dipeptidyl peptidase-4,DPP-4)等。本文介绍了动物源性降糖肽的制备方法、作用机理及降糖效果的评价方法,重点综述了来源于畜禽肉、鱼类、血液、乳类和蛋类等动物性食物的降糖肽的现有研究成果,为预防和辅助治疗糖尿病及相关功能性食品的开发提供了理论依据。     

Mycotoxins in infant/toddler foods and breakfast cereals in the US retail market

The objective of this study was to conduct a mycotoxin survey of commercial infant/toddler foods (cereals and teething biscuits) and breakfast cereals in the United States. A total of 215 retail samples were collected from three geographical locations and analysed for aflatoxins, fumonisins, deoxynivalenol, HT-2 toxin, ochratoxin A, T-2 toxin, and zearalenone using a stable isotope dilution liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. One or more mycotoxins were found in 69% (101/147) of the infant/toddler foods and 50% (34/68) of breakfast cereals. Mycotoxin co-occurrence was observed in 12% of infant/toddler foods and 32% of breakfast cereals. However, the concentrations of detected mycotoxins were lower than the current FDA action and guidance levels. Aflatoxins and HT-2 toxin were not detected in any of the samples, while deoxynivalenol was the most frequently detected mycotoxin. Rice-based cereals appeared to be less susceptible to mycotoxin contamination than other cereal types.     

低温等离子体在食品中杀灭微生物与降解真菌毒素研究进展

低温等离子体作为一种新型的食品加工处理方法,在提高产品安全性、延长食品保质期方面具有广阔的应用前景。低温等离子体的作用机制决定其可以在低温状态下快速杀灭微生物、降解各类真菌毒素且不会留下任何已知的化学残留物。因此,该文重点概述低温等离子体的作用机理与方式,对微生物和真菌毒素的杀灭与降解效果及作用机制,并总结其在新鲜农产品、液体食品、粮食和肉类等多个产业中杀菌及降解真菌毒素方面的研究进展,以期为现有研究工作提供方法与思路。     

我国与南方共同市场动物源性食品中重金属限量标准的对比分析

目的探究我国与南共市动物源性食品重金属限量标准的异同。方法根据GB 2762—2014《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》以及南共市在2013年8月29日第42号合议理事会决议中制定的南方共同市场关于食品中无机污染物最大限量的技术法规,分析2个标准重金属检测项目、涉及动物源性食品种类和主要动物源性食品限量指标的异同。结果我国在动物源性食品重金属检测项目和涉及动物源性食品种类上均比南共市规定的多。在限量指标方面,南共市水产动物及其制品的砷限量、肉及肉制品、水产动物及其制品和蛋及蛋制品中铅限量、畜禽肾脏中的镉限量均比中国规定宽松。结论我国监管部门应对南共市规定较为宽松的检测项目予以关注。     

IDENTIFICATION OF HAZARDOUS FUSARIUM SECONDARY METABOLITES OCCURRING IN FOOD RAW MATERIALS

Hazardous secondary metabolites produced by Fusarium molds were identified in the first step of a risk assessment procedure, the hazard identification. These mycotoxins are excreted, often simultaneously, by the fungus into plant tissue. A literature survey revealed the occurrence of 61 Fusarium species in agricultural produce (cereals, vegetables, fruits) of which 35 species were reported to produce a total of 137 secondary metabolites in laboratory experiments. This literature review shows that 41 (30%) of these secondary metabolites have been tested and found toxic in various assays and should be considered hazardous if present in food. Six of these were reported to be related to human intoxications. Four metabolites belonged to the trichothecenes (T-2 toxin, nivalenol, deoxynivalenol and acetyldeoxynivalenol), the others were zearalenone and fumonisin B₁. Twelve metabolites, including the previously mentioned six, were reported to have been tested in feeding trials using vertebrates. These twelve secondary metabolites should be regarded as most important and need to be evaluated in each risk assessment procedure for mycotoxins in food commodities .