TC4激光气体渗氮层及其耐腐蚀性能

采用激光气体渗氮工艺可以在TC4钛合金表面生成一层高硬度、高耐磨性的氮化层。主要分析了激光气体渗氮后试样表面宏观状态的变化、渗氮层组织以及渗氮层耐腐蚀性能的变化。通过激光气体渗氮处理后,试样表面粗糙度增加;渗氮层自腐蚀电位相对于TC4钛合金的自腐蚀电位正移了0. 042 4 V,表面耐腐蚀性能增强。     

贵金属在船用钛及钛合金表面改性中的应用

舰船用钛及钛合金耐磨性较差,在海水中会被腐蚀,贵金属表面改性剂可以改善其耐磨性,提高耐腐蚀能力。基于钛及钛合金性能特点的分析,综述了贵金属金和银在改善耐磨性,钯、钌、银和金在增强耐腐蚀能力方面的应用,介绍了离子注入、磁控溅射、双层辉光等离子技术等贵金属表面改性工艺,对改性层复合化、纳米化的发展趋势进行了分析。     

钛合金表面纳米化强化研究进展

钛及钛合金因具有密度小、比强度高、耐腐蚀性能好等优点,在航空航天领域得到了广泛应用.表面纳米化是在材料表面形成一层由纳米级颗粒或晶粒组成的强化层,从而改善金属材料的表面性能,具有普适性好、工艺简单等独特优势.对钛及钛合金进行表面自纳米化处理后,其表层产生了剧烈的塑性变形,在材料中形成了独特的梯度纳米结构层,分别为剧烈变形层、亚微米细晶层、粗晶应变层和基体层,表层组织结构的改变也会导致钛合金表层性能产生变化.首先,对表面涂层或沉积、表面自纳米化以及混合纳米化3种金属表面纳米化方法进行了简要概述,分析了各自优缺点以及目前存在的问题.其次,着重论述了孪晶和位错在钛合金自纳米化过程中所起的关键作用,探讨了α、α+β、β3种类型钛合金纳米化机理存在的差异,对钛合金表面纳米化机理的研究现状进行了归纳总结,在此基础上,重点介绍了表面纳米化处理对钛合金表层性能的影响,主要包括近年来关于硬度与残余应力、疲劳、腐蚀、磨损、扩散性能的影响及研究现状,并对其强化机制进行了分析.最后,归纳总结了现有钛合金表面纳米化研究存在的不足,对今后的研究工作进行了展望,并提出应将表面纳米化技术与数字化仿真技术、渗氮等工艺结合,发展数字化、复合强化技术,以期为表面纳米化技术在钛合金领域的发展研究提供有价值的参考.     

钛合金表面耐磨处理技术研究现状

钛合金具有比强度高,中高温性能好和耐腐蚀等显著优点,但其缺点是表面硬度低、耐磨性能差,为了提高钛及钛合金的耐磨性,有效地利用钛合金的优良性能。本文对钛合金表面耐磨处理技术的各种方法,如电镀、化学镀、热喷涂技术、化学热处理、气相沉积、离子注入、微弧氧化、激光表面合金化和激光熔覆、等离子喷涂、加弧辉光离子渗镀与双层辉光离子渗镀技术、表面纳米化技术、电泳涂装、钛合金表面电火花沉积强化技术、热扩散、液相沉积、离子轰击等等进行了综述。     

钛合金等离子体表面渗氮改性的研究进展

钛合金具有强度高、耐蚀性好、稳定性好、生物相容性强等特性,在航天航空等行业具有广阔的应用前景,但其硬度低、耐磨性差,使其应用受到了限制。对钛合金进行等离子体表面渗氮强化处理是目前应用较为广泛的技术。本文将对钛合金的直流辉光离子渗氮、活性屏离子渗氮、辅助阴极离子渗氮、空心阴极辅助离子渗氮、激光辅助离子渗氮以及氮离子注入技术等表面等离子体渗氮工艺进行综述。     

表层纳米化对钛合金电化学腐蚀影响的研究进展

表层纳米化处理可以改变材料表层的组织结构,提高材料的表面性能,而钛合金综合性能优异,有着广泛的应用,可以通过表层纳米化技术在钛合金表层制备出一定厚度的纳米层,进一步提升钛合金的耐腐蚀性能。本文介绍了表层纳米化技术和钛合金表层纳米化的作用机理,并综述了目前国内外表层纳米化对钛合金电化学腐蚀影响的研究进展,重点阐述了表层纳米化后钛合金的表面状态、成分、残余应力和微观结构对耐蚀性的影响,探索了钛合金表层纳米化今后的研究方向。     

离子渗氮对Cr12MoV表面CrNiTiN镀层耐磨性和表面能的影响

在经过离子渗氮(PN)处理的冷作模具钢Cr12MoV基体上,采用闭合场非平衡磁控溅射离子镀法制备CrNiTiN镀层,与未渗氮的试样进行了膜/基结合力、耐磨性和表面能的对比。研究表明,CrNiTiN膜层具有较低的表面能,但是膜层和基体的结合力较差。Cr12MoV钢经离子氮化后,CrNiTiN膜层与氮化层间结合紧密,提高了膜与基体的承载能力;离子氮化处理使膜层的摩擦系数和磨损率明显降低;离子氮化会提高CrNiTiN膜层总表面能,但不会影响表面的抗粘性能。     

喷丸预处理对Ti6Al4V合金低温等离子体氮化的影响

为改善钛合金表面耐磨性能,同时达到防止薄壁零部件变形和节约能源的目的,以Ti6Al4V钛合金为对象,研究了喷丸强化预处理对钛合金低温渗氮层及耐磨性的改善作用。结果表明,喷丸强化预处理能够有效促进钛合金表面低温离子渗氮过程,在500 ℃低温渗氮试验条件下,随着喷丸预处理强度的增大,钛合金渗氮效率逐步提高,渗氮层的表面硬度、承载能力和表观韧性逐步增加,使得渗氮层的耐磨性能逐步提高。当喷丸预处理强度增加到0.25 mmA时,Ti6Al4V钛合金渗氮层的表面硬度比单纯渗氮处理试样提高32.7%,磨损率降低42.3%,使钛合金基体的磨损率降低70.5%,较好地实现了喷丸预处理促进钛合金低温离子渗氮的目标。     

超声波冷锻对Cr12MoV钢渗氮组织与性能的影响

为优化渗氮工艺,提高渗氮层的厚度与硬度,提出用超声波冷锻技术(Ultrasonic cold forging technology,UCFT)对Cr12MoV模具钢进行表面纳米化预处理,并在450℃和520℃两个温度条件下离子渗氮.采用扫描电镜、金相显微镜、白光形貌仪、X射线衍射仪和维氏显微硬度计对样品的微观组织结构和性能进行表征.结果表明:UCFT是一种能与离子渗氮有效复合的预处理工艺,经UCFT表面纳米化预处理后,Cr12MoV模具钢表面形成表面硬度约520 HV,厚度为350 μm的塑性变形影响层;经UCFT表面纳米化预处理后和离子渗氮复合处理后,渗氮层厚度与硬度与原始样品直接渗氮相比有显著提高;UCFT预处理后在520℃离子渗氮4h,材料表面硬度可高达1350 HV,复合改性层厚度也可增至约400 μm.     

不同压力对 TC4 钛合金真空脉冲渗氮的影响

目的采用不同压力对TC4钛合金进行真空脉冲渗氮处理,提高其表面硬度及耐磨性。方法通过金相显微镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计及耐磨试验机分析渗氮硬化层的组织与性能。结果 TC4钛合金经过真空气体渗氮处理后,形成了由Ti N,Ti2Al N和钛铝金属间化合物Ti3Al组成的复合改性层。渗氮压力太低,表面氮化物数量较少,氮化物层较薄;随渗氮压力的增大,表面氮化物数量增多,表面硬度及耐磨性增加。压力为0.015 MPa时,氮化物层表面硬度最大,表面硬度为1100~1200HV,有效硬化层深度为50~60μm。渗氮压力继续增加,表层组织变得疏松,表面硬度及耐磨性开始降低。结论选择合适的渗氮压力和表面氮浓度进行真空脉冲渗氮,可以提高钛合金表面硬度,改善耐磨性。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。