基于非能动系统功能可靠性的IVR-ERVC保温层几何优化与可靠性评估

针对CPR1000在严重事故条件下实施熔融物堆内滞留 压力容器外部冷却(IVR ERVC)方案的保温层几何参数优化设计需求,按设计参数及关键参量可能范围及分布,采用拉丁超立方抽样(LHS)确定输入参数组合,运用Relap5/Mod3程序进行不确定性传递计算。根据计算结果,进行参数对ERVC功能及行为的敏感性分析;基于提出的ERVC相关功能可靠性准则与统计分析,进行CPR1000一类非能动ERVC保温层设计参数名义值的初步选取。进一步在确定保温层结构参数基础上,进行ERVC功能可靠性分析,为CPR1000概率安全评价提供ERVC系统可靠性估计。     

Thermal-Hydraulic Study of Integrated Steam Generator in PWR

One of the safety aspects of innovative reactor concepts is the integration of steam generators (SGs) into the reactor vessel in the case of the pressurized water reactor (PWR). All of the reactor system components including the pressurizer are within the reactor vessel in the SG integrated PWR.

The simple heat transfer code was developed for the parametric study of the integrated SG. The code was compared to the once-through 19-tube SG experiment and the good agreement between the experimental results and the code predictions was obtained. The assessed code was used for the parametric study of the integrated once-through 16 m-straight-tube SG installed in the annular downcomer. The proposed integrated SG as a first attempt has approximately the same tube size and pitch as the present PWR and the SG primary and secondary sides in the present PWR is inverted in the integrated PWR. Based on the study, the reactor vessel size of the SG integrated PWR was calculated.     

Design methodology for insulating and cooling of a small modular reactor head by high temperature structural-thermal-fluid analysis

The design of a sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR) head can be complicated due to its shape and functions. The head is a component placed in the pressure boundary to shield nuclear radioactive radiation. At the same time, it needs to seal the reactor vessel, support penetrating components, and minimize heat losses. This paper presents a new insulating and cooling design concept of a small SFR head. For a new design, this study shows a comprehensive design approach considering fluid-thermal-structural computations. The interactive design approach refers to dependent simulation steps of three-dimensional (3D) thermal-structural, one-dimensional (1D) heat-transfer, and 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. This multi-domain approach was applied to the head of the large sodium integral effect test facility called sodium test loop for safety simulation and assessment (STELLA-2). And the STELLA-2 head design was proposed as a thick plate with a sandwich type of insulation, cooling the perimeter annulus of the round head-top surface. For the structural design, the ASME design code was utilized, and the head temperature of 346?°C was calculated as its initial design temperature target. In an axial heat-transfer mode from the in-vessel to the head, a 1D finite element model gave 57 and 75 mm insulation thicknesses with a thermal conductivity of 0.07 W/m/K. The cooling effectiveness of the proposed head design was shown through a commercial CFD package.     

环形燃料超临界水冷堆中子学计算方法研究

基于先进组件程序HELIOS和堆芯节块法程序SIXTUS,研发了超临界水冷堆（SCWR）的中子学计算程序FENNEL-N,并通过与蒙特卡罗程序对比分析了其用于环形燃料超临界水冷堆计算的精度。组件验证结果表明：制作多群数据库的压水堆能谱与超临界水冷堆能谱的差异是导致计算误差的主要原因。堆芯验证结果表明：传统的组件均匀化方法在计算超临界水冷堆时会引入较大误差。应用FENNEL-N程序对组件均匀化方法进行了研究,结果表明,采用优化的组件参数少群结构能减少堆芯能谱变化对精度的影响,采用超组件模型计算组件参数可考虑反射层对组件参数的影响。采用新的组件均匀化方法后,FENNEL-N的计算精度满足了预概念设计需求。     

穿透概率法求解二维六角形轻水堆燃料组件中子通量密度分布

研究利用穿透概率法求解二维六角形轻水堆燃料组件内中子通量密度分布。子区内中子源采用线性分布,子区表面通量密度在方向上采用简化6P1近似。提出了六角形组件周边水隙的处理方法。根据提出的模型,编制了TPHEX－C程序,并对六角形组件进行了计算,结果与蒙特卡罗方法计算的结果符合良好。     

界面流法计算反应堆六角形燃料组件中子通量密度分布

利用界面流法计算两维六角形轻水堆燃料组件中子通量密度分布。子区内中子源在空间上采用二次分布近似，还考虑了六角形组件周边水隙对组件内中子通量密度的影响。根据提出的模型，编制了TPHEX－E程序，并对一些轻水堆六角形组件问题作了计算，计算结果与蒙特卡罗方法计算结果进行了比较，符合良好。本程序可用于六角形轻水堆燃料组件计算。     

低温供热堆控制棒的棒位优化

经对低温供热堆的部分物理特点分析，提出了控制棒棒位优化。即根据该堆的物理特点，将堆芯内各燃料元件组件在全炉内最大功率的平均值作为优化的目标函数，并通过动态规划的方法，在多阶段的优化过程中得以实现目标函数极小，效果较好。     

压水堆核电厂严重事故下堆腔注水措施研究

针对百万千瓦级压水堆核电厂,采用一体化严重事故分析工具,对一回路冷段大破口冷却剂丧失（LB-LOCA）始发严重事故下,采取堆腔注水（ERVC）缓解措施的事故进程进行模拟,对该措施缓解堆芯熔化进程、保持压力容器完整性的有效性进行分析验证,并对影响该措施的因素进行研究。分析结果表明,在充足的水源条件下,保证一定的注水速率和水位高度,LB-LOCA始发严重事故下采取堆腔注水的缓解措施可为下封头提供有效的冷却,保持压力容器的完整性。     

快堆燃料组件内精细功率分布的计算

堆芯热通道因子是堆芯热工设计及安全分析的一项重要参数,确定热通道因子需用中子学计算给出较准确的燃料组件内元件棒功率分布。在三维六角形几何节块扩散理论基础上,使用多项式重构的方法计算节块内中子通量密度分布和功率密度分布。针对快堆六角形燃料组件的特点,用小六角形积分的方法计算组件内元件棒功率,得到组件内各元件棒功率分布。在NAS程序基础上,编制了元件棒功率分布计算模块NAS PIN。通过与蒙特卡罗程序的校验可发现,二者计算结果符合较好,计算精度可满足工程设计的需要。     

SARAX-FXS程序针对非均匀快堆堆芯计算中的改进及应用

SARAX-FXS程序是基于确定论方法,适用于快谱堆芯组件能谱、均匀化参数计算的程序。由于快堆中组件空间自屏的非均匀效应不可忽视,本文将基于一维圆柱、平板几何的碰撞概率方法加入SARAX-FXS模块,并以等效一维模型计算组件的均匀化参数。为保证能群归并前后的核反应率守恒,在组件计算中引入超级均匀化(SPH)因子修正截面。采用快堆基准题MET-1000对程序的计算结果进行验证,结果表明,与参考解相比,SARAX-FXS的一维计算模块具有较高的精度,特征值计算相对偏差在100~200pcm之间。堆芯计算结果显示,引入SPH因子可提高特征值计算的精度约300pcm,功率分布的均方根误差可从约3%下降至约1%。     

基于双区域模型的钠冷快堆组件子通道分析程序的开发与验证

子通道分析程序是钠冷快堆堆芯热工水力设计和安全分析的重要工具。本文为计算和分析钠冷快堆组件在径向均匀与倾斜功率分布工况下的热工水力特性,利用双区域绕丝交混模型开发了一款适用于钠冷快堆组件分析的子通道程序SPLICA,并与FFM2A 19棒束实验数据与WARD 61棒束实验数据进行了对比验证。由于本文开发的子通道分析程序SPLICA使用了详细的绕丝交混模型,与经过二次开发后的COBRA程序的计算结果相比,对于FFM2A实验SPLICA程序计算得到的结果与实验结果符合得更好。这两个实验数据的验证结果证明了本文开发的子通道分析程序的准确性以及对高流量工况和低流量工况均具有良好的适用性。本程序能为钠冷快堆组件热工水力分析提供有效的设计和研究手段。     

三区非均匀栅元X-Y几何块方法中子输运计算

基于中子积分输运理论,应用综合界面流和碰撞几率技巧的块方法,导出了处理三区非均匀栅元结构的二维（Ｘ－Ｙ）几何多群中子输运问题的数值模型。即对于由若干栅元组成的按Ｘ－Ｙ几何排列的堆芯结构,对每一类栅元剖分为圆柱形元件（如燃料棒、控制棒、可燃毒物棒等）、包壳和慢化剂三个均匀区,用碰撞几率（ＣＰ或ＰＩＪ）方法计算各区的中子通量分布;对于相邻栅元用ＤＰ１近似的中子流来耦合;因此,块方法具有精度高、速度快、能灵活处理各种几何问题的优点,是目前动力堆组件计算最有前途的方法之一。基于块方法基本理论,发展了三区栅元模型,导出了计算方法,编制了ＦＯＲＴＲＡＮ计算机程序。为验证其精度和适用性,对两个例题进行了计算,并与其它程序的计算结果进行了比较,证明功率分布和本征值均符合较好。     

快堆组件稠密棒束数值模拟

为详细研究快堆组件稠密棒束中的冷却剂流动方式,本工作采用Fluent程序对169棒束快堆燃料组件进行了三维数值模拟,并与已公开发表的文献结果进行了对比。由计算结果可知：计算得到的摩擦系数结果在Re为35885～61354时与试验结果符合较好;从中心到外围,横向流和轴向流在不同的方向和位置呈现出不同的流动特性。根据模拟结果可更准确地预测棒束通道内的流动情况,可为今后稠密棒束组件水力学设计和子通道内流量测量试验提供参考。     

二维六角形轻水堆燃料组件中子通量分布的计算

介绍利用穿透概率法求解二维六解形几何多群中子积分输运方程。子区内中子源及通量采用线性分布,子区表面通量在方向上采用简化６Ｐ１近似。根据提出的模型,编制了ＴＰＨＥＸ－Ｂ程序,并对一些轻水堆六解形组件问题做了计算,计算结果与ＭＣ结果进行了比较,符合良好。本程序可用于六解形轻水堆燃料组件计算。     

INET-5MW区域供热模式堆的启动研究(英文)

介绍了INET-5MW反应堆,给出了此堆的热工水力设计参数及主要特性,分析了其启动过程及热工水力不稳定性对此过程的影响。INET-5MW反应堆启动的主要困难是从常压到正常工况要经过不稳定区域。为了避开不稳定性,我们认为启动过程应分为两个阶段。本文给出了三种启动方案的由DACOL程序计算的结果,并进行了对比分析。同时,对每个方案检查了是否可能产生不稳定性。结果表明,这三个方案的启动过程均未发生不稳定现象。因此,可以认为INET-5MW反应堆可以安全稳定地达到运行工况。最后,本文给出了不稳定性对低温核供热堆沸水方式启动影响的几点结论。     

基于MCNP程序的海洋核动力平台堆芯核设计校核计算研究

海洋核动力平台是小型核反应堆与船舶工程技术的有机结合,具有机动性好、一次性装料运行周期长、功率密度大、运行成本低、节能环保等特点。本文采用蒙特卡罗粒子输运程序(MCNP),建立海洋核动力平台反应堆堆芯几何模型,计算该反应堆首循环初始装料冷态、常压下的堆芯反应性和控制棒价值,并与核设计计算结果进行对比。结果表明:MCNP程序适用于海洋核动力平台反应堆堆芯核设计校核计算,并可与核设计值互相验证。     

超临界水冷堆双排燃料组件子通道分析

研究基于Cobra-IV程序,开发了适用于超临界水冷堆燃料组件分析的子通道程序.针对超临界水冷堆慢谱双排组件,进行了稳态计算,获取了相关组件热工水力参数.在此基础上,针对单一通道进行了瞬态计算,分析了燃料棒线功率变化和冷却剂流量变化条件下,超临界水冷堆燃料组件的流动和传热的动态响应,为超临界水冷堆组件的优化设计提供了参考.     

NAPTH: Neutronics analysis code system for the fusion–fission hybrid reactor with pressure tube type blanket

The fusion–fission hybrid reactor is considered as a potential path to the early application of fusion energy. A new concept with pressure tube type blanket has recently been proposed for a feasible hybrid reactor. In this paper, a code system for the neutronics analysis of the pressure tube type hybrid reactor is developed based on the two-step calculation scheme: the few-group homogeneous constant calculation and the full blanket calculation. The few-group homogeneous constants are calculated using the lattice code DRAGON4. The blanket transport calculation is performed by the multigroup Monte Carlo code. A link procedure for fitting the cross sections is developed between these two steps. An additional procedure is developed to calculate the burnup, power distribution, energy multiplication factor, tritium breeding ratio and neutron multiplication factor. From some numerical results, it is found that the code system NAPTH is reliable and exhibits good calculation efficiency. It can be used for the conceptual design of the pressure tube type hybrid reactor with precise geometry.     

Conceptual integrated approach for the magnet system of a tokamak reactor

In the framework of the reflexion about DEMO, a conceptual integrated approach for the magnet system of a tokamak reactor is presented. This objective is reached using analytical formulas which are presented in this paper, coupled to a Fortran code ESCORT (Electromagnetic Superconducting System for the Computation of Research Tokamaks), to be integrated into SYCOMORE, a code for reactor modelling presently in development at CEA/IRFM in Cadarache, using the tools of the EFDA Integrated Tokamak Modelling task force. The analytical formulas deal with all aspects of the magnet system, starting from the derivation of the TF system general geometry, from the plasma main characteristics. The design criteria for the cable current density and the structural design of the toroidal field and central solenoid systems are presented, enabling to deliver the radial thicknesses of the magnets and enabling also to estimate the plasma duration of the plateau. As a matter of fact, a pulsed version DEMO is presently actively considered in the European programmes. Considerations regarding the cryogenics and the protection are given, affecting the general design. An application of the conceptual approach is presented, allowing a comparison between ESCORT output data and actual ITER parameters and giving the main characteristics of a possible version for DEMO.     

Subchannel analysis of fuel assemblies of a lead–alloy cooled fast reactor

Lead–alloy cooled fast reactor is one of the six Gen-IV reactors. It has many attractive features such as excellent natural circulation performance, better shielding against gamma rays or energetic neutrons and potentially reduced capital costs. A natural circulation lead–alloy cooled fast reactor with 10 MWth is under design in China (hereafter called LFR-10MW). Fuel assemblies thermal hydraulic analysis is of vital importance for a successful design. A subchannel analysis code with flow distribution model was used to carry out the thermal hydraulic analysis. This work briefly gave the thermal-hydraulic design for the LFR-10MW and analyzed the thermal-hydraulic characteristics under steady-state condition using the subchannel analysis code. Whole core analysis was performed to locate the hottest fuel assembly using the code. The hottest fuel assembly was analyzed to obtain the cladding temperature, fuel temperature and coolant velocity. The maximum cladding temperature, the maximum fuel center temperature and the maximum coolant velocity are all below the design constraints. These results imply that the thermal-hydraulic design of LFR-10MW is feasible.