多次水下爆炸钢制圆板应变与挠度增长规律分析

在海上战争中,水面舰艇以及潜艇可能会受到多枚水中兵器的攻击,产生的累计损伤问题影响着水面舰艇以及潜艇的持续作战能力和生命力。对膨胀直径为390 mm,厚度为5 mm空气背衬钢制圆板,在50 g药量下,进行持续多次水下爆炸加载试验,对板中心应变、挠度以及厚度减薄率进行测量,试验结果分析表明:第一次爆炸加载时,局部空化使钢板产生的应变是冲击波加载的1倍,当钢板被炸弯后,再次爆炸加载局部空化的二次加载现象不明显。此外,气泡脉动及气泡射流会使钢板发生明显的弹性应变,应变值是初始冲击波作用的10%。对中心挠度和厚度减薄率的数据分析发现,钢板厚度减薄率是随着中心挠度呈线性增加的。该研究对舰船持续作战能力及生命力的评估提供了一定的试验支撑。     

Studies on the role of microstructure on performance of a high strength armour steel

This investigation describes and analyses the experimental results pertinent to the ballistic performance of two apparently identical low alloy high strength steel plates against deformable lead projectiles at a velocity about 840 m/s. All the tests are carried out at normal impact angle, i.e. zero obliquity. One plate stopped all projectiles fired at it. However, the other plate failed to stop the projectiles at some locations. Both the plates were subjected to detailed analysis using standard metallurgical techniques to identify the cause of failure in one plate. The experimental results presented include the variation in the microstructure, hardness and retained austenite of the two target plates. The study concludes that the failure is caused by the decrease in resistance of the plate possibly due to higher retained austenite and coarser martensitic structure.     

Shock evolution after shaped charge jet impact and its relevance to explosive initiation

When a shaped charge jet impacts a target containing explosive, the explosive may be initiated by one of three shocks: the impact shock, a bow shock that forms in the inert plate covering the exlosive, or a bow shock that forms in the explosive. In this paper, numerical calculations are used to determine how thick the cover plate must be to prevent initiation by the impact shock and how much time (or distance) is required to form a bow shock in the explosive. The results show that the cover plate must be from 4 to 12 jet diameters (depending on jet velocity) thick to sufficiently attenuate the impact shock so that it will not cause initiation in a common secondary explosive. For a 7-km/s copper jet, a distance of about 8 jet diameters was required to form a bow shock in the explosive. This corresponds well to experimental data reported elsewhere.     

爆炸压实工艺参数对钢管能量与变形的影响

为了指导研究爆炸压实工艺参数的选择,通过改变爆轰速度与装药厚度来改变爆炸冲击能,重点研究爆炸压实工艺参数对钢管能量与变形的影响.研究表明:当其他工艺因素相同、仅爆轰速度不同时,将导致爆轰压力、钢管壁速度、爆炸冲击能、粉末压实能等显著不同,但钢管的变形与能量却几乎不变;当采用爆轰速度极高的黑索今炸药时,由于爆轰压力与爆炸冲击能过高,导致钢管头部被切掉;对硝酸脲炸药而言,随着装药厚度与炸药/钢管质量比增加,钢管的能量与变形、爆炸冲击能与粉末压实能单调增加.     

Experimental and numerical simulation of high velocity impact on steel targets

The perforaton process of steel plates at normal impact by cylindrical steel fragments together with the debris cloud expansion have been studied in the velocity range 2 - 3 km/s. The fragments have a length-to-diameter ratio of 1.035 and a mass of 51g. Fragment and target materiass are 9SMn28 and C45, respectively. Two plate thicknesses of 20 and 30 mm have been tested. These thicknesses are in the order of the penetration depth in the semi-infinite target. In addition the cratering in the semi-infinite target has been investigated. The crater dimensions on the target front side are comparable for both, the plate targets and the semi-infinite targets. The degree of fragmentation in the debris cloud increases with velocity and is smaller in case of the 30 mm target. The ratio of longitudinal to lateral dimensions of the debris clouds is independent of the target thickness, but dependent on the distance from the plate rear side. This ratio increases with distance and converges at larger distances versus nearly hemispherical expansion. A further goal of this paper is the application of a Lagrangian code to the numerical simulation of the impact process in the semi-infinite target. For this purpose the LS-DYNA2D code with a new erosion option has been used. Material input data are the static material properties as well as shock wave data determined from planar impact tests for the steels used here. LS-DYNA2D with its new erosion option can predict in a good agreement the particle velocity history of the planar impact tests and the crater shapes in the semi-infinite target.     

Damage-potential comparison of spherical and cylindrical projectiles impacting on a system of bumper plates

This paper describes a series of smooth particle hydrodynamics (SPH) simulations of tungsten cylindrical and spherical projectiles impacting steel bumper plates at different impact configurations. Comparisons of the destructive capabilities of the spherical and cylindrical projectiles for each impact configuration are presented. Cylindrical geometries were spatially rotated to cover a wide range of impact configurations. The incidence angle of the velocity vector and its magnitude were varied. A rational approach is proposed to quantify the level of damage inflicted on the bumper plates on each impact event. This damage measure is used to create a set of comparative damage matrixes for cylindrical and spherical projectiles that identify under which impact configurations a given geometry is more damaged than the other.     

Deformation and fracture of a long-rod projectile induced by an oblique moving plate: Experimental tests

The influence of projectile length to diameter ratio (15, 30 and 45), plate thickness (0.5, 1 and 2 projectile diameters), projectile velocity (1500, 2000 and 2500 m/s) and plate velocity (−300 to 300 m/s) on the interaction between long-rod tungsten projectiles and oblique steel plates (obliquity 60°) was studied experimentally in small-scale reverse impact tests. The residual projectiles and their motions were characterised in terms of changes in length, velocity, angular momentum, linear momentum and kinetic energy. The parameters found to have the largest influence on the disturbance of the projectile were the plate velocity, in particular its direction, and the thickness of the plate. In the ranges studied, the influence of length to diameter ratio and of projectile velocity were found to be less important.     

Protection effectiveness of an oblique plate against a long rod

Protection effectiveness of an oblique metallic plate against a long rod projectile has been evaluated through a three-dimensional dynamic finite element computer program. The parameters considered in the simulations are the impact velocity, oblique plate thickness, gap distance between oblique plate and witness block, and obliquity. It was found that protection performance of an oblique plate was maximized in case that the ratio of line-of-sight (LOS) plate thickness to projectile diameter is around 2.0. This result may be used as a guide for the design of obliquely spaced armour structures against long rod projectiles.     

3D numerical simulations of sharp nosed projectile impact on ductile targets

Three-dimensional FE model is presented for perforation under normal and oblique impact of sharp nosed projectiles on single and layered ductile targets. Numerical simulations have been carried out to study the behavior of Weldox 460 E steel and 1100-H12 aluminum targets impacted by conical and ogive nosed steel projectiles respectively. Weldox 460 E steel targets of 12 mm thickness in single and double layered combination (2 × 6 mm) and 1100-H12 aluminum targets of 1 mm thickness in single and double layered combination (2 × 0.5 mm) impacted at 0°, 15° and 30° obliquity were considered for simulations. The results of monolithic and layered targets were compared for each angle of impact. Monolithic targets were found to have higher ballistic resistance than that of the layered in-contact targets of equivalent thickness. Failure of both the targets occurred through ductile hole enlargement. However, ogive nosed projectile failed 1 mm thick aluminum target through petal formation and conical nosed projectile failed 12 mm thick steel target through a circular or elliptical hole enclosed by a bulge at rear surface. The explicit algorithm of ABAQUS finite element code was used to carry out the numerical simulations. Various parameters which play critical role in numerical simulation such as element size and its aspect ratio have been studied.     

Ballistic Limit of Single and Layered Aluminium Plates

Abstract: This paper presents an experimental and finite‐element investigation of ballistic limit of thin single and layered aluminium target plates. Blunt‐, ogive‐ and hemispherical‐nosed steel projectiles of 19 mm diameter were impacted on single and layered aluminium target plates of thicknesses 0.5, 0.71, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3 mm with the help of a pressure gun to obtain the ballistic limit in each case. The ballistic limit of target plate was found to be considerably affected by the projectile nose shape. Thin monolithic target plates as well as layered in‐contact plates offered lowest ballistic resistance against the impact of ogive‐nosed projectiles. Thicker monolithic plates on the other hand, offered lowest resistance against the impact of blunt‐nosed projectiles. The ballistic resistance of the layered targets decreased with increase in the number of layers for constant overall target thickness. Axi‐symmetric numerical simulations were performed with ABAQUS/Explicit to compare the numerical predictions with experiments. 3D numerical simulations were also performed for single plate of 1.0 mm thickness and two layered plate of 0.5 mm thickness impacted by blunt‐, ogive‐ and hemispherical‐nosed projectiles. Good agreement was found between the numerical simulations and experiments. 3D numerical simulations accurately predicted the failure mode of target plates.     

Experimental and numerical studies on the behavior of thin aluminum plates subjected to impact by blunt- and hemispherical-nosed projectiles

Experiments were conducted on aluminum plates of 1 mm thickness by using a gas gun and projectiles with blunt and hemispherical noses. Target plate was impacted with varying impact velocity. Impact and residual velocities of the projectile were measured. Ballistic limit velocity was found to be higher for hemispherical projectiles than that for blunt projectiles. Effect of nose shape on the deformation of the plate was also studied. Numerical simulations of the impact were conducted by using an explicit finite element code (ABAQUS). Johnson–Cook elasto-viscoplastic model available in the code was used to carryout the analysis. Material property tests were carried out with the help of smooth and notched tensile test specimens. Results obtained from finite element simulations were compared with those of experiments. Good correlation was found between the two. It was observed that the element size significantly affects the numerical results; therefore a sufficiently refined mesh was used. Adaptive meshing was found helpful especially in the case of impact by a hemispherical projectile.     

Ballistic penetration of steel plates

This paper presents a research programme in progress where the main objective is to study the behaviour of Weldox 460 E steel plates impacted by blunt-nosed cylindrical projectiles in the lower ordnance velocity regime. A compressed gas gun is used to carry out high-precision tests, and a digital high-speed camera system is used to photograph the penetration process. A coupled constitutive model of viscoplasticity and ductile damage is formulated and implemented into the non-linear finite element code LS-DYNA, and the material constants for the target plate are determined. The proposed model is applied in simulations of the plate penetration problem and the results are compared with test data. Good agreement between the numerical simulations and the experimental results is found for velocities well above the ballistic limit, while the ballistic limit itself is overestimated by approximately 10% in the numerical simulations.     

An analytical model for high velocity impact on confined explosive configurations

The impact of a projectile travelling at high velocity upon confined or unconfined explosive can result in catastrophic events if detonation occurs. One important mechanism for initiation is shock. While hydrocodes with suitable burn models undoubtedly offer the best approach for the investigation of such shock induced events in detail, there is also no doubt that analytical models can be very useful in scoping studies or in the development of empirical models useful for rapid investigations under specific circumstances. With these aims in mind, a model for impact upon a confined explosive is derived using very simple models for mechanical and reactive material response. It is demonstrated by comparison with experiments that the model is effective in capturing the dependence of the critical impact velocity for detonation upon projectile diameter.     

Influence of conical projectile diameter on perpendicular impact of thin steel plate

A numerical study of conical projectiles for perpendicular impact on a thin steel plate is reported. The target material considered, Weldox 460 E steel, is frequently used for this kind of application and several results of experiments are available in the international literature to verify numerical simulations. The Johnson-Cook constitutive relation coupled with the Johnson-Cook failure criterion have been applied to analyse penetration of the target and also the failure process. The analysis has been focussed on the influence of the projectile diameter on the perforation process, assuming the same projectile mass. The aim was to preserve the same initial kinetic energy and identical nose angle. The goal is to estimate the ballistic limit, the residual velocity, the plastic work, and the temperature levels produced during the penetration process. The analysis has shown a linear increase of the ballistic limit with the projectile diameter.     

钛/钢双立式爆炸焊接参数优化

为解决大面积钛/钢爆炸焊接窗口窄,在结合区易出现"过熔"和"射流堆积"等微观缺陷的问题,开展了双立爆炸+轧制综合制造技术,进行了低爆速爆炸焊接用炸药试验优化,发明了一种最低临界爆速爆炸焊接用炸药,设计确定了刚性防护板和柔性防护墙构成的双立综合防护结构及参数,研究了钛/钢爆炸焊接装药厚度窗口.结果表明,双立钛/钢复合板结合界面成波状结合,几乎不存在金属熔化、漩涡等微观缺陷.     

Q235钢单层板对平头刚性弹抗穿甲特性研究

采用撞击实验和理论模型对单层金属板的抗侵彻性能进行了研究,分析了靶体厚度对抗侵彻性能的影响。通过对比撞击实验和理论模型计算结果,验证了理论模型和参数的有效性。结果表明,采用合适的理论模型能够有效地预测靶板在弹体撞击下的弹道极限。此外,分析了靶体在弹体撞击下的塑性变形总耗能,包括靶板局部变形和整体变形的耗能,同时考虑了靶体材料的应变率效应。在平头弹撞击厚靶的工况中,引入了一个修正函数对靶体厚度进行修正。     

Experimental and numerical study of the ballistic performance of steel fibre-reinforced explosively welded targets impacted by a spherical fragment

Steel fibres were used to reinforce the layered targets with surface-to-surface combination. The two- and three-layer metal targets with a total thickness of 5 mm were fabricated by explosive welding. The damage mechanism and the anti-penetration performance of the targets were studied experimentally and numerically using the LS-DYNA 3D finite element code. The effects of layer number and fibre spacing density on the anti-penetration performance were discussed. The results show that the failure modes of the steel front plate were shearing and plugging, and that the failure mode of the aluminium rear plate was ductile prolonging deformation when the tied interface failed by tension (or shearing and plugging when the interface remained connected) for the two-layer target. For the three-layer target, the failure modes of the steel front plate and the aluminium middle plate were shearing and plugging, while the steel rear plate failed by ductile prolonging deformation. At the same time, the steel-fibres failed by bending and tensile deformation. The anti-penetration performance of the three-layer composite targets was better compared with the performance of the two-layer targets when the areal density and fibre spacing density were equal. The reinforced fibres will improve the anti-penetration performance of the targets, and the ballistic resistance decreased with an increase in the fibre spacing distance.     

The shock compression of microorganism-loaded broths and emulsions: Experiments and simulations

By carefully selecting flyer plate thickness and the geometry of a target capsule for bacterial broths and emulsions, we have successfully subjected the contents of the capsule to simultaneous shock and dynamic compression when subjected to a flyer-plate impact experiment. The capsules were designed to be recovered intact so that post experimental analysis could be done on the contents. ANSYS^® AUTODYN hydrocode simulations were carried out to interrogate the deformation of the cover plate and the wave propagation in the fluid. Accordingly, we have shown that microorganisms such as Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis and Zygosaccharomyces bailii are not affected by this type of loading regime. However, by introducing a cavity behind the broth we were able to observe limited kill in the yeast sample. Further, on using this latter technique with emulsions it was shown that greater emulsification of an oil-based emulsion occurred due to the cavitation that was introduced.     

间隙对A3钢薄板抗卵形头弹侵彻性能影响的实验研究

为了分析板间间隙大小对双层板失效模式以及抗侵彻性能的影响,本文利用轻气炮进行了卵形杆弹正撞击单层板和等厚双层板的实验研究,得到了各种结构靶体的初始-剩余速度曲线和弹道极限速度。实验表明,对于卵形弹,单层板的弹道极限高于双层板的弹道极限,包括接触式和间隙式。当总厚度一定时,多层板的弹道极限随分层数目的增加而减小。此外,间隙大小对间隙式双层板的抗侵彻性能影响小,并且随着弹体初始速度的增加而减小。     

钢板夹薄壁钢管组合板抗接触爆炸数值模拟

为了提升钢板夹薄壁钢管组合板抗爆性能,有效减轻接触爆炸对防护结构的破坏,对钢板夹薄壁圆钢管组合板和钢板夹薄壁方钢管组合板,采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件进行接触爆炸数值模拟。取1kgTNT炸药,选择t=400μs时,分析该2种钢管组合板在接触爆炸作用下的抗爆吸能效果。结果表明:钢板夹薄壁方钢管组合板整体弯曲强于圆钢管组合板,但局部变形能力弱于圆钢管组合板;方钢管组合板变形输出的内能值小于圆钢管组合板,且不受钢管壁厚和数量变化影响,防护效果弱于圆钢管组合板;随着方钢管截面尺寸的减小,整体跨中挠度增加,破口直径增大,吸能减小,输出内能值增大,且不受壁厚和数量变化的影响,抗爆性能增强。同时,通过3组钢板夹薄壁钢管组合板参数对比分析后得知,在钢管数量为3,钢管壁厚2mm时,抗爆能力相对于其他工况下增大的较多,此结果可为工程实践提供参考。