齿轨铁路轨道-简支梁桥相互作用及轨缝合理位置研究

齿轨铁路与桥梁的梁轨相互作用对行车安全和结构稳定均有重要影响。基于有限元理论,建立了齿轨(钢轨)-轨枕-桥梁-墩台空间耦合计算模型,分析了典型荷载作用下齿轨铁路轨道-简支梁桥相互作用。结果表明:简支梁桥上齿轨铁路梁轨相互作用强于常规桥上无缝线路,在列车纵向荷载作用下的钢轨纵向力、梁轨相对位移、墩顶纵向力、墩顶纵向位移等指标比常规桥上无缝线路大40%以上,建议增强轨道基础与梁体的约束作用,增大轨道结构纵向阻力,防止在列车纵向荷载作用下的轨道爬行。齿轨最大等效应力小于其容许应力,齿轨强度不是结构设计的控制指标。建议齿轨轨缝与梁缝错开布置,可有效避免齿轨轨缝变化过大。     

带施工缝RC框架结构抗震性能的数值研究

对7度、8度、9度区的规则RC框架结构进行非线性动力分析,数值模型分为在各层柱底加入施工缝模型的“带缝框架”和不考虑施工缝影响的“整浇框架”两种。通过对比结构的顶点最大位移、层间位移角、塑性铰分布规律和关键构件的反应等研究施工缝对框架结构抗震性能的影响程度。结果表明,在多遇地震下,结构仍处于弹性状态,施工缝对结构的顶点位移及层间位移角等影响不大。在罕遇地震下,随着地震动增大,结构进入非线性,施工缝的影响逐渐凸显,会使顶点位移及层间位移角明显增大。施工缝使柱端更容易出现塑性铰,更易形成“强梁弱柱”的柱铰破坏模式。在罕遇地震下对结构进行非线性数值分析时应重视施工缝的影响作用。     

解析型Winkler弹性地基梁单元构造

该文采用Winkler弹性地基梁理论确定了弹性地基梁的挠度方程解析通解; 根据最小势能原理建立了解析型Winkler弹性地基欧拉梁及铁摩辛柯梁的单元刚度及等效节点荷载; 得到了解析型弹性地基欧拉梁单元AWFB-E及铁摩辛柯梁单元AWFB-T。同时,论文还采用传统里兹法求得了相应的Winkler弹性地基欧拉梁及铁摩辛柯梁单元刚度矩阵,得到了里兹法弹性地基欧拉梁单元RWFB-E及铁摩辛柯梁单元RWFB-T。对该文构建的两类单元与一般梁-基体系有限元分析结果及理论解析解进行了对比。对比结果表明,传统里兹法由于其多项式形函数无法精确模拟弹性地基梁变形,因此其结果与理论解析解有误差,但随着单元数量增多其误差减小; 采用解析型单元进行计算时,无论单元数量多少,得到的均为“真实”解,说明解析试函数法求得的位移形函数比一般的多项式形函数精确,得到的弹性地基梁单元具备解析型、精确性的特点,可应用于解决实际工程问题。     

轨道梁特性对磁浮车轨相互作用研究

为缓解磁浮系统车轨耦合振动,目前往往采用增大轨道梁质量的方法来降低车轨系统耦合所带来的不利影响,但在研究过程中却忽略轨道梁刚度及车辆运行速度的变化对车桥振动的影响。为此,该文首先介绍磁浮轨道梁结构、特性要求以及车轨相互作用方式;然后采用车辆轨道垂向耦合动力学模型,仿真分析轨道梁刚度和车辆运行速度对磁浮车辆与轨道之间相互作用的影响。研究表明:轨道梁刚度对车轨振动响应影响较大,同时车速的影响也不能忽略。为以后轨道梁设计、安装及分析磁浮车轨相互作用提供一定的参考价值。     

双矩管装配式防屈曲支撑约束刚度取值研究

装配式防屈曲支撑的外围约束构件之间通过高强螺栓连接,其连系螺栓的离散性布置对各外围约束构件形成的整体约束刚度有不利的影响,需要在外围构件约束刚度计算中考虑。该文对一种双矩管装配式防屈曲支撑的外围约束刚度取值进行了研究,在理论推导中首先假定外围约束构件为“空腹桁架模型”来考虑离散螺栓连接,而后运用“连续连杆法”将螺栓的离散作用连续化以便于考虑这种不利作用。通过研究“空腹桁架模型”的变形特性考虑外围约束构件约束刚度的折减,最后结合对外围构件受力机理的分析及数值手段,推导并拟合出约束构件分肢间连系刚度,进而完善了外围约束刚度取值的相关理论。提出的方法也得到了数值分析的验证。     

我国自强自立高质量发展“四个基础”面临的科学理论难题与对策建议

基础材料、基础元器件、基础软件和基础算法(简称为“四个基础”)是我国基础工业和高科技工业发展的基石, 未来十五年是我国“四个基础”突破重围、自强自立高质量发展并引领国际的关键时期。本文通过战略研究, 分析了我国“四个基础”的发展现状, 提出了“四个基础”发展面临的核心科学理论难题, 建议从五个方面系统建设有利于突破重围和超越引领的原始创新环境与体制机制。     

多界面干摩擦系统的减振特性及设计方法研究

作为一类非线性阻尼, 干摩擦阻尼器的减振效果通常与激振力水平直接相关, 且往往只在一个激振力水平下具有最佳振动抑制效果。为改善其“激振力-减振效果”特性, 提出了设计多界面干摩擦系统的思路。从一类可描述扭转振动的集总参数模型出发, 探讨了此类系统的可行性, 并给出了无量纲的动力学方程组。其次, 提出了一种改进的时/频转换方法, 用以分析包含任意干摩擦界面系统的频域响应, 考虑了每个干摩擦界面上可能出现的周期内“滑移”、“滑移-阻滞”和“阻滞”运动状态。同时, 用相应的数值积分方法验证了该方法的正确性和在计算速度上的优势。在此基础上, 分析了干摩擦界面的个数、临界摩擦力和质量对系统特性的影响, 以二界面和三界面干摩擦系统为算例, 阐明了采用多个干摩擦界面改善系统减振性能的机理和设计方法。     

大断面隧道模型试验水压模拟加载方法

首先采用结构力学方法确定隧道拱部、仰拱部分不等值环箍力模拟水荷载,研制了马蹄形断面隧道模型试验的全周密闭非均匀水压加载装置,实现“灯泡型”水压模拟加载。在此基础上进行模型试验,所得结论与数值模拟在关键部位受力结果相吻合,从而验证了水压模拟加载方法的正确性,成功解决了隧道结构试验中水压模拟加载“瓶颈”问题。在水压作用下,衬砌底部弯矩大于拱部,仰拱向内和墙脚向外弯矩最大,处于大偏心受拉截面,成为高水压隧道衬砌关键控制部位。确定了高速铁路双线隧道衬砌水压极限承载力,墙脚先发生压剪破坏,接着仰拱出现压弯破坏。研究成果可为高水压隧道主体结构设计、施工提供参考。     

RGO/Al复合材料界面性质第一性原理研究

本研究采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理方法, 在广义梯度近似下, 分别建立了具有不同碳氧比的“铝/氧化石墨烯/铝(Al/GO/Al)”界面模型以及含缺陷“Al/GO/Al”三层界面模型。探讨了含氧官能团和单空位缺陷、双空位缺陷以及拓扑缺陷对还原氧化石墨烯增强铝基复合材料界面性质的影响。研究结果表明: 在“Al/GO/Al”界面模型中, 环氧基优于碳原子而与铝原子产生明显的电荷交互作用, 氧原子净电荷为-0.98 e, 铝原子净电荷为0.46 e, 环氧基有利于复合材料中还原氧化石墨烯与铝基体之间的界面结合。当缺陷存在时, 含缺陷的“Al/GO/Al”界面模型中缺陷处碳原子净电荷在-0.05 e至-0.38 e区间, 环氧基与碳原子之间存在较弱的相互作用, 与铝原子间相互作用明显较强。环氧基抑制了空位缺陷处碳原子与铝原子之间的反应, 可保护含空位还原氧化石墨烯中碳原子结构的完整性。本研究可为开发高性能Al/GO/Al基复合材料提供理论指导。     

基于分形理论的CFRP布增强混凝土梁抗弯性能研究

在实验室模拟酸雨腐蚀环境,完成了普通混凝土梁与CFRP布增强混凝土梁的抗弯试验,得到了各级荷载作用下构件表面裂缝的分布与演化过程,验证了受腐蚀CFRP布增强混凝土梁表面裂缝分布的分形特征。基于分形理论分析了受腐蚀混凝土梁在弯曲荷载作用下的开裂及破坏过程,详细讨论了梁表面裂缝的分形维数与其抗弯性能参数(损伤深度、混凝土强度、一阶频率、极限承载力、跨中挠度、位移延性系数)之间的关系。研究表明裂缝分形维数随着损伤深度的增加而减小,CFRP布增强混凝土梁的分形维数大于普通混凝土梁,其分形维数变化率与构件承载力变化率之间存在线性关系;因此梁表面裂缝分布的分形特征可作为CFRP布增强混凝土受弯构件损伤程度的衡量指标的观点,可为今后对“在役混凝土结构承载力和寿命预测的研究”提供参考。     

现代有轨电车小半径曲线桥桥墩横向刚度研究

现代有轨电车小半径曲线桥梁桥墩横向刚度对线路的平顺性有重要影响。基于有限元法,建立曲线桥梁-无缝线路空间耦合作用计算模型,以某35 m+40 m+40 m+35 m曲线钢-混组合桥为例,分析了多种因素对轨向不平顺的影响。结果表明：曲线桥上无缝线路会因纵、横向梁轨耦合作用引起中长波的轨向不平顺;轨向不平顺幅值与桥墩纵向刚度、轨温变化幅度、扣件纵向阻力极限荷载正相关,与桥墩横向刚度、曲线半径、扣件纵向阻力弹塑性临界位移负相关,其中曲线半径影响最为显著;曲线半径从150 m增加至600 m,中点弦测法、矢距差法所确定的轨向不平顺幅值降幅均超过60%;确定了有轨电车常用跨度连续梁桥在不同曲线半径条件下对应的桥墩横向刚度限值,其中钢-混组合桥对应桥墩横向刚度限值是同等条件钢筋混凝土桥的1.2倍～2.0倍。建议曲线桥上无缝线路设计中优化锁定轨温,或采用小阻力扣件,可有效降低因梁轨相互作用引起的轨向不平顺幅值和桥墩横向刚度限值。     

基于ANSYS平台的高速列车-轨道-桥梁时变系统地震响应分析

以ANSYS为平台,引入虚拟节点建立轮-轨耦合时变单元,并结合UPFs开发特点在通用有限元软件中形成了,适用于地震响应分析的高速列车-轨道-桥梁时变系统模型。所提出的方法中,通过设置质点-弹簧-阻尼器模拟轨道与桥梁的相互作用,以刚体动力学方法模拟其余列车子系统,并利用有限元法模拟轨道-桥梁耦合子系统,进而基于几何相容条件和相互作用力平衡模拟了列车-轨道-桥梁时变系统的动态耦合关系,以地震加速度时程作为该系统的输入激励,通过大质量法施加于轨道-桥梁子系统中。最后,通过数值算例及实际工程应用验证了该时变系统的可靠性和良好的适用性,同时可以看出,结合通用有限元软件丰富的结构单元模型及非线性分析能力,该时变系统模型具有解决大型复杂的实际工程问题的潜力。     

考虑扣件温频变的车轨桥垂向耦合系统振动能量研究

通过对扣件进行定频变温试验,结合温频等效原理与高阶分数导数FVMP模型建立扣件的温频变动态力学模型,并在车-轨-桥耦合系统中采用新建模型模拟扣件,基于功率流法系统地分析与评价扣件温频变动态力学性能对车轨桥耦合系统振动能量分布与传递的影响.结果 表明:考虑扣件动参数频变会使中高频段内的轨道结构振动能量增大,对低频段的轨道...     

Analysis of mechanically fastened composite joints by boundary element methods

This article focuses on the boundary element formulation development for analyzing a mechanically bolted composite. Boundary equations are formulated for all the member panels of the composite joints. These equations are solved together with the fastener equations to get the resultant contact forces for all the fasteners involved. The fasteners are then modeled as 1D springs that are governed by linear relationship between the fastener forces and the displacements of member panels at the respective fastener centers. After obtaining all the fastener forces from the global analysis, detailed stress analysis is performed for region around an individual fastener. The stress distributions around fastener holes are then used to evaluate the margin of safety of the composite panels. The numerical predictions on the fastener forces, failure modes and failure loads of two typical bolted composite joints using the proposed method agree well with that of the experimental results.     

Design and analysis of mechanically fastened composite joints and repairs

In this paper, a boundary element formulation is developed to analyze mechanically bolted composite joints and repairs. Boundary equations are formulated for all the member panels of the composite joints/repairs. These equations are solved together with the fastener equations to get the resultant contact forces for all the fasteners involved. The fasteners are modeled as 1-D springs that are governed by linear relationships between the fastener forces and the displacements of member panels at the respective fastener centers. After obtaining the fastener forces from the so-called global analysis, detailed stress analyses are conducted for regions around individual fasteners. The stress distributions around fastener holes are then used to evaluate the margin of safety of the composite panels. The numerical predictions on the fastener forces, failure modes and failure loads of two composite joints using this method agree very well with experimental results. The boundary element formulation presented here is especially suitable for design and analysis of aircraft battle damage repairs where time and facility availability is the prime concern.     

A study of fastener pull-through failure of composite laminates. Part 1: Experimental

Of the extensive number of investigations examining mechanically fastened composite joints, all but a few are limited to consideration of in-plane modes of failure. An experimental and numerical investigation of fastener pull-through failure of composite joints has therefore been undertaken. The experimental program included an investigation of the influence fastener head geometry, laminate thickness, stacking sequence and material system have upon the pull-through loading response. Circular specimens were transversely loaded to pre-determined displacements of the fastener, sections through the specimen taken and their failure mechanisms investigated with an optical microscope. Pull-through failure was found to be characterised by substantial internal damage similar to that observed for low-velocity impacted composite panels. Failure is not evident from inspection of the laminate surfaces. Damage is manifested in the form of a conically distributed network of matrix cracking and delaminations extending through-the-thickness from the fastener head outer edge, directed away from the fastener hole. The internal/barely visible nature of failure represents a significant departure from that generally considered to distinguish fastener pull-through failure. The means by which to increase resistance to pull-through failure are discussed. This research constitutes work performed as part of the Cooperative Research Centre for Advanced Composite Structures (CRC-ACS) task on highly loaded joints.     

30t轴重重载铁路简支梁桥-轨道系统地震响应研究

为研究多跨30 t轴重重载铁路简支梁桥-轨道系统地震响应规律,采用经过验证的梁轨相互作用模拟方法,建立了考虑桩-土共同作用、桥墩弹塑性变形、滑动支座摩阻力、线路非线性阻力的多跨重载铁路简支梁桥与双线有砟轨道相互作用仿真模型,揭示了一致激励和行波效应下重载铁路简支梁桥-轨道系统地震响应规律,探讨了路基段钢轨长度、简支梁跨数、跨度、线路纵向阻力形式、滑动支座摩阻系数等设计参数的影响,分析了温度、列车制动和地震耦合作用下系统的受力特征。研究表明:当地形地质条件相差不大时,简支梁跨数可简化为11跨、路基段钢轨长度可取为150 m;线路阻力减小时,梁体间、梁体与桥台间可能出现碰撞现象甚至发生落梁;纵向一致激励下,钢轨应力包络图呈"双菱形",其最大值出现在桥台附近,而梁缝附近梁轨相对位移较大,易发生动力失稳;行波效应下,系统受力和变形规律发生显著改变,即使对于跨度较小的简支梁桥,也应考虑行波效应的影响;温度和列车制动作用将进一步增大轨道结构在地震中发生动力失稳的可能性。     

大型发电机定子端部绕组振动的叠层加筋圆锥壳模型

采用正交各向异性叠层复合材料加筋圆锥壳模型,对大型汽轮发电机定子端部绕组整体结构的固有振动问题进行了研究。首先,建立了复合材料加筋圆锥壳体的基本运动方程,以及用位移形式表示的定子端部绕组固有振动控制方程,并采用复合材料理论给出了确定单根绕组及整体结构弹性常数的计算表达式。然后,采用伽辽金积分法推得了确定端部绕组固有振动频率的广义特征值方程。最后,通过算例分析,得到了在不同支架支承条件下发电机端部绕组整体固有振动的频率值及变化规律,并与实测结果进行了比较。     

Parametric study of threaded fastener loosening due to cyclic transverse loads

This paper presents results from an experimental investigation of mechanical loosening in bolted joints due to cyclic transverse loads. The influence on the resistance to loosening of basic parameters such as preload, fastener material elastic modulus, nominal diameter, thread pitch, hole fit and lubrication is quantified. Sixty-four tests have been performed as part of a nested-factorial design in which the nominal diameter is the nesting factor of preload, thread pitch and hole fit. A statistical analysis identifies the factors and interactions that significantly affect the resistance to loosening and it is found that the preload and the fastener elasticity are the most influencing parameters. A statistical model is developed that predicts the level of loosening reached by a threaded fastener under defined conditions. The analysis shows that optimum conditions to avoid fastener loosening are high preload, low modulus of elasticity, large diameter, lubrication, tight fit and fine threads.     

Effect of detail design on fatigue performance of fastener hole

In the present study, a series of tests were conducted on aluminum alloy 2024 to investigate the effect of detail design on the fatigue behavior of fastener holes in specimens. Two types of detail designs were concerned. One was the mode of fastener holes (countersunk rivet or countersunk bolt), the other was drilling process (traditional air-drilling process or one step compound cutting process). The fracture surfaces were observed by means of an optical microscope. Finite element method (FEM) was employed to analyze the distribution of stress around the fastener holes. The results showed that crack always initiated at the hole edge where the stress concentration occurred. Crack initiation was induced by stress concentration. Crack initiation life accounted for 80% of total fatigue life of fastener holes. The fatigue life of fastener hole using countersunk rivet was longer than that using countersunk bolt. Contrasted to traditional air-drilling process, the fatigue life of fastener hole could be improved by 44–55% using one step compound cutting process. However, the dispersibility of fatigue life became increasingly severe when fatigue life was prolonged.