Influence of martensite content and morphology on tensile and impact properties of high-martensite dual-phase steels

A series of dual-phase (DP) steels containing finely dispersed martensite with different volume fractions of martensite (V _m) were produced by intermediate quenching of a boron- and vanadium-containing microalloyed steel. The volume fraction of martensite was varied from 0.3 to 0.8 by changing the intercritical annealing temperature. The tensile and impact properties of these steels were studied and compared to those of step-quenched steels, which showed banded microstructures. The experimental results show that DP steels with finely dispersed microstructures have excellent mechanical properties, including high impact toughness values, with an optimum in properties obtained at ∼0.55 V _m. A further increase in V _m was found to decrease the yield and tensile strengths as well as the impact properties. It was shown that models developed on the basis of a rule of mixtures are inadequate in capturing the tensile properties of DP steels with V _m>0.55. Jaoul-Crussard analyses of the work-hardening behavior of the high-martensite volume fraction DP steels show three distinct stages of plastic deformation.     

Mn对2205双相不锈钢耐点蚀性能的影响

双相不锈钢2101生产成本低,性能优异,近年来被逐渐重视。采用“电炉+AOD+模铸”的工艺生产2101双相不锈钢,在AOD精炼过程中,研究了温度和主要成分Cr、C、Si的变化情况,结果显示,AOD炉有很好的脱碳效果,能将C质量分数（w_[C]）由2.5%脱至0.03%以下,在还原期,Si对Cr有很好的还原效果。精炼过程中,最重要的是脱碳,但将碳脱至0.1%以后,所需要的条件变得苛刻。通过热力学计算公式,研究了双相不锈钢2101去碳保铬的影响因素,结果表明,碳铬平衡主要受CO分压和温度的影响,CO分压越低、温度越高越有利于脱碳。在CO分压一定,w_[C]<0.1%时,w_[C]越低,碳铬平衡曲线的斜率越大,脱碳需要的温度越高,脱碳越困难,降低CO分压可进一步脱碳。在P_CO/P₀= 0.4,w_[Cr]=21.5%条件下,为将w_[C]脱至0.03%以下,需要将炉内温度升到1746.1 ℃以上。     

Influence of martensite content and morphology on the toughness and fatigue behavior of high-martensite dual-phase steels

A series of high-martensite dual-phase (HMDP) steels exhibiting a 0.3 to 0.8 volume fraction of martensite (V _m ), produced by intermediate quenching (IQ) of a vanadium and boron-containing microalloyed steel, have been studied for toughness and fatigue behavior to supplement the contents of a recent report by the present authors on the unusual tensile behavior of these steels. The studies included assessment of the quasi-static and dynamic fracture toughness and fatigue-crack growth (FCG) behavior of the developed steels. The experimental results show that the quasi-static fracturetoughness (K _ICV ) increases with increasing V _m in the range between V _m =0.3 and 0.6 and then decreases, whereas the dynamic fracture-toughness parameters (K _ID , K _D , and J _ID ) exhibit a significant increase in their magnitudes for steels containing 0.45 to 0.60 V _m before achieving a saturation plateau. Both the quasi-static and dynamic fracture-toughness values exhibit the best range of toughnesses for specimens containing approximately equal amounts of precipitate-free ferrite and martensite in a refined microstructural state. The magnitudes of the fatigue threshold in HMDP steels, for V _m between 0.55 and 0.60, appear to be superior to those of structural steels of a similar strength level. The Paris-law exponents (m) for the developed HMDP steels increase with increasing V _m , with an attendant decrease in the pre-exponential factor (C).     

淬火温度对马氏体/铁素体双相钢组织性能的影响

双相钢具有优异的力学性能,而马氏体/铁素体的含量对其性能具有重要影响。通过实验调节淬火温度制备了不同马氏体体积分数的双相钢,采用金相显微镜对马氏体/铁素体组织形貌及分布进行了定性观察;其次利用电子背散射衍射技术(EBSD)并结合高斯拟合,发现马氏体/铁素体衍射花样衬度呈双峰分布,据此对钢中马氏体体积分数进行了定量统计。结果表明:淬火温度为730℃时,马氏体体积分数仅为19.09%。随淬火温度增加,双相钢中马氏体含量提高;于790℃淬火时,马氏体体积分数达到30.96%,提高了62%。此外,对试验双相钢力学性能进行对比分析发现:随淬火温度升高,双相钢的抗拉强度明显提高,屈服强度也呈上升趋势,这主要与马氏体含量增加有关;而双相钢延伸率显著降低,这主要是由于铁素体含量减少,且形貌由利于变形的针状转变为多边形所致。     

Effects of silicon content and intercritical annealing on the manganese partitioning in dual phase steels

 Steels of constant manganese and carbon contents with 0.34-2.26 wt. % silicon content were cast. The as-cast steels were then hot rolled at 1100°C in five passes to reduce the cast ingot thickness from 80 to 4 mm, air cooled to room temperature and cold rolled to 2 mm thickness. Dual-phase microstructures with different the volume fraction of martensite were obtained through the intercritical annealing of the steels at different temperatures for 15 min followed by water quenching. In addition of intercritical annealing temperature, silicon content also altered the volume fraction of martensite in dual-phase steels. The partitioning of manganese in dual-phase silicon steels were investigated using energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS). The partitioning coefficient, defined as the ratio of the amounts of alloying element in the austenite to that in the adjacent ferrite, for manganese increased with increasing intercritical annealing temperature and silicon content of steels. It was also shown that the solubility of manganese in ferrite and austenite decreased with increasing intercritical temperature. The results were discussed by the diffusivity and the solubility of manganese in ferrite and austenite present in dual-phase silicon steels.     

Study of the effect of “new” ferrite on the properties of dual phase steels

Results are presented from a study of dual phase ferritic-martensitic steels (DFMS) of two compositions: 0.08% C, 1.18% Si, 1.81% Mn, and 0.39% Cr; 0.07% C, 1.16% Si, 1.79% Mn, 0.40% Cr, and 0.14% V. In order to obtain different structural parameters in the two DFMS, heat treatments were given to 3.2-mm-thick specimens of steel sheet with different initial structures: the ferrite-pearlite-bainite mixture obtained directly from hot rolling; a ferrite matrix with spheroidized carbides, obtained by heating the hot-rolled sheet and holding it at 1050°C for 1 h, cooling the sheet with the furnace to 690°C, holding the sheet at this temperature for 15 h, and then further cooling the sheet together with the furnace. The results confirmed the positive effect of “new” ferrite on the ductility of DFMS. This effect is connected not with the intrinsic properties of new ferrite but with the factors that help increase the initial volume of this component in the steel (the amount of new ferrite in the investigated steels ranges up to 20–25%).     

Damping properties of austenitic stainless steels containing strain-induced martensite

Damping properties of two austenitic stainless steel grades, EN 1.4318 and EN 1.4301, were investigated. The test materials were cold rolled to different reductions and damping capacity was measured as a function of temperature with an internal friction method. Microstructures of the test materials were studied by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and magnetic measurements. The results showed that damping capacity of the studied materials depended on the amounts of strain-induced ε- and α′-martensite phases. At temperatures around 0 °C, highest damping capacity was achieved with cold rolling reduction of 10 to 15 pct. This behavior is related to the existence of ε-martensite and stacking faults. Internal friction peak due to α′-martensite phase was present at the temperature of 130 °C. Strain aging heat treatment at 200 °C for 20 minutes decreased the damping capacity in the entire studied temperature range.     

临界区退火对不同硅含量超高强双相钢组织和性能及加工硬化行为的影响

研究了临界区退火对不同硅含量超高强双相钢微观组织、力学性能以及加工硬化行为的影响,最终通过硅的添加以及临界区退火温度的匹配,得到了一种强度和韧性结合良好的新型双相钢。研究表明,随着硅的增加,组织形貌上马氏体条带结构以及铁素体的形态变化不明显;力学性能上,相同退火温度下对应的试样屈服强度以及屈强比均减小,而不同退火温度下试样之间的抗拉强度差异变小。Hollomon分析表明,加工硬化行为遵从两阶段加工硬化机理,随着退火温度升高,转折应变点左移,随着硅含量的增加,转折应变点右移。断口形貌表明,试验用钢表现出韧性断裂特征的高密度韧窝,随硅含量升高,断口表面韧窝平均尺寸下降,材料塑性提高。     

连续退火与连续热镀锌590MPa级双相钢的疲劳性能

采用拉-拉疲劳实验研究了连续退火与连续热镀锌590MPa级冷轧双相钢的疲劳性能,绘制了它们的S-N曲线,并采用扫描电镜对其疲劳断裂特征进行了分析。结果表明,连续退火与连续热镀锌冷轧双相钢在应力比R=0.1,加载频率为15Hz的条件下的疲劳极限分别为217和216MPa,通过对疲劳试样表面的观察发现,表面铁素体/马氏体界面开裂是疲劳失效的主要原因。     

Influence of sulfide inclusions and pearlite content on the mechanical properties of hot-rolled carbon steels

Sulfur content and sulfide shape are known to have a marked influence on the tensile ductility and notch toughness of plate steels. To investigate the initiation and growth of fractures at inclusions during plastic straining, a detailed study was conducted with a series of 0.1 and 0.2 pct carbon, 1.0 pct manganese steels containing either 0.004 or 0.013 pct sulfur with and without rare-earth additions. This paper describes the results of this study and evaluates the influence of sulfur content and sulfide shape on the anisotropy in tensile ductility and notch toughness in the steels and assesses the influence of other factors, such as pearlite content, affecting the ductility and toughness. Both globular and stringered sulfide inclusions had a detrimental effect on reduction of area, shelf energy, and transition temperature, which was particularly evident in deterioration of through-thickness properties and which was much more severe for stringered inclusions than for globular inclusions. Increased pearlite content was more detrimental to reduction of area and transition temperature when stringered inclusions were also present, whereas its effect on shelf energy appeared to be about the same regardless of the presence of inclusions or their morphology.     

Influence of deformation-induced martensite on fatigue crack propagation in 304-type steels

This research reports an investigation into the influence of mechanically induced martensitic transformation on the rate of fatigue crack growth in 304-type austenitic stainless steels. Two steels of different composition, 304L and 304LN, were used to test the influence of composition; two test temperatures, 298 and 77 K, were used to study the influence of test temperature; and various load ratios were used to determine the influence of the mean stress. It was found thadecreasing the mechanical stability of the austenite by changing composition or lowering temperature reduces the fatigue crack growth rate and increases the threshold stress intensity for crack growth. However, this beneficial effect diminishes as the load ratio increases, even though increasing the load ratio increases the extent of the martensite transformation. Several mechanisms that may influence this behavior are discussed, including the perturbation of the crack tip stress field, crack deflection, work hardening, and the relative brittleness of the transformed material. The perturbation of the stress field seems to be the most important; by modifying previous models, we develop a quantitative analysis of the crack growth rate that provides a reasonable fit to the experimental results.     

The influence of martensite and ferrite on the properties of two-phase stainless steels having microduplex structures

The mechanical properties of a series of stainless steels ranging in composition from 16.5 pct Cr, 5.5 pct Ni to 23.9 pct Cr, 2.9 pct Ni have been determined. The series of alloys lie along an approximate 1700°F tie line with room temperature microstructures ranging from 100 pct martensite to 100 pct ferrite. Yield and tensile strengths increased directly with increasing martensite content. In alloys containing on the order of 40 to 60 pet martensite, the presence of a fine dispersion of tougher, albeit stronger, martensite was quite effective in lowering the ductile-to-brittle impact transition temperature.     

冷轧双相钢纯弯曲性能试验研究

研究了2个级别双相钢HC590DP和HC780DP在小应变下的单轴拉伸性能和纯弯曲性能。结果表明:在产生塑性应变初始阶段,相同应变下HC780DP应力反而小于HC590DP,但通过某临界点后,HC780DP应力超过HC590DP。2种材料在0.02%的小应变时,弯曲强度均大于拉伸强度;且材料在弯曲过程中的应变强化硬化能力要高于单轴拉伸;相比冲压成形,HC590DP和HC780DP在弯曲变形加工过程中(如辊压、折弯成形)的材料变形抗力大,塑性加工硬化率高,回弹量大。     

Influence of heat treatment on the phase composition and properties of high-strength cast iron

The phase composition, structure, and properties of high-strength cast iron are investigated as a function of the heat treatment. The influence of heat treatment on the wear of bainitic iron with globular graphite is also considered, in comparison with steel for the production of cast plowshares.     

Void formation during tensile testing of dual phase steels

The effects of martensite volume fraction (MVF) and strain state on necking behavior, post-uniform elongation, and the nucleation and growth of voids in thin sheet dual phase steel, strained in tension, were investigated. Steel containing, in weight percent, 0.08C, 1.45Mn, and 0.21Si, was cold rolled 50 pct and intercritically annealed to produce dual phase microstructures. The effects of MVF were evaluated with a series of constant geometry tensile samples with martensite volume fractions between 5 and 40 pct. The effects of strain state within the neck were evaluated with a series of constant thickness samples with 20 pct MVF and with width variations between 3 and 25 mm. A transition from diffuse to localized necking, as well as a decrease in post-uniform elongation, occurred with both an increase in MVF and sample width. Metallographic analysis of deformed samples revealed that the void nucleation occurs primarily at martensite particles by three distinct mechanisms. The void size and density in the necked region increased toward the fracture surface in all samples and the void density was significantly higher for the samples which exhibited localized necking. However, independent of neck geometry, voids were nucleated uniformly throughout the samples, and were associated with the martensite. The difference in void size and density between the samples with different necking behavior indicates that void growth is a consequence of the strain gradient while the shape of the voids depends on both the strain state and strain gradient. The implications of the void structure analysis are interpreted based on the dual phase microstructure. Formerly Graduate Research Assistant, Colorado School of Mines.     

Effects of quenching and over-aging temperatures on mechanical properties of ultra-high strength cold-rolled martensite steels

As cold-formed steel has the highest strength-to-weight ratio of any material,ultra-high strength martensitic steel is attracting great interest from global car manufacturers. This paper explores the effects of the quenching and over-aging temperatures on the strength and cold bendability of C-Mn-Si martensitic steel. Due to its high carbon content,water-quenched C-Mn-Si martensitic steel has high hardenability and can obtain ultra-high tensile strength and uniform martensitic morphology when the water-quenching temperature is higher than 710 ℃.Increasing the over-aging temperature of this experimental steel decreases its tensile strength,increases the total elongation,and first increases then decreases the yield point until reaching a peak at 180 ℃. Besides,when increasing the over-aging temperature,the bendability of this experimental steel initially improves and then decreases,and reaches its optimal bendability at an over-aging temperature of 180 ℃. Based on SEM characterization and a microhardness distribution analysis,the over-aging temperatures were found to affect the size of the carbides and differences in the microhardness of the experimental steel. Therefore,they have significant influence on bendability.     

Influence of austenite and martensite strength on martensite morphology

The martensite morphology and austenite flow strength have been determined in a variety of ferrous alloys chosen so that the austenites were paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, substitutional strengthened, and interstitial strengthened. It is demonstrated that two of the most important variables in determining the habit plane (and thus morphology) of martensite in a given alloy are the resistances to dislocation motion in austenite and in ferrite (i. e., martensite). In the wide variety of alloys where martensite with a {259}_γ habit plane was observed, the austenite flow strength atM _s is greater than 30,000 psi. At lower austenite strengths, either {225}_γ or {111}_γ habit planes are found depending on the resistance to dislocation motion in ferrite. Thus, {225} martensites are not always found as part of the spectrum between {111} and {259} martensites but only in the cases (e. g., interstitial strengthening) where ferrite is preferentially strengthened relative to austenite. All of the observations are consistent with the idea that the habit plane observed in a given alloy is the one involving the minimum plastic work for the lattice invariant shear.     

双相碳钢性能与马氏体含量和晶粒大小关系初析

通过四种不同的分步淬火热处理工艺,相应地获得了四种不同组织的双相钢.研究表明,随着马氏体含量的增加,双相钢的最大拉伸强度随之增加,延伸率随着马氏体的增加而降低.试样的铁素体晶粒大小在不同的马氏体范围内对强度和延伸率有不同的影响.     

On the toughness increment associated with the austenite to martensite phase transformation in TRIP steels

The fracture toughness of a high carbon TRIP alloy, deformed approximately 75 pct at 460°C was investigated over a range of temperatures from ?196°C to 200°C. Two distinct temperature regimes were present: a low temperature regime where martensite formed during fracturing and a high temperature regime where no martensite formed. The toughness values of the low temperature regime were higher than the extrapolated values of the high temperature regime indicating that the transformation makes a positive contribution to the fracture toughness of TRIP alloys. For the alloys used in this investigation the room temperature plane strain fracture toughnessK _IC was on the order of 95 ksi \(\sqrt {in} \) or in terms of the crack extension forceG _IC, 274 in.-lb per sq in. The fracture mode was cleavage and the extraordinary toughness for this mode of crack extension is attributed to the energy absorbed by the simultaneous phase transformation. The contribution due to the phase transformation was determined to be in the range 37 to 57 \(\sqrt {in} \) in terms of stress intensity or 168 to 232 in.-lb. per sq in. in terms of crack extension force using the extrapolation technique. The results obtained using the extrapolation technique represent the first experimental determination of the toughness contribution associated with the austenite to martensite phase transformation in TRIP alloys. An expression for the toughness associated with the transformation was derived using fundamental fracture mechanics relations. This expression, which contains easily measured parameters, was used to calculate the toughness contribution due to the phase transformation and the results were in good agreement with the experimental values.