磁悬浮支承技术在机床中的应用

阐述了国际国内磁悬浮支承技术的发展历史、研究现状及发展趋势，重点介绍了在机床中应用的磁悬浮轴承结构、类型及应用领域。将磁悬浮支承技术用于电主轴中，电主轴可以在5000～8000r／min的转速下运行上万小时：将磁悬浮支承技术用于机床直线电机的进给平台中，与传统的机床导轨支承相比，磁悬浮支承具有无机械摩擦、无磨损、无爬行、无润滑、可靠性提高、寿命延长等诸多特点。     

机床磁悬浮导轨的动力学分析

以主动磁悬浮支承下的机床导轨为分析对象 ,采用磁悬浮支承系统分析理论和方法 ,研究了机床导轨系统的动力学特性。本文根据磁悬浮支承系统特有的刚度、阻尼特性理论和平台振动特点建立了五自由度磁悬浮支承直线导轨平台系统的数学模型 ,并针对正在研制的主动磁悬浮支承直线导轨做了动力学分析     

磁悬浮球形关节三维动力学模型与控制特性

球形电动机直接支承驱动的多自由度球形主动关节机械集成度高,在控制和轨迹规划方面占有优势。但在高速、超高速运转时,由于机械支承的摩擦磨损,造成关节部件发热,导致关节的动态特性变差。基于电动机技术、磁悬浮技术,提出一种新型多自由度磁悬浮球形主动关节,建立关节电磁悬浮力和电磁转矩的耦合模型;推导出关节转子在电磁悬浮力和电磁转矩作用下的三维动力学原型模型和逆系统模型,并对关节系统进行状态反馈的解耦线性化处理,使其完全解耦成6自由度方向独立的线性系统,经过比例微分先行的伪微分反馈调节器控制及仿真可知,解耦线性化的关节系统稳定性好、响应速度快,具有良好的动态性能和抗干扰能力很强的鲁棒性能。     

基于有限元方法的磁悬浮磨床电主轴转子系统模态分析

用ANSYS建立电磁轴承支承的磨床电主轴转子的实体有限元模型,并将电磁轴承模化为弹簧支承,在完全弹性支承的情况下对转子进行模态分析,求解转子前四阶固有频率,得出转子固有频率随支承刚度变化的规律,并分析其振型,为磁悬浮转子系统的可靠设计提供理论依据。     

电磁轴承系统中的辅助轴承与振动影响

出于安全性考虑,实验或应用中的电磁轴承系统通常需要考虑安装辅助轴承。由于辅助轴承并非具有实质性的支承作用,因此一般情况下,在电磁轴承系统设计时,对辅助轴承的振动情况及其对整个磁悬浮系统的影响考虑是极少的。通过一台磁悬浮铣床电主轴样机的实验结果表明,辅助轴承的振动影响有时不仅不能忽略,甚至它对系统的安全运行的影响是至关重要的。     

电磁轴承及其在机床工业中的应用

电磁轴承是一种应用磁场力来实现对转子无接触支承(磁悬浮)的部件,并且有许多优良的性能。目前,国外已在数百台机床上获得成功的应用,使机床的技术指标均有明显的提高,显示出了广阔的发展前景。     

多个磁悬浮轴承转子系统动力学特性研究

多个磁悬浮轴承支承的转子系统,由于支承位置的不对中会造成各个轴承的支承载荷变化。针对某一转子模型,分析采用不同个数的磁悬浮轴承支承时,各个支承载荷随着支承位置不对中的变化情况,并在三个磁悬浮轴承转子系统中得到验证。针对转子动力学特性,分析了支承高度不同时,转子固有频率的变化。此外,采用传递矩阵法,分析转子随着支承个数的增加,其不平衡响应变化情况,并实验对比了采用三支承和两支承时,转子的振幅。三支承较两支承,转子振幅有所减小。     

变支承磁悬浮转子超临界运行仿真研究

针对工业中转子系统在跨越一阶临界转速时,振动幅度过大及失稳的问题,通过对转子系统平稳跨越一阶临界转速方法的归纳和研究,提出了一种基于主动控制下的磁悬浮轴承—转子系统变支承跨越一阶临界转速的方法。首先建立了主动控制下的变支承磁悬浮转子系统数学模型,并分析了两支承转子系统和三支承转子系统跨越一阶临界转速时的响应特性;然后利用ADAMS和Matlab联合仿真了主动控制下的变支承磁悬浮转子系统跨越一阶临界转速时的振动特性。仿真研究结果表明:变支承磁悬浮转子系统在超临界运行时具有良好的减振效果,与传统两支承转子系统相比,其最大振幅减小了52.6%。     

电磁轴承及其系统设计方法

电磁轴承是磁悬浮原理在机械领域中的一个应用实例,其工作机理是依靠电磁力使转子非接触地“支承”于轴承体内,有运动阻力小、无接触摩擦和磨损、功耗低以及寿命长等优点。国外在这方面已有成熟的产品应用于生产实际。介绍了电磁轴承及其系统设计的特点、系统控制器的设计方法、刚性转子系统的设计方法和柔性转子系统的动力学设计方法,并提供了几个实际设计的数据和部分试验结果。     

磁悬浮工作台形变对承载磁场力的影响分析

基于ANSYS有限元分析软件,对承载力为500N的磁悬浮工作台的形变对其支承电磁铁磁场力的影响进行了分析.分析结果表明:当悬浮气隙为0.3mm且工作台上、下支承电磁铁处的最大形变量△1和△2分别不超过0.02mm和0.01mm时,磁悬浮工作台的承载性能得到提高.将有限元分析软件应用于磁悬浮工作台的设计中,对提高其设计质量具有重要意义.     

Performance investigation on ultrasonic levitation axial bearing for flywheel storage system

The bearing is an important basic mechanical part for supporting a shaft. A flywheel storage system needs a type of noncontact support bearing to enhance the speed of the axis. A magnetic suspension bearing is one type of noncontact bearing but has electromagnetic interference to other electric equipment. Based on the performance research of ultrasonic levitation technology, a novel noncontact bearing called ultrasonic bearing is presented, which consists of a special piezoelectric vibrator supporting the load. Experiments are carried out to study the relationships among the amplitude of the vibrator and levitation clearance, the highest speed of the axis, and the frictional moment of the axis. Results show that the levitation clearance becomes smaller gradually with increasing load; the rotation speed is up to 8946 r/min, and the friction moment is only 2.095×10⁻⁵ N · m when the levitation clearance is 8.53 μm. The ultrasonic bearing is highlighted because of its simple structure, strong levitation ability, and low friction moment.     

Performance investigation on ultrasonic levitation axial bearing for flywheel storage system

The bearing is an important basic mechanical part for supporting a shaft. A flywheel storage system needs a type of noncontact support bearing to enhance the speed of the axis. A magnetic suspension bearing is one type of noncontact bearing but has electromagnetic interference to other electric equipment. Based on the performance research of ultrasonic levitation technology, a novel noncontact bearing called ultrasonic bearing is presented, which consists of a special piezoelectric vibrator supporting the load. Experiments are carried out to study the relationships among the amplitude of the vibrator and levitation clearance, the highest speed of the axis, and the frictional moment of the axis. Results show that the levitation clearance becomes smaller gradually with increasing load; the rotation speed is up to 8946 r/min, and the friction moment is only 2.095×10⁻⁵ N·m when the levitation clearance is 8.53 μm. The ultrasonic bearing is highlighted because of its simple structure, strong levitation ability, and low friction moment.     

抗磁悬浮静电电机悬浮与驱动特性研究

微型电机随着特征尺度的降低,其表面效应凸显,摩擦问题急剧突出。抗磁悬浮技术具有无摩擦、被动自稳定、尺度效应下浮重比显著提升等特点,是解决微型电机机械摩擦问题的一种有效途径。提出了一种基于抗磁悬浮静电驱动的微型电机方案,研制了转子直径为10 mm的定子下置式微型抗磁悬浮静电电机;基于永磁体电流等效模型,推导了抗磁悬浮静电电机磁通密度表达形式,建立了抗磁悬浮力的数学模型,获得了悬浮力与悬浮高度的关系并进行了实验验证;基于电容静电能原理,建立了抗磁悬浮静电电机的驱动力矩数学模型,获得了静电驱动力与定子输入电压、悬浮高度的关系并进行了实验验证;开展了旋转实验研究,分析了输入电压、环境湿度对转速的影响规律,获得了抗磁悬浮静电电机的驱动特性。本研究将会为高性能微型抗磁悬浮静电电机的研究提供支撑。     

离心式磁悬浮血泵用混合磁悬浮支承设计与仿真

摩擦和磨损会导致离心式血泵机械轴承的寿命短、发热量大,易引起血栓和溶血,针对此,提出了一种离心式血泵用混合磁悬浮支承结构。采用数值计算法对血泵用磁悬浮支承进行了磁场分布数值模拟,设计了基于边缘效应的磁悬浮支承结构实验原型样机,搭建了控制系统,并以实验验证了该结构静态悬浮的可行性。研究结果为离心式磁悬浮血泵的结构设计和溶血问题的改善提供了重要依据。     

The significance and use of the friction coefficient

The quantity known as the friction coefficient (or ‘coefficient of friction’) has long been used in science and engineering. It is easy to define, but not easy to understand on a fundamental level. Conceptually defined as the ratio of two forces acting, respectively, perpendicular and parallel to an interface between two bodies under relative motion or impending relative motion, this dimensionless quantity turns out to be convenient for depicting the relative ease with which materials slide over one another under particular circumstances. Despite the fact that both static and kinetic friction coefficients can be measured with little difficulty under laboratory conditions, the time- and condition-dependent characteristics of friction coefficients associated with both clean and lubricated surfaces have proven exceedingly difficult to predict a priori from first principles.The shaky nature of friction's fundamental underpinnings, has not prevented investigators from compiling lists of friction coefficients and publishing them for general use. Problems often arise, however, when engineers attempt to use tabulated friction coefficients to solve specific problems in mechanical design or failure analysis. The systems-dependence of frictional behavior is sometimes ignored, leading to misapplication of published data. This is particularly true for applications in nano-technology and others that differ from typical laboratory size scales. This paper will review the measurement and use of static and kinetic friction coefficients, discuss their usefulness, and describe the sources of frictional resistances in terms of shear localization.     

磁悬浮飞车驱动特性研究

磁悬浮飞车采用磁悬浮技术来实现车体的悬浮,采用螺旋桨来进行驱动。通过在架空的飞车导轨下方铺设挡风板,来增强螺旋桨气流推力的反作用力,提高驱动效率。通过实验研究及理论计算的方法,研究了磁悬浮飞车在低速运行时挡风板角度变化对驱动力的影响。对磁悬浮飞车的电磁等效摩擦力进行了研究,分析了等效摩擦力对飞车运行的影响,最后探讨了磁悬浮飞车实际应用的可行性。     

磷化-皂化处理27SiMn钢的摩擦磨损性能研究

冷拔法生产液压缸筒前,需对毛坯管进行磷化、皂化等预处理,以在冷拔表面形成一层塑性良好且具有极压性能的磷酸盐膜和皂化膜。对冷拔法生产液压缸筒常用的材料27SiMn钢进行磷化、皂化处理,在CETR UMT-2型试验机上考察了27SiMn钢磷化-皂化处理表面的摩擦学性能,采用扫描电镜观察分析了磨损表面形貌,探讨了磨损机制。结果表明:27SiMn钢经磷化-皂化处理后,与YT5硬质合金对摩时摩擦因数明显降低,此时摩擦因数受润滑介质的影响不明显;干摩擦状态下磷化-皂化处理前、后27SiMn钢的摩擦因数均随滑动速度的增加而增加,油润滑状态下则相反。     

Determining coefficients of friction in compaction of refractory metal powders

Knowing the coefficients of friction in tool compaction of powders of metals and alloys allows one to rationally design technological equipment for manufacturing powder semifinished products experiencing minimal warping under vacuum or hydrogen sintering. This is of particular significance when consumable electrodes are produced from powders of refractory metals being compacted as rather long fillets that are curved in sintering if any irregularities in the density in the cross section and in the fillet bulk are present. Both well-known and new methods are analyzed for finding the coefficients of friction in powder compaction, in particular in cylindrical containers. Stable and valid measurement results are shown to be unachievable. A new method for experimental determination of the coefficients of friction under powder compaction is described. It consists in comparing the force parameters of one- and two-sided compaction. This method allows finding the coefficient of side pressure and contact friction (on the cylindrical surface of the container) during the formation of briquettes of TsM-2A alloy with different concentrations of plasticizer and solvent. A positive effect of a plasticizer and negative one of a solvent on the coefficient of friction is stated.     

Frictional performance of an O-ring type seal at the commencement of linear motion

Results of investigation into the relationship between friction in the O-ring type seal and gauge pressure at the commencement of linear motion of a shaft are presented and discussed. A number of different O-ring materials were studied and the lowest friction under dry conditions was found to be produced by a PTFE-encapsulated silicone seal. The effect of a number of lubricating fluids on friction in the seal was also studied and the results obtained are included.     

GF/PTFE自润滑纤维复合材料磨损性能热衰退研究

针对高频摆动关节轴承摩擦热对自润滑纤维复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响,研制了高频使用条件下的玻璃纤维增强聚四氟乙烯(GF/PTFE)自润滑纤维复合材料,利用MYB～500高频高载摆动摩擦磨损试验机,对其进行不同摩擦温度下的摩擦磨损性能测试,研究摩擦热作用下材料自润滑性能和磨损性能衰退特征,分析磨损产物和摩擦表面以及不同摩擦温度下材料的磨损机理。结果表明,摩擦热对材料自润滑性能影响显著,适当的摩擦温度范围能够保证材料的自润滑性能,摩擦温度和摩擦因数之间互为耦合作用,对材料的磨损性能具有一定的影响;高摩擦热作用于自润滑过程及机理的改变,造成材料的磨损性能衰退现象。因此,不同温度下材料的磨损特征具有明显的差异化,其中低摩擦温度下(60～120℃)材料自润滑性能优异,磨损率很低;140℃摩擦温度条件下材料摩擦磨损性能开始衰退;材料在高摩擦温度下(140～180℃)的磨损初期自润滑性能良好、磨损轻微,而中后期磨损严重。微观分析表明,低摩擦温度下材料的磨损机理以轻微粘着和疲劳磨损为主;高摩擦温度下材料的磨损以片状剥落、纤维剪切破坏为主,且磨损面局部损伤特征明显,磨损严重。