协效剂对ABS/APP/PA6体系阻燃效应的研究

为了提高膨胀型阻燃体系聚磷酸胺(APP)/尼龙6(PA6)对苯乙烯-丁二烯-丙烯腈共聚物(ABS)的阻燃效果,采用极限氧指数法、垂直燃烧法、热失重和扫描电镜分析探讨了协效剂氧化锌、4A分子筛、氧化铝和次磷酸铝对ABS/APP/PA6膨胀型阻燃复合物的协效阻燃效应.结果表明,协效剂的加入显著改善了ABS/APP/PA6体系的阻燃性能,当2%的氧化锌,4A分子筛和次磷酸铝加入时,阻燃体系的氧指数从28.3%分别提高到31.2%,30.8%和33.5%,UL94测定均为V-0级.热失重分析表明,添加剂的加入提高了阻燃体系的热稳定性和高温残炭率.SEM形貌分析显示,协效剂的加入能促进阻燃体系在燃烧后形成更加均匀、致密的炭层结构.     

添加剂对ABS/APP/PETA体系协同阻燃作用的研究

为了提高膨胀型阻燃体系聚磷酸胺(APP)/聚对苯二甲酰乙二胺(PETA)对苯乙烯-丁二烯-丙烯腈共聚物(ABS)的阻燃效果,并研究一些常用添加剂的协效阻燃机理,采用极限氧指数法、垂直燃烧法、热失重探讨了添加剂4A分子筛、次磷酸铝、有机蒙脱土(OMMT)和双噁唑啉(BOZ)对ABS/APP/PETA膨胀型阻燃复合物的协效...     

ADP协效APP/PER阻燃PP的制备及性能

以二乙基次膦酸铝(ADP)为协效剂,与聚磷酸铵(APP)/季戊四醇(PER)传统膨胀型阻燃体系复配,通过熔融共混制备了膨胀阻燃聚丙烯(PP)。采用极限氧指数(LOI)、垂直燃烧测试、锥形量热仪、扫描电子显微镜和热重分析研究了阻燃PP的性能及相关作用机制。结果表明,ADP和APP/PER具有很好的协同阻燃作用,它不但可以同时提高阻燃体系的残炭量和炭层质量,有效抑制熔滴,还可以降低燃烧过程中的生烟量,是更加绿色的阻燃体系。当阻燃体系的总添加量为24%,APP/PER和ADP的质量比为6∶1时,阻燃PP的LOI可达到29.8%,垂直燃烧等级为V–0级,且生烟性比不添加ADP的体系下降了76.9%。阻燃机理研究表明,该体系是以凝聚相为主的凝聚相和气相协同阻燃机制。     

DBDPE/协效剂/PP阻燃复合材料的合成与性能研究

将Sb2O3、Fe2O3、聚磷酸铵(APP)、镁铝类水滑石(MgAl-LDHs)、APP-LDHs、ZnO、硼酸锌等无机物分别与十溴二苯乙烷(DBDPE)复配,并与聚丙烯(PP)熔融共混制备DBDPE/协效剂/PP阻燃复合材料;采用极限氧指数(LOI)、垂直燃烧测试(UL-94)、缺口冲击、弯曲实验等方法研究了协效剂对DBDPE/无机协效剂/PP阻燃复合材料的阻燃性能及力学性能影响;采用能谱(EDX)分析样品的成分,探索APP与DBDPE复配阻燃的协效原理。结果表明,Sb2O3与DBDPE协效阻燃效果最好,APP的复配效果次之;APP与DBDPE的协效主要为体系中的磷、氮、溴元素的共同作用。     

三嗪膨胀阻燃剂/硅酸镁协效阻燃TPU的制备及性能研究

以三嗪成炭发泡剂（CFA）及聚磷酸铵（APP）复配成膨胀阻燃剂(IFR),以硅酸镁(MgSiO3)为协效剂添加到热塑性聚氨酯弹性体(TPU)中制备阻燃TPU材料,研究了阻燃TPU材料的阻燃性能、力学性能、热降解行为和炭层的表面形貌。结果表明,纯TPU材料的极限氧指数仅为22.0 %,在空气中极易燃烧,当IFR添加量为28 %（质量分数,下同）,MgSiO3添加量5 %时,材料的极限氧指数提高到37.1 %,通过UL 94 V-0级,表现出很好的阻燃效果;但是IFR/MgSiO3的加入使材料的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率明显下降,也使得TPU材料的起始热分解温度提前,最大热降解速率峰值降低,同时材料的残炭量得到了很大程度的提高。     

ABS新型无卤膨胀阻燃体系的研究

以聚磷酸铵(APP)为酸源,聚对苯二甲酰己二胺(PA6T)为炭源,探讨了不同比例的APP/PA6T复配对丙烯腈-苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物(ABS)燃烧性能及其降解成炭行为的影响。结果表明,当APP含量为25%、PA6T含量为5%时,阻燃体系的极限氧指数达到29%,通过UL-94测试V-1级;再添加2%协效剂次磷酸铝,可通过V-0级。热失重分析表明,PA6T有较好的成炭作用,APP能极大改变PA6T的热分解行为,使ABS/APP/PA6T阻燃体系的高温残炭率大大提高。SEM形貌分析表明,阻燃体系燃烧表面形成了膨胀、均匀、致密的炭层结构。此外,通过对残炭进行红外分析,发现存在化学键P—O—C,进一步验证了该膨胀阻燃体系的协效成炭行为。     

ABS新型无卤膨胀型阻燃体系的研究

以聚磷酸铵（APP）为酸源,聚对苯二甲酰己二胺（PA6T）为炭源,探讨了不同比例的APP/PA6T复配对丙烯腈-苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物（ABS）燃烧性能的影响以及ABS/APP/PA6T阻燃体系的降解成炭行为。结果表明,当APP含量为25 %,PA6T含量为5 %时,阻燃体系的极限氧指数达到29 %,通过UL-94测试V-1级,再添加2 %协效剂次磷酸铝,可通过V-0级。热失重分析表明,PA6T有较好的成炭作用,APP能极大改变PA6T的分解行为,使ABS/APP/PA6T阻燃体系的高温残炭率大大提高。SEM形貌分析表明,阻燃体系燃烧表面形成了膨胀、均匀、致密的炭层结构;此外,通过对残炭进行红外分析,发现存在化学键P-O-C,进一步验证了该膨胀阻燃体系的协效成炭行为。     

可膨胀石墨/包覆红磷体系及协效剂对ABS阻燃性能的研究

制备了一系列丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共混物(ABS)/可膨胀石墨(EG)/包覆红磷(MRP)复合材料;并探讨了可膨胀石墨/包覆红磷体系与其他协效剂氯化聚乙烯(CPE)、三聚氰胺(MA)、氢氧化镁(MH)之间的协同效应.通过氧指数测试、热重分析(TG)及炭层的形貌观察,结果表明:当可膨胀石墨/包覆红磷质量比为15/5时,复合材料的阻燃性能较纯ABS有显著提高,材料氧指数由18％提高到28.2％.加入5％的氯化聚乙烯,材料的极限氧指数(LOI)由28.2％提高到30.7％,说明该阻燃体系与氯化聚乙烯间存在较好的协同效应,而加入的MH与MA,能降低复合材料的热损失速率,但没有提高复合材料的氧指数.     

几种阻燃剂对格栅用HDPE的阻燃及协效作用研究

利用氧指数,锥形量热仪试验和酒精喷灯燃烧试验研究几种阻燃剂在格栅用的高密度聚乙烯（HDPE）中的阻燃及协效作用。结果表明：单种阻燃剂在相同添加量下,氯化石蜡（CP）阻燃HDPE的极限氧指数最高,并能通过酒精喷灯燃烧试验。两种阻燃剂配合使用时,可膨胀石墨（EG）／CP、EO／氢氧化铝（ATH）、ATH／红磷（RP）具有较好的协效作用;CP／RP和ATH／硼酸锌共用具有对抗作用;溴系阻燃剂与RP、EG、ATH共用时协效作用不明显。阻燃HDPE只有在极限氧指数大于25,燃烧中滴落速度较快时,才能通过酒精喷灯燃烧试验。     

MCA协效膨胀阻燃LDPE泡沫材料的研究

以木质素为炭源、聚磷酸铵(APP)为酸源和气源、三聚氰胺尿酸盐(MCA)为协效阻燃剂、低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)为基体材料,采用共混塑炼-热压法制备膨胀阻燃LDPE泡沫材料,研究MCA对膨胀阻燃LDPE泡沫材料结构与性能的影响。结果表明:MCA加入使膨胀阻燃LDPE泡沫材料的刚性和模量有所提高,同时提高了膨胀阻燃发泡体系的阻燃效率。当APP与MCA的质量比为6∶5时,极限氧指提高到28.1%,垂直燃烧达到FV-0级,无滴落现象,700℃残炭量提高到32.3%,燃烧后炭层结构光滑致密。     

Investigation of the influence of red phosphorus,expansible graphite and zinc borate on flame retardancy and wear performance of glass fiber reinforced PA6 composites

The flame retarded materials were prepared which used wear‐resistant PA6 composite (PA6/GF/PTFE/UHMWPE/CG, 85/15/5/5/5 by weight) as matrix, red phosphorus (RP), expansible graphite (EG), and zinc borate (ZB) as fire retardant. The flame retarded properties were characterized by LOI and UL‐94 testing. PA6 composite with 15 wt% RP reached V0 rating and had a high LOI value (27.3 vol%). When a combination of 7 wt% ZB and 8 wt% RP was added, increases in LOI (27.9 vol%) and UL‐94 rating(V0) were both observed. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and char residue characterization showed that the combination of RP and ZB can promote the formation of char barrier, reduce the mass loss rate, and thus improve the flame retardancy of PA6 composites. The wear test showed that, the composite filled by 15 wt% RP or a combination of 7 wt% ZB and 8 wt% RP both possessed a low wear rate and a much stable friction coefficient. The presence of EG could also improve the flame retardance but was harmful to the mechanical property as well as wear performance. The results indicated that ZB and RP had synergy effect on improving both flame retardance and wear performance of PA6 composites. POLYM. COMPOS., 38:2090–2097, 2017. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers     

PE基木塑复合材料的阻燃研究

采用无卤阻燃剂聚磷酸铵(APP)以及阻燃协效剂硼酸锌(ZB)、硅藻土,制备具有良好阻燃性能的木塑复合材料。结果表明:APP在改善木塑复合材料阻燃性能的同时,可提高材料的热稳定性,当其用量为20份时,复合材料垂直燃烧达到UL94V-0级,此时,体系的力学性能变化不大;ZB、硅藻土对木塑复合材料的协效阻燃规律不同于对塑料的阻燃规律,添加2份硅藻土的阻燃体系形成的炭层最致密,可有效地隔热隔氧。     

Effect of a novel intumescent retardant for ABS with synergist Al(H<Subscript>2</Subscript>PO<Subscript>2</Subscript>)<Subscript>3</Subscript>

A novel intumescent flame retardant (IFR), containing ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and poly(hexamethylene terephthalamide) (PA6T), was prepared for acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS). Limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL-94), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to investigate the flammability property and thermal stability of the IFR/ABS systems. It was found that the flame retardancy of the IFR/ABS systems was improved significantly. When the components of the IFR were 25% APP and 5% PA6T, the LOI value of IFR/ABS system reached to the maximum of 29, but only UL-94V-1 rating was passed. Thus, Al(H₂PO₂)₃ was incorporated into ABS/APP/PA6T system as a synergistic agent, it was found 2% addition of Al(H₂PO₂)₃ caused PA6T/APP/PA6T/Al(H₂PO₂)₃ (70/23.3/4.7/2) to pass V-0 rating of UL-94 test. Meanwhile, the TGA curves indicated that PA6T could be effective as a charring agent and there was a synergistic reaction between PA6T and APP, which effectively promoted the char formation of IFR/ABS composites. Moreover, the residual char obtained after the LOI test of the IFR/ABS was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR). Results indicated that P–O–C chemical bond was formed in the residual char, which could indicate the cross-linking reaction between PA6T and APP could occur. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate the morphology of the residual char formed in the LOI tests. It was revealed that both ABS/APP/PA6T (70/25/5) and PA6T/APP/PA6T/Al(H₂PO₂)₃ (70/23.3/4.7/2) formed uniform and compact intumescent charred layers.     

磷酸酯与无机阻燃剂协同阻燃PC/ABS合金研究

研究了多聚芳基磷酸酯PX220分别与纳米蒙脱土和硼酸锌复配对聚碳酸酯/丙烯酸-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物(PC/ABS)合金的阻燃性能、热稳定性、力学性能及热变形温度的影响。结果表明:用2份纳米蒙脱土和3份硼酸锌分别与10份PX220复配制备阻燃PC/ABS,其氧指数分别达到28%和32%,燃烧性能达到UL94 V-0级。扫描电镜和热重分析表明,复配阻燃剂阻燃PC/ABS合金的炭层能有效隔绝热量的传递,阻止PC/ABS合金热降解,PC/ABS合金热稳定性明显提高。     

A novel bio-based charcoal-forming agent based on chitosan and phytate@Mg to improve the flame retardancy of poly(lactic acid)

A novel bio-based carbon forming agent (Mg@PA-CS) containing P and N elements was were synthesized using the complexation characteristics of chitosan (CS) and phytate (PA). The flame retardant behavior of poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/Mg@PA-CS/APP composites (addition of 20 wt% of different ratios of Mg@PA-CS and APP to polylactic acid composites) were investigated by the limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL-94), cone calorimetry test (CCT), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Due to the biphasic flame retardant and synergistic effect, since the 20 wt% flame retardant system (Mg@PA-CS:APP = 1:2), PLA composites passed the UL-94 test V-0 rating, reached 34% LOI value. The peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release rate (THR) were reduced to 1/2 of the pure PLA, char residue could be as high as 11.49% at 800°C. Moreover, the flame-retardant mechanism of PLA composites during thermal decomposition was analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the coupling techniques of TGA linked with FT-IR (TG-FTIR).     

氧化锌对膨胀阻燃聚丙烯的影响

研究了协效剂氧化锌（ZnO）对聚磷酸铵（APP）、季戊四醇（PER）、氰尿酸三聚氰胺（MCA）膨胀阻燃聚丙烯（PP）体系的阻燃协效作用。采用氧指数（LOI）、热失重法（TG）、锥形量热仪（Cone）、红外光谱（FTIR）等手段分析了ZnO对膨胀阻燃PP的影响。结果表明，氧化锌可提高该体系的LOI和阻燃性能，还可促进阻燃体系形成炭层，且可提高其炭层的强度，该体系氧化锌最佳用量应为1．0份。     

Interactive effect of ammonium polyphosphate and montmorillonite on enhancing flame retardancy of polycarbonate/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene composites

The effect of two flame retardants [ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and montmorillonite (MMT)] was studied in relation to flame retardancy, mechanical properties and physical characteristics of polycarbonate (PC)/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) blends. Moreover, the possible synergistic effect of these two flame retardant additives on the macromolecular blends was studied as well. Based on this research, it was revealed that APP- and MMT-raised loading has significantly increased the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of the resulting PC/ABS blends, which is due to the intumescence effect provoked by the incorporation of these flame retardant fillers. Incorporation of APP improved the LOI through intumescence effect while the addition of MMT led to intercalation of PC/ABS polymer matrix into the interlayer galleries of MMT particles. Besides, higher APP loading in PC/ABS blends has significantly promoted the formation of carbonaceous char residues as evidenced in TGA analysis, which indicates that addition of higher APP could improve thermal stability of PC/ABS blends. To improve the tensile strength and elongation-at-break, APP loading of 25 phr in PC/ABS blends together with various MMT loading would be suitable to ensure good dispersion and interfacial adhesion between the polymer chains and the additives. However, it is important to control the loading level of MMT as its excessive incorporation could result in flame-retarded PC/ABS blends with brittle behavior, showing weaker mechanical properties.     

Synergistic effect of intumescent flame retardant and zinc borate on linear low-density polyethylene

A series of novel intumescent flame retardant (IFR) based on melamine, neopentyl glycol, and aluminum diethylphosphinate were prepared and tested. In addition, the synergistic effect of the novel IFR and zinc borate (ZB) on the flame retardancy of LLDPE composites was investigated. The structures of novel IFR and ZB were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) increased from 19.3% for the pure LLDPE to 27% for the 25 wt% IFR/5 wt% ZB composites and the composites achieved the desired V-0 rating in the UL-94 test. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the addition of IFR/ZB reduced the pyrolysis rate of the LLDPE composites at high temperatures and increased the amount of the char residues, and the char residue of LLDPE-5 reached 12.1 wt% at 700°C. Cone calorimetry (CCT) data showed that the peak of total heat release, heat release rate, and fire growth index were comparatively reduced, indicating that the addition of IFR/ZB decreased the fire hazard of LLDPE composites. The formation of a compact and thermally stable char layer on the surfaces of LLDPE composites was revealed from the scanning electrone microscopy images and digital photographs of the char residue after the CCT tests.     

Synergistic effect of ammonium polyphosphate and expandable graphite on flame‐retardant properties of acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene

A new intumescent flame‐retardant (IFR) system consisting of expandable graphite (EG) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was applied in acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) resin. A synergistic effect between EG and APP on the flame retardancy of ABS was observed. Fixing the total loading of flame retardant at 15 wt %, the limited oxygen index (LOI) could reach 31 vol % at a weight ratio of 3 : 1 for EG and APP. While LOI values of EG‐ and APP‐filled ABS were only 26.0 and 21.5 vol % at the same loading, respectively. The UL‐94 vertical burning test suggested that samples with different ratios of EG and APP could all pass V‐0 rating while the samples containing EG and APP alone only passed V‐1 rating. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the addition of EG and APP (3 : 1 by weight) to ABS led to an increase in the amount of high‐temperature residue by 11.8 wt %, and a decrease of mass loss rate by 0.7%/°C compared with pure ABS. Scanning electronic microscopy revealed a homogeneous compact intumescent char layer of ABS/EG/APP samples. Based on our experiment and combined with others' previous studies, the synergistic mechanism is inferred. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012