Development of an automated servo-controlled direct shear apparatus applying a constant normal stiffness condition

Correct assessment of the shear strength of rock joints is essential for several rock-engineering projects. The shear behavior of rock joints is usually investigated in the laboratory using a direct shear apparatus, wherein the forces or stresses acting normal to the direction of shear displacement are maintained constant during the shear process. However, this apparatus may be quite inappropriate for situations in which the normal stress on the joint surfaces changes considerably during the shear process. In the present study, an automated servo-controlled direct shear apparatus and computer control system have been developed to automatically accommodate the change in normal stress with dilation under the constant normal stiffness (CNS) boundary condition. A new LabVIEW-based system is used to described the performance of instrument control, data acquisition and storage operations of the new apparatus. The results of the shear tests conducted using the artificially prepared joint specimens show that the normal stiffness has a significant influence on the mechanical behavior of joints during the shear process.     

剪切过程中岩石节理粗糙度分形演化及力学特征

在系统测量和试验的基础上，研究了剪切过程中岩石节理粗糙面的分形特征和岩石节理的力学行为，阐述了岩石节理面分形维数Ｄ和截距Ａ与岩石节理在载荷作用下法向、切向变形以及抗剪强度之间的关系，得出岩石节理在剪切过程中由于表面损伤而引起的表面分维Ｄ和截距Ａ的演化规律。研究表明：分维Ｄ和截距Ａ是描述节理面粗糙性的两个重要的参数。前者反映节理粗糙面的不规则程度，后者则与节理面粗糙体（ａｓｐｅｒｉｔｉｅｓ）的坡度密切相关。仅依据分形维数Ｄ不足以确定岩石节理的粗糙性与岩石节理力学行为之间的关系。在许多情况下，岩石节理的力学性质对截距Ａ的依赖程度大于对分维Ｄ的依赖程度     

Anisotropic surface roughness and shear behaviors of rough-walled plaster joints under constant normal load and constant normal stiffness conditions

In this context,we experimentally studied the anisotropic mechanical behaviors of rough-walled plaster joints using a servo-controlled direct shear apparatus under both constant normal load(CNL)and constant normal stiffness(CNS)conditions.The shear-induced variations in the normal displacement,shear stress,normal stress and sheared-off asperity mass are analyzed and correlated with the inclination angle of the critical waviness of joint surfaces.The results show that CNS condition gives rise to a smaller normal displacement due to the larger normal stress during shearing,compared with CNL condition.Under CNL conditions,there is one peak shear stress during shearing,whereas there are no peak shear stress for some cases and two peaks for other cases under CNS conditions depending on the geometry of joint surfaces.The inclination angle of the critical waviness has been verified to be capable of describing the joint surface roughness and anisotropy.The joint surface is more significantly damaged under CNS conditions than that under CNL conditions.With increment of the inclination angle of the critical waviness,both the normal displaceme nt and shea red-off asperity mass increase,following power law functions;yet the coefficient of deternination under CNL conditions is larger than that under CNS conditions.This is because the CNS condition significantly decreases the inclination angle of the critical waviness during shearing due to the larger degree of asperity degradation.     

非贯通节理Jennings强度准则的岩桥弱化和节理面起伏角修正

 通过对具有不同粗糙程度(以节理面起伏角表示)的共面非贯通人工节理进行不同法向应力水平下的直剪试验,研究节理面起伏角对非贯通节理剪切强度的影响,分析在剪切过程中岩桥力学参数的弱化机制。现有Jennings准则将岩桥视为完整岩块,计算所得的剪切强度与直剪试验结果存在较大偏差。在试验结果的基础上,考虑剪切过程中岩桥力学参数的弱化和节理面起伏角的影响,对Jennings准则进行修正。将修正Jennings准则计算的非贯通节理剪切强度结果与直剪试验结果对比,结果表明：修正Jennings准则的计算结果与试验结果吻合较好,能较好地预测具有规则起伏角的非贯通节理剪切强度。     

基于分形理论构建随机粗糙节理模型的方法研究

粗糙节理三维形貌特征是影响岩体沿节理面剪切力学性质的关键因素.采用3D扫描方法重构巴西劈裂试验得到的砂岩张节理表面形貌模型.根据粗糙节理表面统计自相似性质,引入地形学领域广泛应用的随机分形数字高程模型生成方法,通过调节不同的随机参数d,采用"菱形-正方形"算法迭代生成一系列不同形貌特征的分形粗糙表面数字高程模型,并将其...     

Over-consolidation effect on shear behavior of rock joints

Although many researchers have studied the normal and shear behavior of fractures under stresses, the over-consolidation effect on the slip/shear behavior of discontinuities has not been considered. The over-consolidation behavior of non-planar rock fractures should be considered when deposition–consolidation–erosion (or excavation) sequences occur. Plaster replicas of representative natural rock joint surfaces were prepared for this study. In this case, the surface roughness and other geometrical properties remain constant during the laboratory direct shear tests. It was observed that the shear strength within a large range of roughness, joint wall strength and normal stress values significantly increases with increasing over-consolidation ratio. According to the test results, a new model is developed as an extended form of Barton's shear failure criterion for rock joints. This model considers the effect of various paths of normal loading/unloading before shearing and over-consolidation ratio in a fracture. A new joint over-closure (JOC) parameter is also introduced as the ratio of closure in over-closed to normally closed conditions.     

Nonlinear shear behavior of rock joints using a linearized implementation of the Barton-Bandis model

Experiments on rock joint behaviors have shown that joint surface roughness is mobilized under shearing,inducing dilation and resulting in nonlinear joint shear strength and shear stress vs.shear displacement behaviors.The Barton-Bandis(B-B) joint model provides the most realistic prediction for the nonlinear shear behavior of rock joints.The B-B model accounts for asperity roughness and strength through the joint roughness coefficient(JRC) and joint wall compressive strength(JCS) parameters.Nevertheless,many computer codes for rock engineering analysis still use the constant shear strength parameters from the linear Mohr-Coulomb(M-C) model,which is only appropriate for smooth and non-dilatant joints.This limitation prevents fractured rock models from capturing the nonlinearity of joint shear behavior.To bridge the B-B and the M C models,this paper aims to provide a linearized implementation of the B-B model using a tangential technique to obtain the equivalent M-C parameters that can satisfy the nonlinear shear behavior of rock joints.These equivalent parameters,namely the equivalent peak cohesion,friction angle,and dilation angle,are then converted into their mobilized forms to account for the mobilization and degradation of JRC under shearing.The conversion is done by expressing JRC in the equivalent peak parameters as functions of joint shear displacement using proposed hyperbolic and logarithmic functions at the pre-and post-peak regions of shear displacement,respectively.Likewise,the pre-and post-peak joint shear stiffnesses are derived so that a complete shear stress-shear displacement relationship can be established.Verifications of the linearized implementation of the B-B model show that the shear stress-shear displacement curves,the dilation behavior,and the shear strength envelopes of rock joints are consistent with available experimental and numerical results.     

随机形貌岩石节理剪切数值模拟和非线性剪胀模型

 采用满足正态分布的随机函数,构造岩石节理剖面的形貌,为研究受剪岩石节理的细观剪切特性和宏观剪胀效应提供研究基础。利用UDEC软件,基于CY微段节理模型,开发随机形貌岩石节理直剪特性的数值分析程序,采用CY微段节理模型的细观剪切力学参数,探讨微段节理的细观剪切特性和岩石节理的宏观剪切响应,提出节理抗剪强度参数与节理面粗糙度系数JRC之间的拟合关系。得到如下结论：JRC越大,岩石节理的宏观剪切峰值强度和剪胀角随之增大,而峰值剪切位移与JRC成反变化关系;随着法向应力的增加,节理的剪胀效应逐渐减弱;这些数值结论得到模型实验的充分验证。微段节理的细观切向爬坡和剪胀效应是岩石节理产生宏观剪胀的细观力学机制。通过对随机形貌岩石节理的宏观剪胀数值曲线性态进行分析,提出能考虑节理粗糙度JRC和法向应力影响的非线性剪胀本构模型,该模型较好描述了受剪岩石节理的剪缩段和剪胀段。     

不同接触状态岩石节理的剪切力学性质试验研究

除粗糙度外,节理上、下面壁的接触状态是影响其剪切力学性质的重要因素。采用水泥砂浆制备若干不同形貌的节理,对其上、下面壁沿剪切方向错开不同的位移量、形成不同的接触状态以模拟不同偶合度的节理,在常法向应力条件下进行试验研究。试验结果表明:峰值剪切强度随错开位移量的增加而呈非线性减少,但错开位移对峰值剪切强度的影响随法向应力的增加而减弱;峰值剪切位移随错开位移量的增加逐步变大;剪切刚度随错开位移量的增加逐步减少直至某一恒定值,且在高法向应力下错开位移量对剪切刚度的影响更为明显。采用几种不同的简单函数分析峰值剪切强度与错开位移量之间的关系,在偶合节理峰值剪切强度准则的基础上提出不同接触状态节理的峰值剪切强度准则。与已有的准则相比,新准则采用的描述节理接触状态的参数易于确定且更为客观。     

岩石节理剪切过程中应力与渗流特性的数值模拟

 岩石节理剪切过程中应力与渗流特性受节理法向条件的影响很大。在岩石节理表面形状三维数值化表达的基础上,首先建立岩石节理剪切过程中力学与渗流的计算模型;接着,应用GIS技术,模拟分析不同法向条件(固定应力、固定刚度)下节理的剪切过程,获得节理剪切过程中应力与渗流特性的变化规律。结果表明,法向应力、裂隙张开度、渗透系数均随着剪切位移的增加而逐渐增加,整个剪切过程渗透系数增加了两个量级左右;而剪应力的变化却受法向条件的影响,剪应力在出现峰值后快速下降,而后固定应力条件下剪应力很快趋于一个稳定的值,而固定刚度条件下剪应力却又缓慢上升。     

An approach to measure infill matric suction of irregular infilled rock joints under constant normal stiffness shearing

Rock joints infilled with sediments can strongly influence the strength of rock mass. As infilled joints often exist under unsaturated condition, this study investigated the influence of matric suction of infill on the overall joint shear strength. A novel technique that allows direct measurement of matric suction of infill using high capacity tensiometers (HCTs) during direct shear of infilled joints under constant normal stiffness (CNS) is described. The CNS apparatus was modified to accommodate the HCT and the procedure is explained in detail. Joint specimens were simulated by gypsum plaster using three-dimensional (3D) printed surface moulds, and filled with kaolin and sand mixture prepared at different water contents. Shear behaviours of both planar infilled joints and rough joints having joint roughness coefficients (JRCs) of 8–10 and 18–20 with the ratios of infill thickness to asperity height (t/a) equal to 0.5 were investigated. Matric suction shows predominantly unimodal behaviour during shearing of both planar and rough joints, which is closely associated with the variation of unloading rate and volumetric changes of the infill material. As expected, two-peak behaviour was observed for the rough joints and both peaks increased with the increase of infill matric suction. The results suggest that the contribution of matric suction of infill on the joint peak normalised shear stress is relatively independent of the joint roughness.     

基于三维形貌参数的偶合节理峰值抗剪强度公式

 节理表面形貌是影响节理峰值抗剪强度的重要因素,采用人工模拟材料节理分别在0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0,3.0 MPa的法向应力下进行直剪试验,研究三维形貌参数与峰值抗剪强度之间的关系。选用节理面有效三维平均倾角 、粗糙度系数 、最大可能接触面积比 作为表征节理面粗糙度的参数。直剪试验前、后采用TJXW–3D型便携式岩石表面形貌测量仪对节理表面进行形貌数据测试;根据直剪试验结果建立节理峰值剪胀角与三维形貌参数 , , 之间的关系;建议采用新的强度准则计算节理的峰值抗剪强度。新公式的计算结果与试验值具有较好的一致性,并将其与Barton公式的计算结果进行比较,可知Barton公式的计算结果低于试验实测值。     

节理峰值抗剪强度试验研究

 节理的三维形貌特征是影响节理剪切力学行为的重要因素。为了深入研究三维形貌特征对岩石节理峰值抗剪强度的影响,制备花岗岩和红砂岩人工劈裂岩石节理试样,并在常法向应力条件下进行了两种岩样节理的直剪试验,法向应力变化范围为0.325～8.0 MPa。在直剪试验前对节理表面形貌进行测量,并计算其三维形貌参数最大接触面积比A0、最大有效剪切倾角 和粗糙度参数C。通过对三维形貌参数和直剪试验结果的分析,基于三维形貌参数最大有效剪切倾角 和粗糙度参数C,建立了节理峰值抗剪强度模型。最后,引用Grasselli的30组直剪试验数据对模型进行验证计算,并结合本文的20组试验数据与Grasselli和夏才初的节理强度模型进行对比分析,结果表明新模型有合理的改进,而且能够很好的预测节理的峰值抗剪强度。     

岩石节理剪切渗流耦合试验及分析

节理岩体内渗流的发生主要是通过断裂节理网络产生,节理面的几何特性和受力特征决定和影响着节理裂隙的渗透性质,从而极大地影响着水下隧道及地下硐室中的渗流。应用自行研制开发的试验设备(岩石节理单一剪切-渗流试验机(SMT-E-4010)),在恒定法向荷载和恒定法向刚度的边界条件下,对不同接触状态下的岩石断裂节理试件分别进行一系列节理的剪切渗流耦合试验,研究剪切过程中力学性质、水力学性质的变化情况;同时,结合立方准则对试验数据进行分析讨论。试验结果表明:节理力学性质,水力开度和透过率在剪切过程中呈现出两阶段的变化性质。     

新的岩石节理粗糙度指标研究

首先,基于节理轮廓线提出一个剪切粗糙度指标(SRI),新指标由3个粗糙度参数构成,描述节理平均起伏度、起伏的方向性、起伏分布特点以及粗糙的分形特性,并建立新指标与JRC之间的拟合关系。其次,基于三角形面积单元离散的三维节理面,将剪切粗糙度指标推广到三维形式,从而使得新指标能够描述节理的三维形貌特征。最后,以张拉型花岗岩节理作为算例,计算结果表明新指标能较好地反映节理的各向异性粗糙特性。新指标物理意义明确,计算方便,能够表征节理的主要粗糙特性,为进一步研究岩石节理的剪切力学特性奠定基础,具有重要的理论意义。     

Effect of roughness on the shear behavior of rock joints subjected to impact loading

The shear behavior is regarded as the dominant property of rock joints and is dramatically affected by the joint surface roughness. To date, the effect of surface roughness on the shear behavior of rock joints under static or cyclic loading conditions has been extensively studied, but such effect under impact loading conditions keeps unclear. To address this issue, a series of impact shear tests was performed using a novel-designed dynamic experimental system combined with the digital image correlation (DIC) technique. The dynamic shear strength, deformability and failure mode of the jointed specimens with various joint roughness coefficients (JRC) are comprehensively analyzed. Results show that the shear strength and shear displacement characteristics of the rock joint under the impact loading keep consistent with those under static loading conditions. However, the temporal variations of shear stress, slip displacement and normal displacement under the impact loading conditions show obviously different behaviors. An elastic rebound of the slip displacement occurs during the impact shearing and its value increases with increasing joint roughness. Two identifiable stages (i.e. compression and dilation) are observed in the normal displacement curves for the rougher rock joints, whereas the joints with small roughness only manifest normal compression displacement. Besides, as the roughness increases, the maximum compression tends to decrease, while the maximum dilation gradually increases. Moreover, the microstructural analysis based on scanning electron microscope (SEM) suggests that the roughness significantly affects the characteristics of the shear fractured zone enclosing the joint surface.     

岩石结构面力学原型试验相似材料研究

基于岩体结构面抗剪强度机制及相似材料的选择原则和要求,研制以高强水泥、硅粉、高效减水剂、标准砂、水等原料混合而成的模拟材料,并利用其制得的试样及结构面模型进行大量物理力学试验的对比分析,研究结果表明:相似材料的抗压强度与原岩结构面相近,调整不同混合材料的配合比,相似材料可以覆盖中低强度的岩石类型;利用相似材料及多尺度试样模具可制作与原岩结构面表面形态及起伏度近似一致的模拟结构面;利用模拟结构面代替原岩结构面进行直剪试验,模拟结构面表面的磨损程度、粗糙度系数衰减规律及破坏形式均与原岩结构面相似,且模拟结构面抗剪强度直剪试验结果与理论计算值相差不大;模拟材料具有物理力学性能稳定、制作方便、成本低廉的优点,可代替原岩结构面进行不同尺寸、可重复性的破坏性试验。     

Laboratory investigation into effect of bolt profiles on shear behaviors of bolt-grout interface under constant normal stiffness (CNS) conditions

Rock bolts have been widely used for stabilizing rock mass in geotechnical engineering. It is acknowledged that the bolt profiles have a sound influence on the support effect of the rock bolting system. Previous studies have proposed some optimal rib parameters (e.g. rib spacing); unfortunately, the interface shear behaviors are generally ignored. Therefore, determination of radial stress and radial displacement on the bolt-grout interface using traditional pull-out tests is not possible. The load-bearing capacity and deformation capacity vary as bolt profiles differ, suggesting that the support effect of the bolting system can be enhanced by optimizing bolt profiles. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of bolt profiles (with/without ribs, rib spacing, and rib height) on the shear behaviors between the rock bolt and grout material using direct shear tests. Thereby, systematic interfacial shear tests with different bolt profiles were performed under both constant normal load (CNL) and constant normal stiffness (CNS) boundary conditions. The results suggested that rib spacing has a more marked influence on the interface shear behavior than rib height does, in particular at the post-yield stage. The results could facilitate our understanding of bolt-grout interface shear behavior under CNS conditions, and optimize selection of rock bolts under in situ rock conditions.     

Evaluating damage during shear tests of rock joints using acoustic emissions

The acoustic emission (AE) signals generated during direct shear test were evaluated on different types of joints (rock–rock, rock–concrete and concrete–concrete). Several boreholes were cored from a dam body, rock mass and interface between dam and rock mass, and the samples were prepared and tested under direct shear test. A laser profilometer scanner was used for scanning the joint surfaces in order to assess surface roughness. By correlating the AE signals with the shear graphs one can predict the starting point of shearing during direct shear test. Count and energy parameters were analyzed in two different methods to monitor the shear behavior of the joints: a graph of the count and energy rates, and a graph of cumulative count and energy. Four separated periods were observed for bonded and non-bonded joints: linear pre-peak period, non-linear pre-peak period, post peak period and residual period. This study showed that AE has enough accuracy to monitor the shear behavior of the joints and it can be used in site confidently.