Adaptive non-communication protection for power lines BO scheme3-The accelerated operation approach

This paper presents the accelerated operation scheme of the adaptive noncommunication protection technique for power lines with complex configurations, such as multi-end feeders and ring mains. In the scheme, the overcurrent directional relays are arranged in two operating modes, the fixed time operation and accelerated operation. The relays with faster operating time in the conventional time grading coordination remain unchanged. The new technique is employed to enable accelerated operation to be achieved for the relays which are in the positions for which slow operating time is set when using conventional time grading technique. For a fault occurring on the protected system, the relays of fixed time operation mode will operate at the preset time for the fault within its protected direction. The relays which are programmed to use accelerated operation mode will determine whether a fault is on the protected section or not by using the BO technique, that is to detect the circuit breaker operation by determining whether the line section is in a balanced operation condition or not. The relay makes accelerated tripping decisions for a fault on its protected section. Simulation studies of the responses to various system and fault conditions show that the scheme can significantly increase the speed of the relay responses in the protection of power line systems with complex configurations     

Adaptive noncommunication protection of double-circuit line systems

This paper presents a new technique for noncommunication protection of double-circuit lines. In the technique, the sequence and superimposed signals are used to detect the remote circuit breaker (CB) operation, from which it is to be determined whether a fault inside the protected section can be derived. Extensive simulation studies with respect to typical double-circuit transmission-line systems show that the proposed technique is able to rapidly and correctly determine whether a fault is inside the protected line section without the need for communication links.     

Adaptive non-communication protection for power lines BO scheme1-The delayed operation approach

This paper proposes a new technique in power line protection, the "adaptive non-communication protection". In this technique, protection relays make operate or restraint decisions, adapting to system and fault conditions, without the need for communication links. Operation without communication links to signal the remote end relay is achieved by the detection and identification of the operation of the circuit breaker at the remote end of the protected line section. An algorithm based on symmetric components is proposed to detect and identify the balance condition of the power system during the fault. The paper is focused on one of the three protection schemes based on the new technique, the delayed operation scheme. Simulation studies carried out for various power systems and fault conditions have demonstrated its feasibility     

A new non-communication protection technique for transmission lines

This paper proposes a new noncommunication protection technique for transmission line protection. The technique relies on firstly the detection of fault generated high frequency current transient signals. A specially designed multi-channel filter unit is then applied to the captured signals to extract desired bands of high frequency signals. Comparison between the spectral energies of different bands of the filter outputs determines whether a fault is internal or external to the protected zone. In addition to the saving in costs through negating the need for a communication link, the technique also retains many advantages of the `transient based protection' technology, such as insensitivity to fault type, fault position, fault path resistance and fault inception angle. It is also not affected by CT saturation, the power frequency short-circuit level at the terminating busbar or the precise configuration of the source side networks     

快速有选择性的辐射状配电网无通道保护

迄今为止的无通道保护只适用于双端电源线路。对于单电源配电线路，由于无电源侧的保护和断路器不会动作，该保护失去了动作依据。针对这个问题，文中提出了无电源侧的故障检测原理和基于该原理的无通道保护方案。使用新保护，当有电源或无电源一侧的断路器首先跳闸后，另一侧的继电器将根据检测到的网络变量加速本端动作，从而将故障线路从两端切除。对于一个典型的开环系统的仿真研究表明：所提出的无电源端的故障检测原理和保护方案是正确的；一个6段线路的系统最长保护动作时间不超过1．5s。     

转换性故障下无通道保护动作性能分析

无通道保护利用故障线路对端断路器跳闸引起本端非故障相电流为0作为保护动作判据,但是转换性故障发生后,这个条件可能遭到破坏,从而影响无通道保护的正确动作.文中结合RTDS试验结果对不同的转换性故障和不同的故障转换时间进行了分析研究,结果表明:无通道保护在绝大多数转换性故障情况下都能正确动作,但在转换性故障发生后,如果在保护区内ABC三相上都有故障,不管是对称故障还是不对称故障,无通道保护将拒动;而转换性故障的转换时间不影响无通道保护的正确动作.     

配电线路无通道保护研究

针对35 kV及以下中低压配电网中三段式电流保护动作速度慢、快速保护范围有限的缺点,提出了利用单端故障分量的快速保护新原理和构成方案。该保护利用线路对端断路器动作后所造成的本端故障分量的变化来识别保护区内外故障,克服了传统电流保护延时较长的缺点。EMTP仿真结果证明了所提保护的正确性及有效性。     

Analysis of an accelerated trip scheme for faults in the secondzone of protection of a transmission line

An analysis of a scheme of accelerated trips for faults in the second zone of a transmission line distance protection system is given. By the use of the two-port network theory, variations of the sequence currents and voltages are analyzed when the fault occurs on the protected line followed by a trip of the circuit breaker on the other side. The analysis is supported by tests performed on a laboratory model of a power system. The new scheme can improve sensitivity and avoid improper operation. Thus, it may be possible to use this scheme instead of pilot protection and alleviate any problems caused by the nonavailability of a sufficient number of communication channels for remote control and relaying     

Adaptive noncommunication protection based on traveling waves and impedance relay

This paper presents an adaptive noncommunication approach for line protections that are able to classify the fault as internal or external with respect to the relay protection zone for most of the faults in radial lines and for all faults in meshed networks. Basically, with a combination of the current traveling waves detected at the relay location due to fault and open switching operations with apparent impedance seen by relay, the remote breaker operation is detected and the faulted line is identified. The protection developed is selective and is not affected by power system oscillations. The system was simulated with the MICROTRAN, the results showing the feasibility of implementing this algorithm.     

Experimental results and technique evaluation based on alienation coefficients for busbar protection scheme

In modern digital power protection systems, statistical coefficients technique is recently used for fault analysis. An alienation technique is developed for busbar protection against all ten types of shunt faults, which may locate in busbar protection zone, under different loading levels, fault resistances and fault inception angle. It does not need any extra equipment as it depends only on the three-line currents measurements, of all feeders connected to the protected busbar, which are mostly available at the relay location. It is able to perform fault detection, fault confirmation, faulty phase selection and determine the fault location in about a half-cycle period. Thus, the alienation technique is well suited for implementation in digital protection schemes. The technique is efficient to detect current transformer saturation conditions without needing any additional algorithm. The effects of DC components and harmonics are eliminated with estimation of alienation coefficients. The proposed scheme is applied for an experimental circuit. LABVIEW program and MATLAB package are used to implement the proposed technique.     

Communication-based Adaptive Protection for Distribution Systems Penetrated with Distributed Generators

In this article, a communication-based adaptive over-current protection scheme for distribution systems penetrated with distributed generators is proposed. A communication network between the over-current relays, the distributed generators, and the utility grid is employed to automatically update the settings of the protective relays. Moreover, the communication reliability is increased through the addition of a backup communication system. The proposed scheme has the advantage of operating during grid-connected and islanding modes of operation. The scheme employs two simultaneous algorithms. The first algorithm works when the system configuration is changed due to the connection/disconnection of a distributed generator or the utility grid. The second algorithm efficiently uses the exchanged information between the relays to identify the faulted section and hence speeds up fault clearance. The proposed scheme is tested for difierent fault conditions as well as for different system configurations. The results demonstrated that relay operating times, including the communication delay, are greatly reduced when the faulted section is identified and relay settings are adjusted accordingly. In addition, a negligible time delay was experienced when the backup communication network was put in service.     

输电线路自适应无通道保护(二)——构成方案与仿真试验

为快速切除输电线路任意位置的故障，提出了输电线路自适应无通道保护的构成方案。该方案由利用单端电流信息的延时动作模式和利用单端电压信息的瞬时动作模式组成，保护能够自动适应不同的故障类型和电力系统结构，选择相应的动作模式，从而瞬时或经过短暂的延时切除区内故障。理论分析和EMTP仿真试验结果证明：所提保护方案是完整、有效的。     

A new protection scheme for fault detection, direction discrimination, classification, and location in transmission lines

This paper presents a new adaptive fault protection scheme for transmission lines using synchronized phasor measurements. The work includes fault detection, direction discrimination, classification, and location. Both fault-detection and fault-location indices are derived by using two-terminal synchronized measurements incorporated with distributed line model and modal transformation theory. The fault-detection index is composed of two complex phasors and the angle difference between the two phasors determines whether the fault is internal or external to the protected zone. The fault types can be classified by the modal fault-detection index. The proposed scheme also combines online parameter estimation to ensure protection scheme performance and achieve adaptive protection. Extensive simulation studies show that the proposed scheme provides a fast relay response and high accuracy in fault location under various system and fault conditions. The proposed method responds very well with regards to dependability, security, and sensitivity (high-resistance fault coverage).     

有分支配电线路无通道保护研究

在无分支配电线路无通道保护的基础上提出了有分支配电线路无通道保护，该保护利用故障发生和被保护线路一端断路器动作跳闸所造成的故障相和非故障相电流的变化，同时利用这个变化所具有的时间特性来判断故障是否发生和确定故障区间，从而实现线路两端的保护相继速动，理论分析和仿真研究结果表明：所提出的保护具有快速性、自适应性等特点，它适用于线路发生各种不对称故障的场合。     

基于功率方向的区域智能配电网保护方案及应用

结合某区域智能配电网的接线形式,提出了一种应用于该配电网的基于功率方向的保护方案。该方案根据系统假定功率方向和网络中各节点的有向连接关系构建网络功率矩阵,将配电网络节点分为环网节点和末端节点,通过环网馈线段或末端馈线段故障时馈线段2端节点的功率方向特性准确定位故障区段,给出故障隔离跳闸策略。介绍了该区域智能配电网保护系统的网络结构,并在该区域智能配电网保护系统上模拟了多重复杂故障算例,分析结果表明该保护系统不需要多级配合,能够最小范围地快速隔离故障,保证配电网供电可靠性.     

基于波形系数的自适应距离保护

为了描述非全波波形畸变程度,提出了波形系数的概念。仿真显示,波形系数与电气量幅值误差有明确的关系。针对目前快速距离保护采用的保护范围反时限特性具有保护范围的开放很保守、不能保证远端故障的快速切除等缺陷,提出了基于波形系数的自适应距离保护方案。故障发生后,实时计算波形系数,并根据波形系数自适应地调整保护的整定值,使保护更好地适应系统的故障状况,而不再采用按时限逐步开放保护范围的做法。     

输电线路虚拟有功功率差动保护

有功功率差动保护在消除线路分布电容影响、应对高阻故障等方面独具优势,但近处金属性故障时的性能缺陷限制了其实际应用。为解决此问题,文中依据叠加原理,提出了虚拟有功功率的概念,并对内、外部故障时线路两端虚拟有功功率的特征进行了分析。以此为基础,提出了分相虚拟有功功率差动保护动作判据,并对其动作特性进行了定性分析。借助PSCAD搭建500kV输电线路模型,全面仿真和评估了不同故障位置、故障类型、过渡电阻、无功元件调整、非同步数据等多种因素对保护方案的影响。理论分析及仿真结果表明,该保护方案可准确辨别故障区间且近处金属性故障无死区,耐过渡电阻能力较强,数据交换量少,同步要求低,无需电容补偿措施。     

一组适合于农网的新颖馈线自动化方案

结合实例详细论述了4种新的基于智能开关设备相互配合的馈线自动化方案及其基本原理：方案1引入合闸速断机制，不需要通信网络、主站和蓄电池，也不必改变主变电站出线开关的速断保护整定值，但是要限制速断保护范围，仅需要一次重合就能实现馈线自动化功能；方案2、方案3均利用分组无线电业务／短信业务(GPRS／SMS)实现馈线自动化，其中方案2不需要限制主变电站出线开关的速断保护范围，但是故障线路对侧电气设备仍需要经历一次故障电流的冲击，方案3的故障线路对侧电气设备不必经历故障电流冲击；方案4利用县级电网调度自动化系统主站和通信网络实现农网馈线自动化。     

An accurate technique for locating faults by distance relays

This paper presents a new protection scheme for improving the performance of the distance protective relays in transmission systems. The determination of fault zone by the proposed scheme is based on data sheared locally with other distance relays at the same station, in addition to a command from the distance relay on the other end of the protected line. Based on analyzing this information the relay decides the correct fault zone. With the proposed scheme, the first zone in the distance relay covers the full length of the protected line while the second zone covers the full length of any line following the protected line irrespective of its length, etc. The scheme is examined against wide range of setting problems of a real part of a HV network with real relay settings. It succeeds in solving distance relay setting problems, e.g. the problem of a long line following a short line or vice versa, low in-feed, open CB at one end and high impedance faults.     

新型广域后备保护方案的研究

对一种新型广域后备保护方案进行研究。该保护利用现代通信网络和时间同步技术,通过对广域范围内的故障电流及开关位置信息的采集和综合分析,判断故障区域和开关动作情况,利用实时网络拓扑图和跳闸函数实现最优后备保护跳闸方案。它不存在传统后备保护中动作时限和动作区域相互配合的问题,能大大缩短保护的整体动作时间,优化后备保护的整体功能。应用实例证明了该保护所具有的优点。