面向不确定数据的概率阈值可见最近邻查询算法

在现实世界中,障碍物的存在影响了查询点到对象的可见性.可见最近邻查询返回到查询点最近的一个可见对象,是时空数据库中的一类重要应用.由于度量设备的误差和隐私保护,很多关于空间对象位置的数据是不确定的.将不确定对象应用到可见最近邻查询中便产生了概率可见最近邻查询,返回成为可见最近邻概率大于0的对象.有些情况下,用户只关心概率超过一定阈值的结果,于是本文提出了概率阈值可见最近邻查询,返回可见最近邻概率超过阈值T的不确定对象,其中阈值T是用户设定的,并且给出了高效的概率阈值可见最近邻查询算法.相比以前的工作,不仅处理了概率和为1的不确定对象,而且处理了概率和小于1的不确定对象;此外,通过引入缺失概率和聚类的概念,提出了高效的过滤技术和快速的批处理技术.最后通过实验验证了本算法的高效性和有效性.     

室内概率阈值反向最近邻查询

室内空间变得越发的庞大和复杂,随之产生了越来越多的室内空间查询需求.目前已有文献提出了针对室内空间环境的范围查询和最近邻查询,而作为常见的空间查询类型的反向最近邻查询,尚未有相关的研究.为此,提出了室内概率阈值反向最近邻查询和基于定位设备的设备可达图模型.在图模型基础上,提出了室内概率阈值反向最近邻查询处理算法,该算法由基于图模型的批量剪枝、基于室内距离的剪枝、基于概率的剪枝和概率计算4部分构成,通过剪枝策略修剪掉不可能出现在结果集中的对象,从而缩小了查询空间,提高了效率.     

一种障碍空间中不确定对象的连续最近邻查询方法

近年来,基于位置的服务获得了越来越广泛的关注,其中最近邻查询是最常用的一种查询方式.测量手段的不准确性以及数据本身的性质导致不确定性在位置数据中普遍存在,这种不确定性会对最近邻查询结果产生影响.空间中障碍物的存在也给空间数据查询带来了挑战.文中研究存在障碍物的空间中不确定对象连续最近邻查询的处理方法,设计了一种剪枝策略大幅降低需要计算的不确定对象数目,并进一步提出了障碍空间中不确定对象最近邻查询安全区域的概念及安全区域生成算法.设计了安全区域的索引存储方法.实验结果表明,文章所提出的方法具有良好的效率和可扩展性.     

空间数据库中混合数据组最近邻查询

现有的组最近邻查询方法主要将空间中数据对象抽象为点或线段进行处理。但在现实应用中,仅仅将空间对象抽象为点或者线段,往往会影响查询的精度及效率。针对现有的组最近邻查询方法无法直接有效地处理混合数据组最近邻查询的不足,提出空间数据库中混合数据组最近邻查询方法。首先提出了混合数据Voronoi图的概念和性质。接着基于混合数据Voronoi图对混合数据集进行剪枝,针对查询对象数量为1和查询对象数量大于1的情况分别给出了相应的剪枝算法。利用所提的剪枝算法能有效去除不可能成为结果的数据对象,得到候选集合。在精炼过程中根据各个数据对象之间的位置关系给出相应的距离计算方法,通过比较候选集中数据对象到各个查询对象的距离之和,最终得到正确的查询结果。理论研究和实验表明,所提算法能够准确、有效地处理混合数据组最近邻查询问题。     

一种新的不确定性时间序列概率相似查找方法

针对传统的数据管理中的数据表示、存储与索引、查询与挖掘等所有技术, 不能直接应用于不确定性时间序列数据的相似性查找的不足. 研究了可用于不确定性时间序列数据的降维表示、索引与剪枝、查找等理论与技术, 针对不确定性时间序列数据结构的复杂性, 首次给出了不确定性时间序列上的概率最近邻的定义; 将不确定性时间序列进行了PLA降维, 转换到PLA空间, 并提出了三个引理, 用以加速查找效率; 基于该三个引理, 提出了概率K最近邻查找算法PKNNS. 通过实验, 验证了PKNNS算法的有效性和效率.     

不确定性对象的反向最近邻查询

多数不确定性对象的反向近邻查询不能明确回答某个不确定性对象是否为查询对象的反向最近邻,针对该问题,提出概率反向最近邻查询的概念,设计不确定性对象的概率反向最近邻查询的索引结构,给出一种基于该结构的不确定性对象的反向最近邻查询算法。     

GRkNN:空间数据库中组反k最近邻查询

反k最近邻(Reverse k-Nearest-Neighbor,RkNN)查询是在k最近邻(k-Nearest-Neighbor,kNN)查询问题的基础上产生的,获得将查询对象作为kNN的数据对象集合,RkNN可以用于评价查询对象的影响力.根据实际应用中需要查询一组对象的RkNN,如评价连锁店或商业区的影响.文中提出了针对空间数据库的组反k最近邻(Group RkNN,GRkNN)的概念,并设计了相关算法.查询点集合是一组邻近的空间对象,计算查询对象的最小覆盖圆,将最小覆盖圆中的对象作为一个整体进行过滤,设计了基于R树的剪枝方法,通过提炼获取了最终的GRkNN结果.针对真实数据集进行的大量实验表明,提出的GRkNN算法的效率明显优于目前最好的RkNN算法.     

路网环境中关于模糊组最近邻问题的研究

为了解决路网环境中传统的组最近邻查询无法支持用户不确定搜索的问题,在组最近邻查询的基础上引入了“模糊”因子来描述用户查询的不确定性,并提出了四种不同的算法,其中朴素的全局搜索算法利用了Dijkstra 算法的特性来处理不确定性,多维向量算法和V-Tree 算法在此基础上通过缩小搜索空间进一步优化,最后提出的近似算法在牺牲了一定正确率的前提下进一步提高了查询效率。通过在真实路网数据集上的大量实验,总结归纳了不同算法的优势,并充分验证了各个算法的合理性与实用性。     

一种面向不确定对象的可见k近邻查询算法

真实世界中,常存在很多障碍物,影响空间对象到查询点的可见性及距离,可见k近邻查询查找距查询点最近的k个可见对象,是时空查询领域的一类重要算法.由于度量设备误差以及通信开销的限制等因素,空间对象位置不确定因素广泛存在.文中拟对不确定对象执行可见k近邻查询,提出了概率可见k近邻(PVkNN)查询,即查找前k个成为查询点最近邻居概率最大的节点.为了高效地执行这一查询,文中提出了k-界限剪枝方法,基于可见质心的紧缩过滤以及对不可见对象的剪枝策略,从空间角度过滤掉不符合条件的对象.为避免对候选集合中每个对象的概率都进行精确计算,从概率角度提出了根据概率上下限来对候选集合进行进一步的求精方法,采用近似采样技术来获取可见区域的比例,实现了对PVkNN的高效计算.采用真实和模拟数据集设计实验,充分验证了算法的效率和精度.     

基于查询集空间分布的聚合最近邻查询算法

聚合最近邻查询涉及到多个查询对象,因此比传统最近邻查询更复杂,而且其查询集空间分布特征暗含了查询集聚合最近邻的区域分布信息。充分考虑查询集分布特征,给出了利用分布特征指导聚合最近邻搜索的方法,并以此提出了一种新的聚合最近邻查询算法——AM算法。AM算法能动态地捕捉并利用查询集空间分布特征,使得对数据点的搜索按正确的次序进行,避免对不必要数据点的搜索。最后通过实验验证了AM算法的高效性。     

Nearest Neighbor Queries in Shared-Nothing Environments

In this paper, we propose an efficient solution to the problem of nearest neighbor query processing in declustered spatial databases. Recently a branch-and-bound nearest neighbor finding (BB-NNF) algorithm has been designed to process nearest neighbor queries in R-trees. However, this algorithm is strictly serial (branch-and-bound oriented) and its performance degrades, during processing of a nearest neighbor query, if applied to a parallel environment, since it does not exploit any kind of parallelization. We develop an efficient query processing strategy for parallel nearest neighbor finding (P-NNF), assuming a shared nothing multi-processor architecture, where the processors communicate via a network. In our method, the relevant sites are activated simultaneously. In order to achieve this goal, statistical information is used. The efficiency measure is the response time of a given query. Experimental results, based on real-life and synthetic datasets, show that the proposed method outperforms the branch-and-bound method by factors.     

Spatial query processing for fuzzy objects

Range and nearest neighbor queries are the most common types of spatial queries, which have been investigated extensively in the last decades due to its broad range of applications. In this paper, we study this problem in the context of fuzzy objects that have indeterministic boundaries. Fuzzy objects play an important role in many areas, such as biomedical image databases and GIS communities. Existing research on fuzzy objects mainly focuses on modeling basic fuzzy object types and operations, leaving the processing of more advanced queries largely untouched. In this paper, we propose two new kinds of spatial queries for fuzzy objects, namely single threshold query and continuous threshold query, to determine the query results which qualify at a certain probability threshold and within a probability interval, respectively. For efficient single threshold query processing, we optimize the classical R-tree-based search algorithm by deriving more accurate approximations for the distance function between fuzzy objects and the query object. To enhance the performance of continuous threshold queries, effective pruning rules are developed to reduce the search space and speed up the candidate refinement process. The efficiency of our proposed algorithms as well as the optimization techniques is verified with an extensive set of experiments using both synthetic and real datasets.     

不确定数据上范围受限的最近邻查询算法

不确定数据的查询处理是数据库领域近年来的热点研究课题.提出一种不确定数据上的范围受限的最近邻查询.给定不确定数据集D={o1,o2,…,on},范围约束R是一个简单多边形,q为一固定的查询点,范围受限的最近邻查询返回的是在数据集D中,既满足范围约束R,又能成为查询点q的最近邻的对象集合.为处理该查询,提出了范围受限的最近邻核心集的概念和范围受限的最近邻核心集的查找算法.并提出一种计算范围受限的最近邻候选集的优化方法,降低了查询代价.最后通过实验验证了该算法的有效性.     

Visible Reverse k-Nearest Neighbor Query Processing in Spatial Databases

Reverse nearest neighbor (RNN) queries have a broad application base such as decision support, profile-based marketing, resource allocation, etc. Previous work on RNN search does not take obstacles into consideration. In the real world, however, there are many physical obstacles (e.g., buildings) and their presence may affect the visibility between objects. In this paper, we introduce a novel variant of RNN queries, namely, visible reverse nearest neighbor (VRNN) search, which considers the impact of obstacles on the visibility of objects. Given a data set P, an obstacle set O, and a query point q in a 2D space, a VRNN query retrieves the points in P that have q as their visible nearest neighbor. We propose an efficient algorithm for VRNN query processing, assuming that P and O are indexed by R-trees. Our techniques do not require any preprocessing and employ half-plane property and visibility check to prune the search space. In addition, we extend our solution to several variations of VRNN queries, including: 1) visible reverse k-nearest neighbor (VRkNN) search, which finds the points in P that have q as one of their k visible nearest neighbors; 2) delta-VRkNN search, which handles VRkNN retrieval with the maximum visible distance delta constraint; and 3) constrained VRkNN (CVRkNN) search, which tackles the VRkNN query with region constraint. Extensive experiments on both real and synthetic data sets have been conducted to demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of our proposed algorithms under various experimental settings.     

Probabilistic nearest neighbor query processing on distributed uncertain data

A nearest neighbor (NN) query, which returns the most similar object to a user-specified query object, plays an important role in a wide range of applications and hence has received considerable attention. In many such applications, e.g., sensor data collection and location-based services, objects are inherently uncertain. Furthermore, due to the ever increasing generation of massive datasets, the importance of distributed databases, which deal with such data objects, has been growing. One emerging challenge is to efficiently process probabilistic NN queries over distributed uncertain databases. The straightforward approach, that each local site forwards its own database to the central server, is communication-expensive, so we have to minimize communication cost for the NN object retrieval. In this paper, we focus on two important queries, namely top-k probable NN queries and probabilistic star queries, and propose efficient algorithms to process them over distributed uncertain databases. Extensive experiments on both real and synthetic data have demonstrated that our algorithms significantly reduce communication cost.     

一种局部相关不确定数据库快照集合上的概率频繁最近邻算法

局部相关空间不确定数据越来越受到许多实际应用的关注.提出了一种新颖的定义在不确定数据库的多个快照上的概率频繁近邻查询,目的是在多个快照数据上找到以一定概率频繁成为查询点最近邻的那些对象.应用现有的基于传统数据和基于不确定数据上的近邻查询算法直接处理这种查询会产生昂贵的开销.为了很好地解决这一问题,提出了一般的处理框架,...     

基于空间近邻查询的移动医疗呼叫算法

随着大数据时代的到来，传统的计算机因为单机资源有限、运行速度慢、分布式处理支持差，已满足不了现行的医疗体系中的大数据处理需求，基于时空数据的移动医疗呼叫系统方法可以很好地解决这些问题。在移动云计算环境下研究[k]最近邻查询算法是当前一个热点问题，支持可扩展和分布式的空间数据索引对于kNN查询的效率影响很大，目前已有的查询算法不适合并行化或者会导致内容冗余。将MapReduce分布式处理技术与空间kNN查询方法相结合，设计可以快速检索到满足用户查询需求的医生位置信息的移动医疗呼叫算法。提出并构建了一个新的分布式空间数据索引方法：倒排Voronoi图索引，它将倒排索引和Voronoi图索引进行结合；提出了一种基于MapReduce的利用Voronoi图来处理kNN查询的高效算法，其在分布式环境下可以有效提高查询效率；用真实的和仿真的数据集来进行大量实验评估，实验结果表明所提出的方法具有良好的高效性和可扩展性。     

Efficient processing of probabilistic reverse nearest neighbor queries over uncertain data

Reverse nearest neighbor (RNN) search is very crucial in many real applications. In particular, given a database and a query object, an RNN query retrieves all the data objects in the database that have the query object as their nearest neighbors. Often, due to limitation of measurement devices, environmental disturbance, or characteristics of applications (for example, monitoring moving objects), data obtained from the real world are uncertain (imprecise). Therefore, previous approaches proposed for answering an RNN query over exact (precise) database cannot be directly applied to the uncertain scenario. In this paper, we re-define the RNN query in the context of uncertain databases, namely probabilistic reverse nearest neighbor (PRNN) query, which obtains data objects with probabilities of being RNNs greater than or equal to a user-specified threshold. Since the retrieval of a PRNN query requires accessing all the objects in the database, which is quite costly, we also propose an effective pruning method, called geometric pruning (GP), that significantly reduces the PRNN search space yet without introducing any false dismissals. Furthermore, we present an efficient PRNN query procedure that seamlessly integrates our pruning method. Extensive experiments have demonstrated the efficiency and effectiveness of our proposed GP-based PRNN query processing approach, under various experimental settings.     

面向移动对象的高效组最近邻居查询方法

组最近邻居查询是移动对象数据库重要的查询类型之一。本文提出了一种基于网格索引结构的剪枝搜索策略,将空间区域划分为网格,通过对象点的网格单元标识减少组最近邻居查询所需要的节点访问代价。用步长迭代法得到查询对象集的质心,提出了一种移动对象组最近邻居查询MOGNN算法,采用更精确的裁剪搜索空间准则,减少了查询所需要访问的节点数目。实验结果与分析表明,基于网格索引的MOGNN查询算法具有良好的查询性能。