27CrMo27S钢奥氏体连续冷却转变曲线

利用膨胀法结合金相-硬度法，在Gleeble-3800热模拟机上测定了27CrMo27S钢的临界点Ac1、Ac3以及Ms；测定了该钢在不同冷却速度下连续冷却时的膨胀曲线，获得了连续冷却转变曲线（CCT曲线）；研究了冷却速度对该钢组织及硬度的影响。结果表明在相当低的冷却速度范围内可获得贝氏体组织。当冷却速度小于1℃／s，转变产物为铁素体、珠光体和贝氏体（F＋P＋B），当冷却速度为1～6℃／s时转变产物是铁索体和贝氏体（F＋B），当冷却速度为8-24℃／s时转变产物是贝氏体和马氏体（B＋M），当冷却速度大于24℃／s时，转变产物为完全马氏体（M）。该钢种动态CCT曲线的测定可为生产实践和新工艺的制定提供一定的参考依据。     

含Nb微合金低碳钢奥氏体连续冷却转变行为

用MMS-300型热力模拟试验机研究了含铌微合金低碳钢奥氏体连续冷却过程的相变规律,用热膨胀法结合金相法建立了实验钢变形和未变形奥氏体的连续冷却转变曲线(CCT),研究了加速冷却和热变形对组织转变的影响。结果表明:同静态CCT曲线相比,实验钢的动态CCT曲线整体向左上方移动,随冷却速度的增大,γ→α相变开始温度逐渐降低;高温变形促进铁素体和珠光体相变,同时抑制了贝氏体相变,扩大了铁素体转变区;奥氏体变形对贝氏体转变有双重作用:当冷速较低时,变形抑制贝氏体相变;冷速较高时变形促进贝氏体相变。     

HSLA钢连续冷却过程的相变与组织研究

在Gleeble—1500热模拟试验机上研究了20SiMn3NiA钢在不同连续冷却条件下相和组织变化,用热膨胀法测定了该钢的连续冷却转变曲线（动态CCT曲线）。研究结果表明,20SiMn3NiA钢中的Mn、Ni、Si等合金元素能有效地阻止铁素体和珠光体的形成,故20SiMn3NiA钢的过冷奥氏体连续冷却转变曲线只有马氏体和贝氏体相变区。当临界冷却速度大于1℃／s时,20SiMn3NiA钢就可以获得板条状马氏体组织,且随着冷却速度的增大,马氏体组织变得越来越细。与静态CCT曲线相比,形变使动态CCT曲线的Ms点升高,奥氏体稳定性降低,形变细化了马氏体和贝氏体组织,使20SiMn3NiA钢在1℃／s的冷却速率下产生较高的强度。     

20Cr1Mo1V钢CCT曲线的测定与分析

在Gleeble-3800热模拟机上测定了20Cr1Mo1V钢以不同冷却速度连续冷却时的膨胀曲线,结合金相-硬度法获得了该钢的连续冷却转变曲线(动态CCT曲线)。根据测得的CCT曲线,分析以不同冷却速度连续转变时的组织转变;阐明冷却速度与组织的演变以及硬度变化的关系。结果表明:当冷却速度为10~25℃/s时,获得贝氏体;动态CCT曲线的测定为生产实践和新工艺的制定提供了参考。     

新型槽帮钢的连续冷却转变曲线及微观组织

采用膨胀仪、光学显微镜和维氏硬度计研究新型槽帮钢的连续冷却转变行为，获得连续冷却转变(CCT)曲线。结果表明，CCT曲线存在高温铁素体-珠光体转变区、中温贝氏体转变区和低温马氏体转变区。随着冷却速度的增大，室温硬度不断提高，微观组织由铁素体-珠光体向贝氏体和马氏体过渡，最终形成单一马氏体组织。在实测冷却曲线中，当冷却速度小于0.14℃/s时，组织主要为高温铁素体-珠光体转变区；当冷却速度为0.14～0.81℃/s时主要为高温、中温复合转变区，室温组织主要为铁素体、珠光体和贝氏体；当冷却速度为0.81～1.62℃/s时为高温、中温和低温复合转变区，室温组织为铁素体、珠光体、贝氏体和马氏体；当冷却速度为4.05℃/s时为中温、低温两相转变区，高温转变区消失，室温组织为贝氏体和马氏体；当冷却速度高于8.10℃/s时，为马氏体单相转变区。随着冷却速度由0.06℃/s提高到40.5℃/s,微观组织由铁素体-珠光体过渡为贝氏体-马氏体，直至单相马氏体组织，其室温显微硬度由195 HV5(冷速为0.06℃/s)增大到515 HV5(冷速为40.5℃/s)。     

27CrMo27S钢奥氏体连续冷却转变曲线

利用膨胀法结合金相-硬度法,在Gleeble-3800热模拟机上测定了27CrMo27S钢的临界点Ac1、Ac3以及Ms;测定了该钢在不同冷却速度下连续冷却时的膨胀曲线,获得了连续冷却转变曲线(CCT曲线);研究了冷却速度对该钢组织及硬度的影响。结果表明在相当低的冷却速度范围内可获得贝氏体组织。当冷却速度小于1℃/s,转变产物为铁素体、珠光体和贝氏体(F+P+B),当冷却速度为1～6℃/s时转变产物是铁素体和贝氏体(F+B),当冷却速度为8～24℃/s时转变产物是贝氏体和马氏体(B+M),当冷却速度大于24℃/s时,转变产物为完全马氏体(M)。该钢种动态CCT曲线的测定可为生产实践和新工艺的制定提供一定的参考依据。     

高温变形对X100级管线钢相变规律影响

采用热模拟技术对X100管线钢在连续冷却转变下的显微组织的变化规律进行了研究。深入讨论了X100管线钢的CCT曲线及其在不同冷却条件下的相变规律。结果表明,X100管线钢的组织为GB(Granular Bainite)、QF(Polygonal Ferrite)、M/A构成的复相组织,且各相比例和形态对性能影响较大。发现随着冷却速度的提高,在连续冷却转变组织中依次出现多边形铁素体(QF)、粒状贝氏体(GB)、贝氏体铁素体(BF)、板条马氏体(LM)。静态CCT在5~20℃/s冷速区间可得到GB、BF、M/A构成的复相组织,动态CCT的冷却速度大于20℃/s才能得到相应的组织。研究结果表明:高温变形能够扩大相变温度区间,细化相变后晶粒尺寸。高温变形对铁素体相变影响较大,而对贝氏体相变影响较小。     

硼对低碳钢动态CCT曲线和微观组织的影响

在Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机上,对含硼与不含硼低碳钢进行模拟轧制热压缩试验,测定并绘制出连续冷却转变曲线(动态CCT曲线),分析了硼对试验钢动态CCT曲线及其微观组织的影响。结果表明,当在低碳钢中加入0.001%的硼时,其相变过程比无硼低碳钢稳定,并且由于硼元素的作用,铁素体、珠光体得到了有效地抑制,从而使动态CCT曲线右移。加入硼可使贝氏体在较低的冷却速度(0.2℃/s)下形成,因此在同等冷却速度条件下,可以获得更细小的板条状贝氏体组织,同时,获得马氏体的临界冷却速度降低,从而提高了该低碳钢的淬透性。     

C-Mn-Si-Mo系低碳贝氏体钢连续冷却转变曲线

在Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机上对C-Mn-Si-Mo系低碳贝氏体钢进行不同冷却速度的热模拟试验,并对其组织进行观察,以确定该钢的连续冷却转变（CCT）曲线。结果表明,试验钢的马氏体转变临界冷却速度大于20 ℃/s,为得到以贝氏体为主的组织,冷却速度应该控制在5~20 ℃/s之间;Mo的添加使得珠光体转变区和贝氏体转变区分离。     

不同形变条件下非调质钢45MnSiVSQ的连续冷却转变

在Gleeble-3500热模拟机及热膨胀试验仪上测定了45MnSiVSQ钢动态及静态膨胀曲线,并采用切线法结合组织及硬度,测定了试验钢的静态和动态连续冷却转变(CCT)曲线,研究分析了形变温度和冷却速度对非调质钢45MnSiVSQ相变及珠光体片层间距的影响。结果表明:在0.1~3 ℃/s冷却速度范围内,珠光体片层间距随着冷却速度的增大而减小;对比950 ℃的动、静态CCT曲线可知,形变使试验钢相变起始温度有所升高,即相变孕育期缩短,其中对铁素体和珠光体相变区间影响尤为明显,而对贝氏体和马氏体相变区间孕育期的影响较小,表现为动态CCT曲线相比静态CCT曲线向左上方移动;对比不同形变温度下的动态CCT曲线可知,形变温度950 ℃时,贝氏体相变冷速区间为0.5~20 ℃/s,850 ℃形变时的贝氏体相变冷速区间为0.8~10 ℃/s。低温形变更利于铁素体和珠光体相变发生,减少了贝氏体、马氏体等非理想组织出现的机率。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.