Oyster Shell Recycling and Plasma Bone Waste Treatment Using Pyrolysis

Investigations on the recycling plasma pyrolysis technique are presented in 25 kW was employed for the experiments. of oyster shells and bone waste treatment using the this paper. A arc based plasma torch operated at Fresh oyster shells were recycled using the plasma torch to convert them to a useful product such as CaO. Bone waste was treated to remove the infectious organic part and to vitrify the inorganic part. The time required for treatment in both cases was significantly short. Significant reduction in the weight of the samples was observed in both cases.     

Environmental and economic vision of plasma treatment of waste in Makkah

An environmental and economic assessment of the development of a plasma-chemical reactor equipped with plasma torches for the environmentally friendly treatment of waste streams by plasma is outlined with a view to the chemical and energetic valorization of the sustainability in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia(KSA). This is especially applicable in the pilgrimage season in the city of Makkah, which is a major challenge since the amount of waste was estimated at about 750 thousand tons through Arabic Year 1435 H(2015), and is growing at a rate of 3%–5% annually. According to statistics, the value of waste in Saudi Arabia ranges between 8 and 9 billion EUR. The Plasma-Treatment Project(PTP) encompasses the direct plasma treatment of all types of waste(from source and landfill), as well as an environmental vision and economic evaluation of the use of the gas produced for fuel and electricity production in KSA, especially in the pilgrimage season in the holy city Makkah. The electrical power required for the plasmatreatment process is estimated at 5000 kW(2000 kW used for the operation of the system and 3000 kW sold), taking into account the fact that:(1) the processing capacity of solid waste is 100 tons per day(2) and the sale of electricity amounts to 23.8 MW at 0.18 EUR per kWh.(3) The profit from the sale of electricity per year is estimated at 3.27 million EUR and the estimated profit of solid-waste treatment amounts to 6 million EUR per year and(4) the gross profit per ton of solid waste totals 8 million EUR per year. The present article introduces the first stage of the PTP, in Makkah in the pilgrimage season, which consists of five stages:(1) study and treatment of waste streams,(2) slaughterhouse waste treatment,(3) treatment of refuse-derived fuel,(4)treatment of car tires and(5) treatment of slag(the fifth stage associated with each stage from the four previous stages).     

模拟不可燃放射性废物等离子体熔融处理试验研究

在自制的等离子体熔融试验台架上对玻璃纤维、混凝土、土壤的单体玻璃固化配方及三元混合废物玻璃固化配方开展等离子体熔融处理和同位素示踪实验。四种样品在1 100~1 300 ℃条件下熔融1 h均可得到玻璃固化体,经检测,玻璃固化体的密度、抗浸出性能以及机械性能均满足放射性废物玻璃固化体性能要求。示踪实验结果表明,等离子体熔融系统对示踪元素Co、Cs和Sr有较高截留率,且玻璃固化体对Co和Sr的固化能力较高、对Cs固化能力相对较低。在工程应用中,建议在熔融炉系统前端增设造粒等预处理系统,减少物料直接进入烟气净化系统的比例,以提高物料固化效率。     

Decomposition of Glycerine by Water Plasmas at Atmospheric Pressure

High concentration of aqueous glycerine was decomposed using a direct current (DC) plasma torch at atmospheric pressure. The torch can generate the plasma with water as the plasma-supporting gas in the absence of any additional gas supply system and cooling devices. The results indicated that 5 mol% glycerine was completely decomposed by water plasmas at arc powers of 0.55～1.05 kW. The major products in the effluent gas were H 2 (68.9%～71.1%), CO 2 (18.9%～23.0%), and CO (0.2%～0.6%). However, trace levels of formic acid (HCOOH) and formaldehyde (HCHO) were observed in the liquid effluent. The results indicated that the water plasma waste treatment process is capable of being an alternative green technology for organic waste decomposition.     

放射性废物焚烧技术的发展历程和展望

焚烧是放射性废物的主要处理技术之一,同常规废物焚烧技术相比,放射性废物焚烧技术更关注对放射性核素的截留效果、系统的辐射安全和对废物的适应能力。随着废物特性的变化、环保要求的日益严格,焚烧技术也在不断的革新和改进,对塑料、橡胶和树脂等高分子聚合物适应性更强的第三代焚烧技术已成为主流,包括热解焚烧、蒸汽重整焚烧以及等离子体焚烧,分别适用于不同的废物类型。未来放射性废物焚烧技术的发展趋势以整体经济性和满足环保要求为前提,尽量提高废物的整体减容效果,对多种废物的兼容处理,并为满足特殊废物的处理要求开发针对性的焚烧技术。     

特种废物等离子体处理技术的应用与研究

简单介绍了等离子体的基本概念及其热等离子体废物处理技术的基本原理,从几个方面总结介绍了固体废物等离子体处理技术的应用与研究。与常规处理方法相比较,采用热等离子体特种废物处理技术其先进性和优越性得到进一步显现,成为特种废物处理领域最有发展前途,最引人关注的高科技处理技术之一。文章还简单介绍了作者在实验室热等离子体技术工作中的一些实验结果以及核工业西南物理研究院在引进、吸收、消化、发展国外等离子体炬和在研制等离子体炬新型电源方面所做的一些工作。     

日本放射性同位素废物的焚烧处理

介绍了日本放射性同位素废物焚烧设施的工艺系统（包括进料子系统、焚烧子系统和烟气净化及冷却子系统）的主要流程、设备、运行管理,以及焚烧技术的发展方向。     

田湾核电基地废物最小化

田湾核电基地目前有4台WWER核电机组和两台M310改进型核电机组。为了降低待处置固体废物包产生量,满足废物最小化管理目标,田湾核电基地在从源头减少放射性废物的同时,建造了6台机组共用的放射性废物处理中心。采用烘干、超级压实和水泥固定工艺处理放射性废物,配合采用混凝土高完整性容器,在废物包满足近地表处置要求的前提下,各机组每年需要处置的废物量不超过50 m³。具有良好的经济效益和社会效益,对多堆核电厂址的废物最小化有一定的借鉴意义。     

Reactive spark plasma sintering of Cs-exchanged chabazite: characterisation and durability assessment for Fukushima Daiichi NPP clean-up

ABSTRACT

Ion-specific media (ISM) have played an integral role in the clean-up and remediation efforts at the Fukushima Dai-ichi disaster site, through the processing of contaminated wastewaters. The use of these materials generates a secondary nuclear waste stream, presenting its own series of engineering problems arising from stringent handling and long-term storage requirements. A reactive spark plasma sintering (SPS) method was investigated for conditioning of the spent cesium exchanged zeolite, chabazite. A natural form of the zeolite was used as an analogue to the engineered ISM used at the Fukushima NPP site. Simulant wasteforms were sintered using different temperature and pressure parameters followed by analysis of phase assemblage, density, and durability (using the product consistency test (PCT)). The results indicated that zeolite structure had collapsed completely, with the exchanged cesium partitioned primarily into a durable feldspar to assure stability of the sintered material for passively safe storage or geological disposal.     

核电厂放射性固体废物管理系统的研究与开发

目前我国在运核电厂和其他所有堆型（CPR1000、EPR和AP1000）的在建核电厂均缺少一套统一的放射性固体废物管理系统,缺乏对放射性固体废物从产生到最终处置的全周期跟踪管理。根据核电厂的放射性废物管理需求,研制了一套适合于各核电机型的核电厂放射性固体废物管理系统,对废物源项、处理、暂存、运输、处置全过程进行跟踪,使放射性废物管理安全、可控;研发了废物管理跟踪单和数据库,分析了废物管理工艺流程的逻辑关系,根据废树脂、浓缩液、废滤芯、检修废物等处理工艺分别设计了核素计算模型,可推算指定时刻的放射性水平,实现放射性废物数据的深度分析、应用以及对放射性废物安全管理的全过程追踪。研究成果已经在国内部分核电厂使用,有助于提高核电厂的放射性废物管理水平,具有较大的安全和社会意义。同时,该系统记录的数据有助于核电厂实现辐射防护优化设计和放射性废物最小化管理。     

Thermodynamic Study of Water-Steam Plasma Pyrolysis of Medical Waste for Recovery of CO and H2

This paper describes the equilibrium compositions of the typical medical waste under high temperature pyrolysis by a steam plasma torch using the NASA CEA2 program. Various components from selected typical medical waste were input to the program along with the treatment temperature from 1000 K -4100 K. The program then performed the Gibbs free energy calculations and searched for the equilibrium composition with minimizing the total system Gibbs free energy. The calculation results indicate that, the equilibrium composition of a system C-H-O at C/O = 1 in the temperature range of 1400 K - 2000 K has demonstrated that gas composition are CO and H2 mainly, the other components （CO2, C2H4, C2H2, CH4 etc.） is less than 1% by volume and the degree of raw material transformation is about 100%. Comparison with air plasma, the steam plasma treatment will not produce nitrogen oxides, if the materials are free of nitrogen element.     

重水研究堆退役废物再利用研究

实现废物再利用是废物最小化的重要措施之一,从废物流中将有潜在利用价值的物料分离出来实现再利用可大幅减少对环境的影响。本文以中国原子能科学研究院重水研究堆退役为实例研究了放射性废物再利用问题。通过全面分析和计算重水研究堆在退役期间产生的各类废物,得出具有一定数量的物料有潜在的利用价值,可直接或经适当处理后再利用在其他行业领域中。研究表明,通过采取废物最小化控制措施（如废物分类和废物流分离等）,采用适当的去污技术和执行清洁解控要求,至少可使重水研究堆退役过程中产生的几十吨钢铁、10 t铝材和5 t重水实现再利用。     

干法后处理中含氯放射性废熔盐固化方法研究进展

熔盐电解法处理乏燃料产生的废熔盐属于高放废物，该类废熔盐具有水溶性较高、元素复杂、放射性高、腐蚀性强及高挥发性等特点，需要将其封装在结构稳定、耐辐照的固化基材中，形成稳定的耐浸出固体废物，使其与人类生存环境隔绝。由于常规硅酸盐玻璃与氯化物相容性较低，无法直接用于固化废熔盐，因此，需要进行大量研究来寻找合适的固化材料。含氯废盐的处理有两种途径：一是选择合适的基体进行包容处理，常见基体有方钠石、磷灰石或磷酸盐玻璃；二是先把氯化物转化为其他形式化合物，如磷酸盐、氧化物等化合物，再进行固化处理。鉴于我国在该方面的研究起步较晚，本文综述了国内外已经开发的氯化物熔盐废物处理处置方法，介绍了每种方法的原理、路线和性能特点等。     

福岛事故废液滞留和循环处理进程分析

日本福岛事故后,东京电力公司利用福岛第一核电厂原有的反应堆厂房、汽轮机厂房、高温焚烧厂房、工艺主厂房以及新设置的废液净化处理装置和废液贮槽,在现场建立了事故后废液滞留和循环处理系统,基本实现了事故废液的贮存、净化和循环利用。自2011年6月29日开始,东京电力公司约以周为间隔实时发布现场废液积存量/处理状况报告。本文统计了2011年6月29日—2014年1月8日期间先后发布的132份状况报告中有关现场各相关厂房和贮槽内废液积存量的数据,分析了福岛事故后废液滞留和循环处理进程,研究了福岛事故后建立的废液滞留和循环处理系统的组成、功能和运行特点及将其应用于废液滞留和循环处理中的经验与不足,并提出了关于事故后废液包容滞留的若干建议,为我国开展核电厂事故废液包容滞留措施研究提供借鉴。     

Treatment and geological disposal of waste from NET pre-design

Within the European Fusion Technology programs Studsvik RadWaste AB has performed studies on fusion waste treatment and disposal for several years. This paper deals with the treatment and geological disposal of radioactive waste from NET operation and decommissioning. Results from calculations on radioactive waste fluxes for the operation and decommissioning of NET are reported. The calculations are based on the NET predesign report published 1993 and include results for the exchangeable in-vessel and external parts of the machine as well as permanent reactor components. Different aspects of treatment, packaging, transportation, and interim storage of the waste are discussed. The volumes of waste conditioned for final disposal are preliminarily quantified, according to German and Swedish scenarios for radioactive waste disposal. A total repository volume of approximately 45,000 m³ is required in the German Scenario and 35,000 m³ is required in the Swedish Scenario. Results from dose rate calculations for NET waste in final repositories are presented for the Swedish Scenario. This work was financially supported by the Swedish Natural Science Research Council (NFR) and the European Atomic Energy Community, under an association contract between Euratom and Sweden.     

高水平放射性废物处理处置标准分析

本文阐述了我国高水平放射性废物处理处置标准的重要性,对国内外高水平放射性废物处理处置标准现状进行了阐述和分析,针对高放废物处理处置标准体系、高水平放射性废液成份分析、高放废液固化体性能要求及检验方法、高放废物处理处置工程经济及深地质处置等方面的标准化问题进行了研究分析,提出了开展高水平放射性废物处理处置标准化工作的意见和建议。     

放射性废物管理的国际动向

本文概述了放射性废物管理活动的国际新动向:高度重视减少废物量,大力开发退役和去污技术,积极解决废物安全处置,废物处理实行社会化服务,重视质量保证和实现量化管理等。最后,还对我国放射性废物管理工作提出了建议。     

Decomposition of Nitrogen Trifluoride Using Low Power Arc Plasma

The low power arc plasma is characterized by extremely high enthalpy and temperature and it is easy to generate and control,and thus thermal decomposition process based on the plasma torch is receiving a great attention for decomposing non-degradable greenhouse gases.In order to elevate the economic feasibility,the efects of input power,waste gas flow rate and additive gases on the destruction and removal efciency(DRE) of NF3 are examined.Specific energy density(SED) deceases as the flow rate increases,and accordingly,the DRE is reduced.The DRE is basically determined by the specific energy density.The highest DRE of NF3 was 97% for the waste gas flow rate of 100 L/min at a low input power level of 2 kW with the help of hydrogen additional gas.The inlet and outlet concentration of NF3 was analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR) for DRE of NF3 evaluation.As a result,large amount of NF3 can be efciently decomposed by low power arc plasma systems.     

日本放射性同位素固体废物管理

日本将放射性同位素使用过程中产生的放射性废物单独分类,由日本同位素协会负责管理,主要包括废物的分类、收集、暂存、处理等。日本在对放射性同位素废物的处理方面应用了多项技术手段,以实现废物的最小化,结合科技进步不断提高放射性同位素废物的管理和处理技术,同时也注意公众关系的处理。     

无机离子交换材料在放射性废水处理中的应用

综述了用于放射性废水处理的各种无机离子交换材料及其应用,包括沸石、复合离子交换剂、金属亚铁氰化物及铁氰化物、杂多酸盐、多价金属磷酸盐、多价金属（过渡金属）的水合氧化物和氢氧化物、以及两种新型多孔材料——钛硅酸盐晶体和原子簇化合物。以期对我国新型无机离子交换材料的研究有所帮助。