Laser–ultrasonic absorption measurements in low carbon steels

We have refined the contactless laser–ultrasound reverberation technique to measure ultrasonic absorption on small metallic samples. In this technique, a sample is supported by a holder which is ultrasonically decoupled from the sample. A pulsed laser is used to generate an acoustic pulse. After the pulse has mode converted and scattered sufficiently to fully insonify the sample, the decrease in the noise-like ultrasonic signal is recorded as a function of time using a laser-interferometer. A joint time–frequency analysis technique is used to extract an absorption spectrum from the signal. In this paper, the technique is demonstrated in a frequency bandwidth ranging from 1 to 7 MHz, and in a dynamic range of 0.003 to 0.3 dB μs⁻¹. Measurements made on samples of three low-carbon steel grades, namely ultra low carbon (ULC), low carbon (LC), and high strength, low-alloy steels (HSLA), clearly show that ultrasonic absorption varies with steel grade. The technique was utilized to study the effect of a magnetic field on the ultrasonic absorption of an annealed ultra low carbon steel sample. It was found that magnetoelastic effects are responsible for a large fraction of the total absorption.     

Magnetoelastic interactions in a cracked ferromagnetic body

The stress–strain state associated with a moving crack in a ferromagnetic material is investigated. The model considers a soft magnetic ferroelastic body and incorporates a realistic (nonlinear) susceptibility. The moving crack propagates in a direction perpendicular to the magnetic field. A closed-form solution yields the magnetoelastic stresses and a stress intensity factor. An applied magnetic field makes the stress intensity factor depend upon the crack velocity. The nonlinear susceptibility produces a completely different magnetoelastic stress state than a constant susceptibility, and the stress intensity is highly sensitive to material properties. The stresses around the crack are largely insensitive to the external magnetic field and crack speed except at critical combinations for which the stresses are singular. Some combinations of magnetic field and crack velocity cause the stress components ahead of the crack tip to change sign.     

应力和晶粒组织对磁畴动态特性的影响

近年新兴的磁光成像技术,特别是磁畴动态特性可视化技术,为评估铁磁材料的应力状态提供了一种新的磁检测方法。为研究应力和晶粒组织/晶界对磁畴动态特性的影响,通过磁光成像装置,观测取向硅钢片在施加不同的应力和外加磁场时表面磁畴结构的变化。结果表明:应力作用下,附加磁畴数量减少,从点状附加磁畴转变为长条状主磁畴,且应力增加会使主磁畴平均宽度减小,主磁畴完全翻转所需要的磁场减小;外加磁场作用下,可使磁畴向磁场方向转动,磁场强度的增加,使与外加磁场同向的磁畴面积增加。同时,晶粒组织结构和内部的各向异性,以及晶界处的能量和钉扎作用,都会影响磁畴结构和磁畴壁的运动状态。研究结果有助于理清铁磁构件的磁弹耦合效应和磁检测技术的微观物理机制,为提高应力评估的灵敏度和可靠性提供重要的科学依据。     

Effects of temperature and corrosion thickness and composition on magnetic measurements of structural steel wires

A tubular circulating electrolytic cell was developed in order to prepare specimens of structural steel rods to evaluate non-destructive testing of corrosion layer thickness at different temperatures using magnetic property measurements. Hysteresis curves were obtained for ferromagnetic steel reinforcement subjected to a low frequency magnetic field. The response is measured without contact using Faraday's law to infer stress and corrosion. Experiments were performed to estimate the effect of temperature and composition of the steel on its magnetic properties. Magnetic measurements were obtained using a previously calibrated solenoidal measurement system controlled by a computer at different temperatures and for different reductions in cross-section due to corrosion for 1140 mm long specimen. Magnetic measurements on nickel rod were performed to validate the measurement procedure. The results obtained from the present work will be helpful in quantitative evaluation of attainable sensitivity, signal to noise ratio, and to minimize the uncertainities due to temperature changes.     

Effects of magnetic field and hydrostatic pressure on martensitic transformation

Effects of magnetic field and hydrostatic pressure on martensitic transformations in some ferrous and nonferrous alloys have been studied. The studies clarified the effects of magnetic field and hydrostatic pressure on martensitic transformation start temperature, magnetoelastic martensitic transformation, morphology of martensites and transformation kinetics of athermal and isothermal transformations. That is, transformation start temperatures of all the ferrous alloys examined increase with increasing magnetic field, but those of non-ferrous, such as Ti-Ni and Cu-Al-Ni shape memory alloys, are not affected. On the other hand, transformation start temperature decreases with increasing hydrostatic pressure in some ferrous alloys, but increases in Cu-Al-Ni alloys. The magnetic field and hydrostatic pressure dependences of the martensitic start temperature are in good agreement with those calculated by the equations proposed by our group. In the work on the Fe-Ni-Co-Ti alloy, we found that magnetoelastic martensitic transformation appear. In addition, several martensite plates grow nearly parallel to the direction of applied magnetic field in the specimen of an Fe-Ni alloy single crystal. Moreover, we found that the isothermal process in an Fe-Ni-Mn alloy changes to the athermal one under magnetic field and the athermal process changes to the isothermal one under hydrostatic pressure. Based on the facts, a phenomenological theory is constructed, which unifies the two transformation processes.     

Evaluation of the heterogeneity of the stress state of welded joints prior to and after heat treatment using the method of the magnetic memory of metal

The results of investigations of the stress state of welded specimens prior to and after heat treatment using the method of magnetic memory (MMM) of the metal are presented. The relationship between the changes of the stress state of the welded joint and the strength of the intrinsic magnetic scattering field, formed in welding in the conditions of a weak geomagnetic field, is described. A method for the efficient determination of the zones of heterogeneity of the stress state of the welded joints by the MMM and the evaluation of the changes of after heat treatment is proposed.     

Vibrating ferromagnets in a magnetic field

With the vibrating reed technique we have studied the magnetoelastic behavior and the dynamical response of amorphous and crystalline magnets in the ferromagnetic and re-entrant spin glass states. The measurements have been performed as a function of magnetic field, temperature and angle between the sample’s main area and the applied field. The resonance frequency of the reed is influenced by a static contribution (pole effect), a dynamic contribution with a large effect due to the pinning of magnetic domains and magnetostrictive effects. When the field is applied perpendicular to the main area of the sample, a large decrease of the resonance frequency is observed which is rather independent of the material characteristics and is not related to a change of the Young modulus. A field misalignment of a few degrees strongly affects the field dependence of the resonance frequency. We briefly discuss the influence of the re-entrant spin glass state on the magnetoelastic behavior and the characteristics of the internal friction of vibrating ferromagnets in a magnetic field.     

Characterization of drying behavior of granular materials using magnetoelastic sensors

The aim of the present paper is to show that magnetoelastic sensors can furnish important information about the drying behavior of ceramic materials, and are, therefore, possible alternatives to ultrasonic or cantilever techniques. Sensitive measurements of the resonant frequency of coated amorphous ribbons show characteristic structures at different phases of drying. A model relating the resonant frequency of a magnetoelastic sensor to elastic properties of an applied thin film coating is extended to include the magnetic field dependence of the elastic modulus, the ΔE effect. In this manner, the stress developed during the drying process which contributes to the magnetic anisotropy, can be introduced into the problem. The model is applied to hard clay slurries drying on Metglas 2826MB3 ribbons. The long time value of the sensor resonant frequency is found to be consistent with elastic properties of the clay and the sensor appropriately indicates the appearance of stresses when the meniscus of the drying fluid begins to enter the pores of the solid.     

基于磁屏蔽原理改善LVDT静态性能的结构研究

线性差动变压器式位移传感器(LVDT)广泛应用各种直线测量系统中,针对其存在的线性度差、灵敏度不高的问题,首次基于磁屏蔽原理提出一种三层端盖的新结构,其中外侧端盖是磁屏蔽端盖。利用有限元的方法在ANSYS Maxwell建立LVDT仿真模型,在Maxwell Circuit Editor设计外部激励电路,进行联合仿真,通过静态和瞬态磁场的仿真研究。结果分析表明该新结构能将最大线性度从1.45%降低到0.13%,灵敏度提升20mv/mm。证明该结构能有效减少远离初级线圈两端的漏磁通,可以有效改善LVDT的线性度,同时灵敏度也有相应的提升。     

Magnetoelastic performance of 〈110〉 aligned polycrystalline Tb0.3Dy0.7Fe2

The magnetoelastic performance of <110> aligned polycrystalline Tb_0.3Dy_0.7Fe₂ was investigated. It has been found that the strain-stress curve is nearly linear without magnetic field, reflecting the purely mechanical elastic properties of the Tb_0.3Dy_0.7Fe₂ rod. The strain-stress curve exhibits a complex behavior in magnetic field and can be divided into three stages. The different stages are explained with magnetic domains in the Tb_0.3Dy_0.7Fe₂ rod alloy and the higher the magnetic field, the larger the stress to switch domains. The Young's modulus is also obtained from measuring the strain-stress curve and the variability of Young's modulus as the strain is analyzed.     

A unified least-squares approach to the evaluation of geometric errors using discrete measurement data

This paper presents a unified least-squares approach to the best fit of geometric features and evaluation of dimensional errors. The study originated from the need for advanced algorithms for the dimensional measurement of high precision manufactured parts. The proposed algorithm differs from traditional least-squares in that no linearization or approximation is employed and that it is general to all kinds of geometric features. Instead of computing a substitute best fit feature, the algorithm inversely transforms the measurement coordinates to best fit the nominal geometry. The sum of the squared errors in the surface normal direction is thus minimized with respect to the parameters of a rigid body transformation. Form tolerances are then evaluated using the peak-to-valley deviations after the best fit. To examine the uncertainty of the transformation obtained, sensitivity analysis was investigated to relate transformation errors to dimensional errors. A sensitivity measure is used to estimate the joint effect of the measurement locations and the number of measurement data on the accuracy of the coordinate transformation. Computer simulations have been performed on different geometric features to study the robustness and efficiency of the algorithm. Application to the measurement of high precision fuel injectors is also presented.     

磁场参数对AZ31焊接接头组织和性能的影响

对5 mm厚的AZ31镁板进行GTAW焊接的过程中,外加纵向交流磁场.通过对接头力学性能和显微组织分析,研究磁场参数对AZ31焊接接头组织和性能的影响规律,并墩磁场作用机理进行研究.结果表明,外加纵向磁场通过旋转电弧对熔池进行搅拌,改变晶粒结晶过程,使焊缝中晶粒组织得到细化,进而使焊接接头的抗拉强度和硬度等性能得到改善,同时磁场的电磁搅拌作用可以净化熔池中液态镁合金(使杂质球化并弥散分布),促进气泡上浮,降低镁合金焊接热裂纹敏感性,抑制热裂纹产生.     

降低冷轧取向硅钢残余应力和位错密度的磁-热耦合工艺

为了得到一种高效去除冷轧取向硅钢残余应力的工艺,制定了低温、低强度脉冲磁场的短时磁-热耦合处理试验方案,分别利用X射线残余应力仪和XRD测定了不同工艺处理前后取向硅钢的残余应力和位错密度。结果表明,采用低温、低强度脉冲磁场的短时磁-热耦合处理可以有效降低冷轧取向硅钢的残余应力和位错密度,当采用处理时间为3 min、处理温度为400 ℃、峰值电流为180 A的磁-热耦合工艺时,可取得最佳处理效果,残余应力降幅为55.5%,比单纯只施加低温热场或低强度脉冲磁场的处理效果优异。宏观残余应力的降低与位错密度具有紧密的联系,两者变化规律基本一致。短时、低温、低脉冲磁场强度磁-热耦合处理去除残余应力的微观机制是脉冲磁场和温度场耦合作用下进一步提高材料内部位错运动,实现了局部回复,达到位错密度和残余应力减小的目的。     

磁处理改善低碳钢焊接接头的耐腐蚀性能

研究了磁处理对低碳钢焊接接头耐腐蚀性能的影响.低碳钢平板焊接试样的全浸泡腐蚀试验结果表明,磁处理后,试样的腐蚀速率有一定量的下降,下降的相对平均值为2.58%.对低碳钢平板试样的TIG焊接过程进行了有限元数值模拟,分析了平板试样内的残余应力分布.并在此基础上,对试样在磁处理前后的腐蚀速率差异值进行了统计意义上的显著性检验.分析结果表明,磁处理引起试样的腐蚀速率下降值在显著性为5%的试验误差范围以外,由此可见,磁处理可在显著性水平为5%的意义上改善低碳钢焊接接头的耐腐蚀性能.     

用于旋转超声波加工的非接触电能传输耦合器的优化设计

旋转超声波加工设备可以采用非接触电能传输耦合器为高速旋转的超声振子提供电能,以取代传统的接触式碳刷滑环,这种非接触电能传输方式安全、稳定,且对转速没有限制。但由于主次级磁芯之间存在间隙,使其漏磁通较大,功率传输能力较低。为提高非接触旋转耦合器的功率传输能力,采用有限元仿真和实验的方法,通过对比分析不同材质及结构形式耦合器的磁通分布情况、线圈自感、线圈间互感、耦合系数、线圈交流电阻等参数,对耦合器进行了优化设计。优化后的非接触旋转耦合器具有更高的耦合能力及功率传输能力。     

具有补偿功能的瞬时扭矩检测用磁弹性传感器的研制

利用逆磁致伸缩传感器和数字信号处理技术开发一种新的扭矩测量系统。这个系统由微型扭矩传感器、数字信号处理器和旋转编码器组成。通常,磁弹性扭矩传感器的性能在很大程度上取决于轴材料,如果轴材料的磁特性不是均匀一致、各向同性,则作用扭矩的瞬时值不可能检测。然而采用本文开发的系统,可以准确地实时测量瞬时扭矩,因此这种系统可以广泛地应用于扭矩的在线实时测量。     

压应力对Sm-Fe-B薄膜磁致伸缩性能的影响

压应力对Sm-Fe-B磁致伸缩性能的改善有重要影响,但是其大小对磁致伸缩特性变化趋势的研究很少,而且还未见到压应力对磁各向异性影响的报道。本文利用特制夹具,使玻璃衬底在镀膜过程中受到不同应力作用,镀膜结束后,当玻璃衬底从夹具取下后,利用其恢复到原来状态,可以对稀土Sm-Fe-B薄膜产生压应力作用。通过调整夹具使衬底具有不同的预应力,可得到受到玻璃衬底不同压应力大小作用的薄膜样品。利用LK-G150激光微位移传感器与交变梯度磁强计（AGM）分别测试薄膜悬臂梁自由端偏转量与磁滞回线,以研究具有不同压应力对薄膜的磁致伸缩性能的影响,并且利用磁力显微镜（MFM）测试了薄膜样品垂直表面的磁畴分布情况。实验结果表明：受到压应力作用的薄膜易磁化轴都位于膜面内,以面内各向异性为主,磁畴结构基本分布在面内。随着压应力的增加,易磁化轴由膜面内的短轴转向膜面内的长轴,这一转变有利于器件的设计,但是磁畴在垂直膜面方向略有提高,薄膜的低场磁致伸缩性能也随着压应力的增大而有显著提高。     

纵向直流磁场对铝铜熔钎焊接头组织和性能的影响

采用TIG焊进行铝铜异种材料熔钎焊对接试验,通过添加Zn-2%Al药芯焊丝调控焊缝成分,并施加纵向直流磁场调控界面组织,接头力学性能显著提高. 结果表明,相比于无磁场,在纵向直流磁场的作用下,Cu侧IMC层的形状、厚度和化合物种类均发生变化:平均厚度明显变薄,由32.8 μm降至14.6 μm;形状由平直变为弯曲,起到“机械咬合”作用;Cu侧IMC层Al_4.2Cu_3.2Zn_0.7三元化合物的出现抑制了硬脆的AlCu与Al₂Cu化合物的生长,接头性能升高. 添加直流磁场后,接头抗拉强度均比无磁场时高,且接头抗拉强度随着磁场强度的增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势. 当焊接电流I = 95 A,焊接电压U = 16 V,焊接速度v = 140 mm/min,磁场强度B = 10 mT时,接头抗拉强度最高,达到110.8 MPa,比无磁场升高了约24%.     

Study of the structural and dimensional features of the magnetization reversal in transparent weak ferromagnets

The work id devoted to experimental investigation of the interrelation of magnetic growth inhomogeneities and dimensions of thin platelet samples with magnetoelastic interaction and nonlinearity of the dynamics of domain walls in fields that are substantially lower than the spin-flop field in weak ferromagnets (orthoferrites). It is shown that the excitation of elastic vibrations by a moving domain wall bears a resonance nature.     

磁场参数对镁合金焊接接头力学性能的影响

在对5 mm厚的AZ31镁合金板进行TIG焊过程中,施加纵向交流变频磁场.试验过程中调节磁场参数对试样进行抗拉和硬度试验,采用扫描电子显微镜及光学金相显微镜对试样的焊缝进行显微组织和断口分析,研究磁场参数对AZ31镁合金接头组织和力学性能的影响规律,并对磁场作用机理进行研究.结果表明,外加纵向磁场可以促使电弧旋转对熔池进行搅拌,改变晶粒结晶过程,使焊缝中晶粒组织得到细化,进而使焊接接头的抗拉强度和硬度等性能得到改善;当磁场电流为2 A,频率为20 Hz时,焊缝的力学性能达到最佳值,此时硬度为76.2 HV,抗拉强度为231 MPa.