保温时间对压缩AZ91D镁合金半固态组织的影响

研究了SIMA法制备半固态AZ91D镁合金的组织演变规律。在230℃以36，84％的压缩比压缩后，组织呈现明显的流线状，合金处于热力学不稳定状态。在560℃保温不同的时间，淬火实验显示出固相在液相中的分布及形态，预变形AZ91D镁合金由最初的压缩流线状组织，转变为多边形粒子，最后发生球化。随时间的增加，固相率逐渐降低，30min以后变化很小；固相粒子尺寸先减小，超过一定时间后固相合并发生长大。综合考虑，560℃保温15～30min时可以获得最佳的半固态坯料。     

Microstructure evolution of semi-solid SiCp/AZ91D nanocomposite during isothermal heat treatment process

ABSTRACT

The microstructure evolution of semi-solid SiC_p/AZ91D nanocomposite during isothermal heat treatment process in the mushy-zone was investigated. The results indicate that the nano-size SiC particles in composite are distributed uniformly and the grains are refined significantly by the addition of nano-size SiC particles. The semi-solid microstructure evolution experiences four stages during isothermal heat treatment process: the initial coarsening, structural separation, spheroidization and final coarsening. The grain size of the primary α-Mg phase decreases with the increasing of holding temperature. With the prolongation of holding time, the grain size of the primary α-Mg phase decreases at first and then increases. The optimum isothermal heat treatment parameter is 575℃ for 30min, under which the average grain diameter is 58μm and shape factor is 1.25.     

Microstructural evolution of equal channel angular pressed AZ91D magnesium alloy during semi-solid isothermal heat treatment

The microstructural evolution of AZ91D magnesium alloy processed by equal channel angular pressing during isothermal heat treatment at 570℃ was investigated. The results indicated that the equal channel angular pressing followed by semi-solid isothermal heat treatment was an effective method to prepare semisolid nondendritic slurry of AZ91D magnesium alloy. During this process, its microstructure change underwent four stages, the initial coarsening stage, the structure separation stage, the spheroidization stage and the final coarsening stage. The microstructural spheroidization effect was the best after being heated for 15 min for the alloy pressed for four passes, and the grain size was the smallest. With the further increase of heating time, the grain size and shape factor increased. When the heating time was kept constant, the grain size and shape factor decreased with the increase of pressing passes.     

等温热处理对AZ91D+Ce镁合金半固态组织的影响

研究了等温热处理对AZ91D+Ce镁合金半固态组织的影响,获得了较理想的球状或类球状晶粒组织。结果表明,在等温热处理的过程中,加入稀土Ce会阻碍原子向固相粒子聚集和结合,抑制固相颗粒的长大,形成细小圆整的半固态组织。随等温热处理温度的升高,原子活动能力增强,熔化速度加快,液相量增加,固相颗粒尺寸先减小后增大。在等温初始阶段,熔化对初生固相颗粒尺寸起决定作用,使得颗粒尺寸减小。但是,随等温时间的进一步增加,由于合并粗化和Ostwald熟化的作用,固相颗粒开始长大。     

等温热处理对消失模铸造AZ91D镁合金组织与性能的影响

对AZ91D镁合金消失模铸件进行了近半固态等温热处理,通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜以及金属拉伸试验对其组织和力学性能进行了研究.结果表明,AZ91D镁合金消失模铸件经过530 ℃×60 min近半固态等温热处理后,合金显微组织中β-Mg17 Al12相基本熔入基体,枝晶状的铸态组织在等温处理过程中变得均匀圆整,由此产生的固溶强化作用使材料的力学性能大大提高,抗拉强度达到213.17 MPa,屈服强度达到115.63 MPa,伸长率达到4.11%,等温热处理后的断口呈现明显的韧性断裂特征.     

Microstructures of AZ91D alloy solidified during electromagnetic stirring

With the help of an electromagnetic stirring device self-made and alloy melt quenching technology, the effect of electromagnetic stirring parameters on the microstructures of semi-solid AZ91D alloy was mainly studied at the stirring frequency of 200 Hz. The experimental results show that when the stirring power rises, the primary α-Mg rosettes in the semi-solid melt will bear stronger man-made temperature fluctuation and the root remehing effect of the dendritic arms is promoted so that the spherical primary α-Mg grains become much more and rounder. If the stirring frequency is 200 Hz, the ideal semi-solid microstructure of AZ91D magnesium alloy can be obtained when the stirring power is increased to 6.0 kW. If the stirring frequency is 200 Hz and the stirring power is 6.0 kW, it is found that the lower cooling rate is favorable for the spherical primary α-Mg grains to be developed during the electromagnetic stirring stage. If the AZ91D magnesium alloy billet prepared during electromagnetic stirring at the stirring frequency of 200 Hz and the stirring power of 6.0 kW is reheated to the solidus and liquidus temperature region,the primary α-Mg grain‘s shape will get more spherical, so it is very advantageous to the semi-solid thixoforming process     

半固态处理工艺参数对挤压AZ91镁合金微观组织的影响

研究了半固态等温处理温度和时间对挤压AZ91镁合金微观组织演变的影响。挤压AZ91镁合金的微观组织为流线带状组织,由分布于其间的细小再结晶α-Mg等轴晶组成。在半固态温度区间进行等温处理时,合金内的低熔点相及溶质元素富集区优先开始熔化,然后沿着晶界渗透,形成液相包围固相晶粒的半固态组织。随着等温温度的升高,固相晶粒熔化分离的速度加快。在等温温度为560℃时,随着等温时间的延长,液相不断增加,固相晶粒分离并不断趋于圆整。等温处理20 min后,合金达到了固/液平衡状态,Ostwald熟化机制开始明显,晶粒长大成为主要机制。挤压AZ91镁合金较佳的等温处理工艺为等温温度560℃,等温时间20~30 min。     

合金化对AZ91D镁合金组织与力学性能的影响

利用光学显微镜（OM）和X射线衍射（XRD）分析了分别加入合金化元素Ce，Si和Ca后AZ91D合金的铸态组织和相组成，测试了合金室温拉伸性能和硬度。结果表明：加入Ce和Si后合金组织中分别生成杆状Al4Ce和汉字状Mg2Si相，而加入Ca后无新相生成，加入的Ca主要固溶于β相中；Al4Ce和Mg2Si相在合金凝固过程中被推移到生长界面，Ca原子偏聚在生长界面前沿，从而阻碍枝晶的自由生长，细化合金铸态组织：Ce和Ca的加入可提高合金室温综合力学性能，且前者提高程度要高于后者提高程度，而Si的加入却降低合金室温综合力学性能。     

AZ91D镁合金高温压缩过程中的微观组织演变

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟实验机对AZ91D镁合金在400℃、0．01s^-1的条件下进行不同压缩真应变量（1％、10％、60％、100％）的高温压缩实验，利用光学显微镜、透射电镜观察压缩变形过程中合金的显微组织演变。结果表明：在压缩变形的初始阶段，{101^-2}孪生是主要的变形机制，孪晶的尺寸较大；在随后的变形过程中孪晶发生破碎，尺寸变小；随着变形的进一步进行，孪晶之问相互交叉，在孪晶界及孪晶交叉畸变较大的区域成为再结晶的形核区。     

MICROSTRUCTURAL FORMATION MECHANISM OF SEMI-SOLID AZ91D ALLOY

With the help of an electromagnetic stirring device and alloy melt quenching technology, the microstntcture of semi-solid AZqlD magnesium alloy slurry stirred by a rotationally electromagnetic fieM was studied and the experimental results are shown as the following. The primary α-Mg grains are refined obviously when the slurry is stirred by a rotational electromagnetic field during continuously cooling and they are eventually changed to fine rosette grains or spherical grains. If the above semi-solid slurty is further stirred isothermally for some time, much more spherical primary α-Mg grains can be obtained. If the melt is first cooled down to a given semi-solid temperature and then starts being stirred by the rotational electromagnetic field, the primary α-Mg dendrites will be large, and a longer time will be taken and a larger stirring power will be needed for the secondary army of the dendrites to be remelted on the roots to prepare an ideal semiolid slurry. Theoretical analysis indicates that the strong flow motion leads to a more even temperature field and a solute field and stronger man-made temperature fluctuation in the AZglD magnesium alloy melt so that the spherical primary α-Mg grains are increased in the slurry. Moreover, all the measures promoting the temperature fluctuation will be favorable to the formation of spherical primary α-Mg grains and all the factors increasing the arm＇s root remelting difficulty will be favorable to the formation of rosette-type primary α-Mg grains.     

直流电流作用下AZ91D镁合金半固态等温处理过程中的组织演变

考察了直流电流密度、等温温度及等温时间对AZ91D镁合金半固态组织的影响,对电流影响组织演变的机理进行了探讨．实验结果表明：当等温温度和等温时间一定时,随着电流密度的增加,初生相变得圆整,初生相的尺寸有所减小．但电流密度过高时,初生相尺寸有所增加．直流电流可以加速半固态等温处理的组织演化过程,明显改善枝晶球化效果．直流电流增加扩散激活能,增大溶质原子的扩散系数,促进溶质原子的扩散,从而加速半固态等温过程的组织演化;直流电流作用下的电迁移效应、Joule热效应和Peltier效应都将促进枝晶的熔断和球化．     

微量钒对AZ91D镁合金显微组织的影响

研究了添加微量钒对AZ91D镁合金显微组织的影响。在AZ91D镁合金熔炼过程加入AlV55中间合金引入钒元素,用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱仪和X射线衍射等分析研究了加钒前后合金组织的变化以及钒在合金中的存在形式。结果表明:钒的引入使β-Mg17Al12相由不连续网状逐渐离散化,钒在AZ91D合金中主要以新相Al3V形式溶解或分散于β-Mg17Al12相和α-Mg基体中。高熔点的新相Al3V在AZ91D镁合金凝固过程中先于其他相生成聚集在固液界面前沿,抑制晶粒的长大;同时由于α-Mg相细化而使晶界面积增加,相应的单位面积晶界处发生共晶反应的熔液体积减少,生成的β-Mg17Al12相变得细小。同时由于晶粒尺寸减小以及晶界处Al3V相的强化作用,AZ91D合金的硬度随着添加钒含量的增加呈增大趋势。     

Microstructure refinement of AZ91D alloy solidified with pulsed magnetic field

The effects of pulsed magnetic field on the solidified microstructure of an AZ91D magnesium alloy were investigated. The experimental results show that the remarkable microstructural refinement is achieved when the pulsed magnetic field is applied in the solidification of AZ91D alloy. The average grain size of the as-cast microstructure of AZ91D alloy is refined to 104 μm. Besides the grain refinement, the morphology of the primary α-Mg is changed from dendritic to rosette, then to globular shape with changing the parameters of the pulsed magnetic field. The pulsed magnetic field causes melt convection during solidification, which makes the temperature of the whole melt homogenized, and produces an undercooling zone in front of the liquid/solid interface by the magnetic pressure, which makes the nucleation rate increased and big dendrites prohibited. In addition, primary α-Mg dendrites break into fine crystals, resulting in a refined solidification structure of the AZ91D alloy. The Joule heat effect induced in the melt also strengthens the grain refinement effect and spheroidization of dendrite arms.     

添加稀土元素Ce对AZ91D镁合金组织的影响

用金相显微镜、能量色散谱仪（EDS）和X射线衍射仪（XRD）研究了稀土元素Ce对AZ91D镁合金铸态组织的影响。结果表明，Ce对AZ91D镁合金具有明显的变质效果，加入0．4％Ce后，α-Mg树枝晶变化不明显，晶界上的β-Mg17Al12相呈断续网状分布；加入0．8％Ce后，合金晶界上的离异共晶β相基本上断裂成骨骼状，转变为颗粒状且分布比较均匀；加入1．2％稀土Ce后，枝晶变细，共晶β相完全变为颗粒相，弥散分布于晶界处。微结构分析发现，组织中出现了分布于晶界处的杆状Al10Ce2Mn7化合物。     

触变成形AZ91D合金的组织及磨损性能的研究

研究了触变成形AZ91D镁合金的组织和磨损性能.结果表明,触变成形AZ91D合金长方体零件的组织并不均匀:在纵向远离内浇道的区域和在横向远离中心的部位初生相颗粒分数略有减小;在往复式磨损实验中,随着往复次数的增加,磨损率先急剧增加,最后趋于常数,随着载荷和往复频率的增加,磨损率则一直呈增大趋势;与金属型铸造相比,触变成形能显著提高耐磨性.     

缓慢凝固速度对AZ91D镁合金组织的影响

为了探讨AZ91D镁合金在较慢凝固冷却速度下的组织,对其进行了缓慢凝固处理.利用金属凝固原理分析了AZ91D镁合金的凝固过程和在较慢凝固速度下枝晶偏析减轻的原因.结果表明,随凝固冷却速度的降低,析出相β-Mg12Al12由连续网状分布逐渐变成沿晶界断续的条块状分布,凝固过程中的偏析现象逐渐减轻.当冷却速度最低达到0.0030K/s时,组织中β相的体积分数仅为2%,但晶粒明显长大.     

铸造工艺对AZ91D镁合金半固态组织制备的影响

研究了金属型、湿砂型和干砂型对AZ91D镁合金半固态组织制备的影响.结果表明:增加冷却速率有利于初始凝固组织中存在的非平衡组织的分散细化.原始组织中的非平衡共晶组织在加热过程中大部分扩散溶解而溶入基体中,剩余部分在加热过程中首先熔化.冷却速率越大或预变形处理以后的试样在熔化过程中更容易发生二次枝晶臂之间的合并.提出半固态熔化过程可分为成分均匀化、共晶熔化和部分初生相的熔化和球化完成三个阶段,不同熔化阶段时,控制性因素不同.熔化后的半固态组织中固态颗粒的尺寸和形貌主要与初始组织的形貌、加热过程中非平衡组织的溶解速度及加热速度有关.     

Microstructural characteristics of near-liquidus cast AZ91D alloy during semi-solid die casting

Near-liquidus cast ingot was reheated to semi-solid firstly, and then a bracket of motor was prepared by die casting the semi-solid ingot into mould. The microstructural characteristics of AZ91D alloy in these processes were investigated. In the process of near-liquidus casting, primary α-Mg grains tend to be rosette-like because of the increase of plentiful quasi-solid atom clusters in molten alloy with the decrease of pouring temperature. These rosette-like α-Mg grains in ingots fabricated by near-liquidus casting are fused off and refined into near-globular structure owing to the solute diffusion mechanism and the minimum surface energy mechanism during reheating. After semi-solid die-casting, α-Mg grains, located in biscuit, impact and connect with each other; α-Mg grains, located in inner gate, congregate together; while α-Mg grains, located in component, distribute uniformly and become into globularity or strip. Because the inner gate limits the flowing of semi-solid slurry, and the pressure acted on the semi-solid slurry decreases gradually along the filling direction of semi-solid slurry in cavity, microstructural segregation of unmelted α-Mg grains appears along this direction. Shrinkage holes in casting are caused by two different reasons. For biscuit, the shrinkage holes are caused by the blocked access of feeding liquid to the shrinkage zone for the agglomerated unmelted α-Mg grains. For component, the shrinkage holes are caused by the lack of feeding of liquid alloy.     

锑对AZ91D镁合金微观组织的影响

研究了锑对AZ91D镁合金微观组织的影响。在AZ91D镁合金熔炼过程中加入三氧化二锑引入锑元素,用光学显微镜对加锑前后合金显微组织及其变化情况进行研究,发现锑的加入可使AZ91D镁合金的组织发生明显变化,β-Mg17Al12脆性相由连续网状分布逐渐变为离散状。同时利用扫描电镜、能谱仪和透射电镜分析了锑在合金中的存在形式。结果表明,锑在AZ91D镁合金中主要以两种形式存在:固溶在α-Mg、β相中;形成新相Mg3Sb2。锑在镁合金中生成的新相Mg3Sb2既作为异质形核核心细化组织,又会聚集在固液界面前沿抑制晶体的长大,从而对镁合金起到细化晶粒的作用。     

Reheating microstructure of refined AZ91D magnesium alloy in semi-solid state

By means of equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) test, upsetting test and metalloseope, reheating mierostruetures of raw casting ingots, materials prepared by SIMA and materials extruded by ECAE in semi-solid state were investigated. The results show that compared with those of raw casting ingots and materials prepared by SIMA, reheating microstrueture of materials extruded by ECAE is the best and the final grain size is the finest. With increasing holding time, a growing phenomenon occurs in reheating microstrueture of materials extruded by ECAE, which can be described by Ostwald ripening law. The average grain size increases firstly, subsequently decreases and the shape factor of grains approaches to 1 as the reheating temperature increases. With increasing equivalent strain, the average grain size decreases. This demonstrates that reheating material extruded by ECAE technology is a good method to prepare AZ91D magnesium alloy semi-solid billets.