一种基于GMM-EM的非平衡数据的概率增强算法

非平衡数据的分类问题是机器学习领域的一个重要研究课题.在一个非平衡数据里,少数类的训练样本明显少于多数类,导致分类结果往往偏向多数类.针对非平衡数据分类问题,提出一种基于高斯混合模型-均值最大化方法(GMM-EM)的概率增强算法.首先,通过高斯混合模型(GMM)与均值最大化算法(EM)建立少数类数据的概率密度函数;其次,根据高概率密度的样本生成新样本的能力比低概率密度的样本更强的性质,建立一种基于少数类样本密度函数的过采样算法,该算法保证少数类数据集在平衡前后的概率分布的一致性,从数据集的统计性质使少数类达到平衡;最后,使用决策树分类器对已经达到平衡的数据集进行分类,并且利用评价指标对分类效果进行评判.通过从UCI和KEEL数据库选出的8组数据集的分类实验,表明了所提出算法比现有算法更有效.     

基于边界混合重采样的非平衡数据分类方法

在非平衡数据分类问题中,为了合成有价值的新样本和删除无影响的原样本,提出一种基于边界混合重采样的非平衡数据分类算法。该算法首先引入支持k-离群度概念,找出数据集中的边界点集和非边界点集;利用改进的SMOTE算法将少数类中的边界点作为目标样本合成新的点集,同时对多数类中的非边界点采用基于距离的欠采样算法,以此达到类之间的平衡。通过实验结果对比表明了该算法在保证G-mean值较优的前提下,一定程度上提高了少数类的分类精度。     

新的基于代价敏感集成学习的非平衡数据集分类方法NIBoost

现实生活中存在大量的非平衡数据,大多数传统的分类算法假定类分布平衡或者样本的错分代价相同,因此在对这些非平衡数据进行分类时会出现少数类样本错分的问题。针对上述问题,在代价敏感的理论基础上,提出了一种新的基于代价敏感集成学习的非平衡数据分类算法--NIBoost（New Imbalanced Boost）。首先,在每次迭代过程中利用过采样算法新增一定数目的少数类样本来对数据集进行平衡,在该新数据集上训练分类器;其次,使用该分类器对数据集进行分类,并得到各样本的预测类标及该分类器的分类错误率;最后,根据分类错误率和预测的类标计算该分类器的权重系数及各样本新的权重。实验采用决策树、朴素贝叶斯作为弱分类器算法,在UCI数据集上的实验结果表明,当以决策树作为基分类器时,与RareBoost算法相比,F-value最高提高了5.91个百分点、G-mean最高提高了7.44个百分点、AUC最高提高了4.38个百分点;故该新算法在处理非平衡数据分类问题上具有一定的优势。     

一种基于SVM的非均衡数据集过采样方法

针对不平衡数据集分类结果偏向多数类的问题,重采样技术是解决此问题的有效方法之一。而传统过采样算法易合成无效样本,欠采样方法易剔除重要样本信息。基于此提出一种基于SVM的不平衡数据过采样方法SVMOM（Oversampling Method Based on SVM）。SVMOM通过迭代合成样本。在迭代过程中,通过SVM得到分类超平面;根据每个少数类样本到分类超平面的距离赋予样本距离权重;同时考虑少数类样本的类内平衡,根据样本的分布计算样本的密度,赋予样本密度权重;依据样本的距离权重和密度权重计算每个少数类样本的选择权重,根据样本的选择权重选择样本运用SMOTE合成新样本,达到平衡数据集的目的。实验结果表明,提出的算法在一定程度上解决了分类结果偏向多数类的问题,验证了算法的有效性。     

一种非平衡数据分类的过采样随机森林算法

在灾害天气、故障诊断、网络攻击和金融欺诈等领域经常存在不平衡的数据集。针对随机森林算法在非平衡数据集上表现的分类性能差的问题,提出一种新的过采样方法:SCSMOTE(Seed Center Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique)算法。该算法的关键是在数据集的少数类样本中找出合适的候选样本,计算出候选样本的中心,在候选样本与样本中心之间产生新的少数类样本,实现了对合成少数类样本质量的控制。结合SCSMOTE算法与随机森林算法来处理非平衡数据集,通过在UCI数据集上对比实验结果表明,该算法有效提高了随机森林在非平衡数据集上的分类性能。     

基于商空间理论的非平衡数据集分类算法

在机器学习及其分类问题时经常会遇到非平衡数据集,为了提高非平衡数据集分类的有效性,提出了基于商空间理论的过采样分类算法,即QMSVM算法。对训练集中多数类样本进行聚类结构划分,所得划分结果和少数类样本合并进行线性支持向量机(SVM)学习,从而获取多数类样本的支持向量和错分的样本粒;另一方面,获取少数类样本的支持向量和错分的样本,进行SMOTE采样,最后把上述得到的两类样本合并进行SVM学习,这样来实现学习数据集的再平衡处理,从而得到更加合理的分类超平面。实验结果表明,和其他几种算法相比,所提算法虽在正确分类率上有所降低,但较大改善了g_means值和acc+值,且对非平衡率较大的数据集效果会更好。     

基于DPC聚类重采样结合ELM的不平衡数据分类算法

采样技术与ELM分类算法进行结合可提高少数类样本的分类精度,但现有的大多数结合ELM的采样方法并未考虑到样本的不平衡程度及样本内部的分布情况,采样技术过于单一,导致分类模型的效率低下,少数类样本的识别率不高。针对此问题,提出了一种基于DPC聚类的重采样技术结合ELM的不平衡数据分类算法,首先根据数据集的不平衡程度分2种情况构建一个混合采样模型来平衡数据集;然后在此模型上运用DPC聚类算法分别对多数类样本和少数类样本进行分析处理,解决数据中存在的类内不平衡和噪声问题,使得2类样本相对均衡;最后使用ELM分类算法对得到的数据集进行分类。实验结果表明,与同类型分类算法进行比较,所提算法的2个分类性能指标在实验数据集上都有明显提升。     

类不平衡数据的EM聚类过采样算法

针对分类任务中的不平衡数据集造成的分类性能低下的问题,提出了类不平衡数据的EM聚类过采样算法,通过过采样提高少数类样本数量,从根本上解决数据不平衡问题。首先,算法采用聚类技术,通过欧式距离衡量样本间的相似度,选取每个聚类簇的中心点作为过采样点,一定程度解决了样本的重要程度不够的问题;其次,通过直接在少数类样本空间上进行采样,可较好解决SMOTE、Cluster-SMOTE等方法对聚类空间没有针对性的问题;同时,通过对少数类样本数量的30%进行过采样,有效解决基于Cluster聚类的欠采样盲目追求两类样本数量平衡和SMOTE等算法没有明确采样率的问题。在公开的24个类不平衡数据集上进行了实验,验证了方法的有效性。     

一种新的过采样算法DB_SMOTE

针对非平衡数据集中类分布信息不对称现象,提出一种新的过采样算法DB_SMOTE（Distance-based Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique）,通过合成少数类新样本解决样本不足问题。算法基于样本与类中心距离,结合类聚集程度提取种子样本。根据SMOTE（Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique）算法思想,在种子样本上实现少数类新样本合成。根据种子样本与少数类中心距离构造新样本分布函数。基于此采样算法并在多个数据集上进行分类实验,结果表明DB_SMOTE算法是可行的。     

基于Lévy分布的不平衡数据过采样方法

针对不平衡数据集上的分类问题，提出了基于Lévy分布的过采样方法，其核心思想是根据初始数据集的分布，利用Lévy分布构造新样本的密度分布。基于Lévy分布的特性，使得从边界样本合成的新样本密度最大，靠近多数类的样本合成的新样本密度次之，靠近少数类的样本合成的新样本密度最小。因此，该算法可以增强分类边界，同时可以减小噪声生成。通过在多个数据集上的实验，表明所提算法可以有效改善不平衡数据的分类效果。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.