原料乳冷藏时间对牦牛乳硬质干酪理化指标的影响

冷链贮存运输已广泛运用于各大乳制品生产，冷藏时间的长短对原料乳及其制作的干酪理化品质具有重要影响。该研究以冷藏24、48、72 h牦牛乳为原料制作硬质干酪，比较了硬质干酪成熟过程中的理化指标变化规律。结果表明，在0～6个月成熟期中，冷藏24、48、72 h牦牛乳制成的硬质干酪中水分含量、脂肪含量呈现降低趋势，NaCl含量呈现增加趋势。pH值在成熟初期下降，到成熟后期又逐渐升高；pH 4.6可溶性氮、12%三氯乙酸可溶性氮和游离氨基酸总量呈现增加趋势。整个成熟过程中，3组牦牛乳硬质干酪中pH 4.6可溶性氮、12%三氯乙酸可溶性氮以及游离氨基酸总量始终为冷藏72 h组>冷藏48 h组>冷藏24 h组。该研究可为牦牛乳的冷藏及其在干酪加工中的应用提供理论参考。     

发酵剂对牦牛乳硬质干酪成熟过程中生物胺的影响

乳酸菌产生物胺的能力具有菌株特异性,因此,为了探究不同种类发酵剂对牦牛乳硬质干酪中生物胺形成的影响,该试验利用高效液相色谱对3种不同发酵剂制作的硬质干酪成熟过程中生物胺进行了测定和分析。结果表明,嗜热和嗜温发酵剂牦牛乳硬质干酪中检测出2-苯乙胺、腐胺、尸胺、组胺和酪胺,混合发酵剂干酪中检测出腐胺、2-苯乙胺、尸胺和酪胺。各生物胺之间呈现正相关性。3种不同发酵剂干酪在1～6个月成熟过程中,其各生物胺整体呈现增加趋势,嗜热、嗜温和混合发酵剂干酪中总生物胺最高含量分别为(448.3±9.6)、(456.8±58.4)、(293±24.5)mg/kg。组胺和酪胺是2种毒性相对高的生物胺,嗜热发酵剂干酪中组胺和嗜温发酵剂干酪中酪胺最高,其最高含量分别为(20.8±7.9)、(92.9±6.7)mg/kg,混合发酵干酪中未检测出组胺,酪胺含量次之,3种不同发酵剂干酪中组胺、酪胺含量均低于推荐安全剂量50 mg/kg和100 mg/kg。这为合理选择发酵剂和控制干酪中生物胺形成提供了依据。     

牦牛乳硬质干酪成熟过程中生物胺与细菌群落结构分析

成熟干酪易产生生物胺,生物胺对人体健康具有影响,因此,为了探究牦牛乳硬质干酪的质量安全性,本实验利用高效液相色谱和高通量测序技术对干酪成熟过程中生物胺和细菌群落结构进行测定和分析。结果表明：牦牛乳硬质干酪中主要生物胺为腐胺、2-苯乙胺、酪胺、组胺和尸胺,在1～6 个月成熟过程中,干酪中各生物胺含量呈现增加趋势。干酪中生物胺含量最高阶段均出现在成熟期5～6 个月。干酪中组胺、酪胺和总生物胺含量分别低于推荐安全剂量50、100 mg/kg和1 000 mg/kg。干酪中游离氨基酸含量与除组胺之外的各生物胺含量、总生物胺含量、成熟时间之间具有显著正相关性（P＜0.01,P＜0.05）,各生物胺含量之间也存在正相关性。不同成熟期干酪包含相同属的微生物,其中链球菌属（Streptococcus）为优势菌属,平均相对丰度为84.63%,明串珠菌属（Leuconostoc）次之,平均相对丰度为6.91%,其他分别为乳杆菌属（Lactobacillus）、拉乌尔菌属（Raoultella）、不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）、假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）、肠杆菌属（Enterobacter）和无分类的肠杆菌科（unclassified_Eunnterobacteriaceae）。不同成熟期干酪中各菌属的相对丰度具有差异。本研究可为评估牦牛乳硬质干酪的质量安全性和生物胺形成机理提供理论依据。     

不同NaCl添加量对牦牛乳硬质干酪成熟过程中生物胺产生的影响

以不同盐添加量（1.0%、1.3%、1.8%和2.3%）牦牛乳硬质干酪为研究对象,分析牦牛乳硬质干酪0～6 个月成熟过程中生物胺的动态变化,并对干酪中产胺微生物进行筛选。结果显示：不同盐添加量牦牛乳硬质干酪中生物胺主要为色胺、β-苯乙胺、尸胺、酪胺和腐胺,未检测到组胺,生物胺积累阶段主要集中在成熟后期。不同盐添加量干酪中色胺含量最低,且在成熟后期含量差异较小。当盐添加量从2.3%减少到1.0%时,干酪中β-苯乙胺含量减少。盐添加量分别为1.0%和1.3%时,干酪中尸胺含量较低,且未检测出腐胺。当盐添加量在1.8%～2.3%时,随着盐添加量的增加,干酪中尸胺和腐胺含量整体呈现增加趋势。不同盐添加量干酪成熟过程中,其酪胺含量范围为3.13～49.81 mg/kg,且盐添加量为1.3%干酪中酪胺含量较高。不同盐添加量干酪中生物胺总量最高为304.18 mg/kg。采用显色培养基筛选出一株产胺微生物,经分子生物学鉴定为Enterococcus durans。     

凝乳酶对牦牛乳硬质干酪成熟期间蛋白降解的影响

以新鲜牦牛乳为原料,采用小牛皱胃酶、木瓜蛋白酶和微生物凝乳酶制作硬质干酪,探讨凝乳酶种类对牦牛乳硬质干酪成熟期间蛋白质降解的影响。结果表明:三种凝乳酶牦牛乳硬质干酪成熟过程中,不同凝乳酶牦牛乳硬质干酪在成熟期间蛋白质降解能力存在较大差异,总氮(TN)、p H4.6水溶性氮(p H4.6-SN/TN)、12%的三氯乙酸氮(12%TCA-N/TN)、5%磷钨酸氮(5%PTA-N/TN)含量、游离氨基酸均随成熟时间延长不同程度的增加,蛋白氮和酪蛋白氮逐渐降低,多肽氮呈先升高后下降趋势,且微生物凝乳酶降解牦牛乳硬质干酪蛋白能力显著(p0.05)高于木瓜蛋白酶和小牛皱胃酶。     

牦牛乳与荷斯坦牛乳硬质干酪的抗氧化特性比较

目的:通过比较牦牛乳硬质干酪与荷斯坦牛乳硬质干酪乳脂含量与氧化速率间的关系,探索和揭示乳脂氧化规律,完善硬质干酪乳脂氧化理论。方法:牦牛乳与荷斯坦牛乳干酪在4℃下成熟0、1、2、3、4、5、6个月,测定酸度值(acidity value,ADV)、羰基价(carbonyl value,CV)、一级氧化程度过氧化值(peroxide value,POV)和二级氧化程度硫代巴比妥酸(thiobarbituricacid,TBA)值,计算各指标氧化进程的总增幅与平均氧化速率。结果:1)两种干酪ADV和CV在成熟过程中均持续上升;牦牛乳硬质干酪ADV总增幅为(263.94±13.88)%,低于荷斯坦乳硬质干酪((363.91±11.71)%);成熟期间牦牛乳与荷斯坦牛乳干酪CV平均增长速率分别为(0.140 0±0.017 7)meq/(kg·月)和(0.138 5±0.015 1)meq/(kg·月);2)两种干酪POV在成熟期间均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,且两种干酪间POV除了在3个月时有显著性差异(P0.05),在其余成熟期均没有显著性差异(P0.05);3)TBA值在成熟过程中均呈上升趋势;牦牛乳硬质干酪TBA值总增幅为(330.48±72.64)%,荷斯坦牛乳硬质干酪为(335.89±36.41)%,牦牛乳与荷斯坦牛乳干酪TBA值平均增长速率分别为(0.035 4±0.002 9)mg/(kg·月)和(0.033 6±0.002 0)mg/(kg·月);4)通过计算拟合了牦牛乳硬质干酪一级与二级氧化速率回归方程,分别为Y=-0.001 7x5+0.038 2x4-0.336 6x3+1.347 7x2-2.146 7x+1.496 9(R2=0.993 2)、Y=0.034 3x+0.024 4(R2=0.968 8)。结论:在成熟过程中牦牛乳硬质干酪呈现高乳脂含量和低氧化速率的现象,说明牦牛乳硬质干酪中的抗氧化因子较荷斯坦牛乳硬质干酪高,并在成熟后期起到了重要的作用,降低了氧化速率,实验可为不同原料硬质干酪的贮藏和氧化特性的研究提供参考。     

成熟温度和时间对牦牛乳硬质干酪中生物活性肽的影响

以不同条件成熟的牦牛乳硬质干酪为研究对象,探究成熟温度和时间对牦牛乳硬质干酪中水溶性多肽的DPPH自由基清除能力、抑菌性以及抑制血管紧张素转换酶（ACE）活性的影响。结果表明,5 ℃、10 ℃、15 ℃成熟4～6个月牦牛乳硬质干酪的水溶性多肽对DPPH自由基均有清除能力。5 ℃、10 ℃成熟5个月、15 ℃成熟4个月牦牛乳硬质干酪的水溶性多肽对DPPH自由基清除率最高,分别为（20.38±1.20）%、（28.70±0.67）%和（30.19±0.32）%。5 ℃、10 ℃、15 ℃成熟的牦牛乳硬质干酪在4～6个月成熟过程中,其水溶性多肽对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制程度分别呈增强趋势。成熟温度从5 ℃提高到15 ℃时,牦牛乳硬质干酪的水溶性多肽对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和血管紧张素转换酶的抑制作用呈加强趋势。     

白牦牛乳硬质干酪加工工艺技术研究

以甘肃天祝牧区白牦牛乳为原料制作硬质干酪,优化加工白牦牛乳硬质干酪的工艺参数,并用扫描电镜(SEM)观察成熟期干酪的微观结构。结果表明,白牦牛乳硬质干酪在发酵剂添加量3%,凝乳酶添加量30μl/100ml,凝乳温度40℃,凝乳pH6.1,氯化钙添加量0.03% 时,品质较好,其成熟30d 时蛋白质含量为27.82%,脂肪含量为36.43%,出品率为15.5%;成熟30d 和90d 的白牦牛乳干酪微观结构变化明显。     

不同冷藏时间牦牛乳中细菌群落结构和理化性质比较

低温贮藏有利于确保原料乳质量,然而也面临原料乳中嗜冷菌增多的风险,因此,了解不同冷藏时间原料乳中细菌群落结构变化对乳品工业持续发展具有重要意义。为此,该试验利用高通量测序技术和乳成分分析仪,分析和比较了4 ℃下贮藏24、72 h牦牛乳的细菌群落特征和理化特性。结果表明：冷藏24、72 h牦牛乳中第一、二优势菌属为乳球菌属、金黄杆菌属,该两类菌属的细菌分别占到冷藏24、72 h牦牛乳中细菌相对丰度的59.48%和67.51%。冷藏72 h牦牛乳中乳球菌属、金黄杆菌属相对丰度比冷藏24 h牦牛乳高出22.74%、3.56%,但是冷藏72 h牦牛乳中链球菌、不动杆菌属呈现降低趋势。冷藏24、72 h牦牛乳中假单胞菌属相对丰度较低,分别为1.69%和1.78%。冷藏72 h牦牛乳中酪蛋白、脂肪含量低于冷藏24 h牦牛乳,酸度增加到14.66 ºΤ。72 h的低温冷藏有助于控制牦牛乳细菌繁殖,维持乳品质。该研究为牦牛乳贮藏,干酪等乳制品加工,确保其品质和质量安全提供了理论依据。     

酪蛋白降解对牦牛乳硬质干酪苦味的影响

针对牦牛乳硬质干酪的苦味缺陷,分别以小牛皱胃酶、微生物凝乳酶和木瓜蛋白酶制作的牦牛乳硬质干酪为研究对象,利用尿素聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,研究牦牛乳硬质干酪pH 4.6水不溶性酪蛋白的降解程度,且对成熟过程中的牦牛乳硬质干酪苦味进行感官评价,探究牦牛乳硬质干酪pH 4.6水不溶性酪蛋白降解对其苦味的影响。结果表明：牦牛乳硬质干酪在成熟期间酪蛋白发生了明显的降解,且αs-酪蛋白均比β-酪蛋白降解速率快。经尿素聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离后,发现木瓜蛋白酶制作的牦牛乳硬质干酪pH 4.6水不溶性酪蛋白在Pre-αs-酪蛋白区域有较强的蛋白带。木瓜蛋白酶制作的牦牛乳硬质干酪pH 4.6水不溶性酪蛋白中αs-酪蛋白和β-酪蛋白降解程度均显著或极显著高于微生物凝乳酶和小牛皱胃酶制作的牦牛乳硬质干酪（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）,木瓜蛋白酶制作的牦牛乳硬质干酪的苦味值极显著高于微生物凝乳酶和小牛皱胃酶制作的牦牛乳硬质干酪的苦味值（P＜0.01）,通过主成分分析得出3 种凝乳酶制作牦牛乳硬质干酪的苦味值和未降解β-酪蛋白和αs-酪蛋白含量成极显著负相关。这为控制牦牛乳硬质干酪品质提供了理论参考。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the     

Chinese CTP Market

According to Printing and Printing Equipment Industries Association of China（PEIAC）＇s statistics to the plate manufucturer in China, in 2013, the actual offset plate production has reached 346 million square meters in China. Among them, the CTP production volume was 245 million square meters, up by 11% than that of last year; the total sales of the CTP plate was 239 million square meters, up by 13%.     

Preparatory Work of Print China 2015 is Going Smoothly

正Held at Guangdong Modern International Exhibition Center,Print China 2015 will cover 7exhibition halls,besides the original Hall No.3,4,5,6,7,the newly built F zone of Hall 3 will be used too.The total area will be140,000 square meters.Hall 3:Offset and large printing equipment,package printing equipment,post press