基于改进活动轮廓模型的图像分割

针对图像分割中的灰度不均匀和轮廓初始化问题,提出一种基于区域的活动轮廓模型。将图像的全局信息和局部信息作为能量项驱动活动轮廓向目标边缘演化,以有效分割灰度不均匀图像,为保证图像分割的速度和精度,在能量方程中加入长度项和惩罚项,并采用梯度下降法得到该模型的最小化能量方程。实验结果表明,和局部二值拟合模型、局部图像拟合模型相比,该模型能分割灰度不均匀的图像,对初始轮廓曲线大小和位置更不敏感,且分割图像所需的迭代次数、迭代时间更少。     

一种新的结合图像梯度的局部活动轮廓模型

基于区域的局部二值拟合模型只考虑图像灰度的平均值统计信息,然而由于图像中的噪声改变了图像的灰度分布,该类方法对于包含大量噪声的图像往往很难获得理想的效果。为了提高模型对于噪声的鲁棒性,提出了一种结合图像统计信息和梯度信息的局部活动轮廓模型。该模型在图像灰度的统计信息的基础上,加入图像梯度信息,分别构造以高斯函数为核函数的局部二值灰度拟合能量和局部二值梯度拟合能量,得到最终的能量泛函,并通过最小化该能量函数,驱使活动轮廓向目标边缘演化。实验结果表明,基于图像灰度和梯度的局部活动轮廓模型能够有效克服图像中弱边缘以及强噪声对于分割结果的影响,其分割精度高于同类方法。     

基于局部增强与区域拟合的活动轮廓模型

针对活动轮廓模型在分割弱边缘图像及严重的灰度不均匀图像方面存在轮廓曲线不能很好地演化到目标边界等问题,提出了一种基于局部增强与区域拟合的活动轮廓模型。首先,利用局部区域增强方法将原始图像转换为新图像,以增强图像的对比度。其次,利用统计信息计算图像的区域拟合能量。然后,加入正则项以避免演化轮廓重新初始化,提高图像分割效率。最后,通过灰度不均匀的合成图像和真实图像的实验,验证了该算法的有效性。     

基于多尺度局部特征的图像分割模型

为了解决图像分割中灰度不均匀和初始轮廓敏感的问题,提出一种基于多尺度局部特征的图像分割模型.与传统局部邻域定义在方形区域不同,该模型采用圆形区域来获取更多的局部信息;考虑到局部区域灰度的变化程度不一,提出利用多尺度结构与均值滤波器相结合的方法获得多尺度局部灰度信息;通过转换灰度不均匀模型得到一个逼近真实信息的图像,并将其融合进局部高斯分布拟合(LGDF)模型,构造出基于多尺度局部特征的能量泛函.从理论分析和实验结果表明:由于多尺度结构弱化了灰度不均匀的影响,该模型既能快速、准确地分割灰度不均匀图像,又表现出对初始轮廓具有较强的鲁棒性.     

融合局部和全局高斯概率信息的图像分割模型

在现有的活动轮廓中,LBF模型、LIF模型和LGDF模型是著名的基于区域的模型。虽然能分割灰度不均匀的图像,但对活动轮廓的初始化和噪声较为敏感。针对该问题,提出一种融合全高斯和局部高斯概率信息的活动轮廓模型。首先由全局高斯模型的全局灰度拟合力和局部高斯模型的局部灰度拟合力的一个线性组合来构造水平集演化力,然后引入这两个拟合力的动态权重以达到该模型的灵活性,实验结果表明,该模型能分割灰度不均的图像,且允许灵活的轮廓初始化,抗噪声性强。     

融合区域和测地线的活动轮廓模型与图割相结合的自然图像分割

针对活动轮廓模型利用水平集函数演化来分割图像时,只能分割灰度均匀的图像 问题以及容易陷入能量泛函局部极小值的缺点,提出一种新的图像分割模型。模型将区域中的 局部和全局信息融合的活动轮廓模型与边界模型相结合,然后利用图切割进行优化。实验表明, 该方法对初始曲线不敏感,能分割灰度不均的自然图像,避免陷入局部极小,并能有效提高图 像分割的速度和精度。     

一种改进的图像分割活动轮廓模型

C-V模型具有计算复杂度低、对初始化和噪声不敏感等优点,在处理图像的时候总是从全局的角度去考虑图像区域的灰度变化,从而导致难以分割灰度不均的图像。局部二元拟合(LBF)模型在处理灰度不均匀的图像分割方面有很大优势,但是LBF模型存在依赖初始轮廓大小、位置等缺点。针对C-V模型不能分割灰度不均图像和LBF模型敏感于轮廓初始化的问题,给出一个用偏微分方程表示的新的融合局部(LBF模型)和全局信息(改进的C-V模型)的活动轮廓模型。实践结果表明,新的模型对初始轮廓的敏感性低,能分割灰度不均的图像,且优于C-V模型,其分割效率明显高于LBF模型。     

基于局部图像拟合偏差的活动轮廓分割模型

针对灰度不均匀图像的分割问题,提出一个基于区域的活动轮廓模型。通过构造包含图像局部信息的局部图像拟合偏差能量泛函,度量真实图像与拟合图像的偏差,并在全局凸分割的基础上,将分裂Bregman技术应用到模型能量泛函的最小化问题中,以提高分割速率。同时引入边界检测函数更加准确地探测边界位置,以提高模型的分割准确性。实验结果表明,该模型不仅可以正确分割灰度不均匀图像和受噪声干扰的图像,而且对于多目标图像以及灰度分布均值相同、方差不同的图像,也能快速、准确地得到分割结果。     

利用区域信息融合混合活动轮廓模型的 河流遥感图像分割

目的 河流遥感图像是背景复杂的非匀质图像,利用传统的活动轮廓模型进行分割往往不够准确。针对这一问题,提出了基于区域信息融合的混合活动轮廓模型来分割河流遥感图像。方法 该混合模型将Chan-Vese(CV)模型和基于交叉熵的活动轮廓模型的外部能量约束项相结合,并赋予归一化调节比例系数。通过计算轮廓曲线内外区域像素灰度的方差和交叉熵,指导曲线逼近目标边缘。为了加速混合模型的演化,引入曲线内外区域像素灰度的类内绝对差,取代原有的内外区域能量权值,以提高混合模型的分割效率。结果 大量实验结果表明,相较于CV模型、测地线模型、基于交叉熵的活动轮廓模型、CV模型和测地线模型的混合模型以及局部全局灰度拟合能量模型(LGIF),本文混合模型分割河流遥感图像的灵敏度和上述方法都接近于100%,准确率大幅提升,在90%以上,虚警率则下降了约50%,且所需迭代次数和运行时间更少。结论 本文提出的混合模型主要适用于具有一定对比度的河流遥感图像,在分割性能和分割效率两个方面,都有明显的优势。     

结合全局和局部信息的“两阶段”活动轮廓模型

目的 LBF(local binary fitting)模型用每个像素点的邻域信息来拟合局部能量,对灰度不均匀图像可以得到很好的分割效果。但是LBF模型只考虑了图像的局部信息,没有考虑全局信息,因此它对初始轮廓大小、形状及位置都非常敏感。针对以上问题,结合全局和局部信息,提出"两阶段"活动轮廓模型。方法第1阶段,采用退化的CV(Chan-Vese)模型,利用图像的全局信息(灰度均值)快速为图像的目标大致定位;第2阶段,以第1阶段结束时的水平集函数的零水平集为第2阶段的初始轮廓,利用图像的局部信息(局部高斯拟合)得到更加精确的分割结果。结果实验结果表明,该"两阶段"活动轮廓模型保留了LBF模型分割灰度不均匀图像的能力。结论改进后的模型较LBF模型对各种初始轮廓(大小、形状、位置)有较强的鲁棒性,以及较强的抗噪性。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.