基于优化初始中心点的K-means文本聚类算法

K-means算法终止于一个局部最优状态,所以初始中心点的选择会在很大程度上影响其聚类效果.该文针对K-means算法所存在的问题,提出了一种优化初始中心点的算法.实验表明可以有效减少迭代次数并提高聚类精度,最终获得较好的聚类效果.     

基于初始点优化的K-means聚类算法

针对K-means算法的不足,提出一种优化初始点的方法,并对此方法和随机初始化法进行仿真实验比对,并用此法对K-means算法进行改进,在标准UCI数据集上进行实验比对,发现此方法相对于随机选取初始聚类中心点的K-means算法,在聚类中心确定方面,准确率较高、稳定性强、可伸缩性好。     

基于Spark的改进K-means算法的并行实现

针对K-means聚类算法存在的不足,提出了改进K-means来提高算法的性能,利用简化后的轮廓系数作为评估标准衡量K-means算法中◢k◣值,采用K-means++完成K-means算法初始中心点的选择。设置好◢k◣值以及初始中心点后使用形态学相似距离作为相似度测量标准将数据点归属到距离最近的中心点形成的簇中,最后计算平均轮廓系数确定合适的◢k◣值,并在Spark上实现算法并行化。通过对四个标准数据集在准确性、运行时间和加速比三个方面的实验表明,改进后的K-means算法相对于传统的K-means算法和SKDK-means算法不仅提高了聚类划分质量,缩短了计算时间,而且在多节点的集群环境下表现出良好的并行性能。实验结果分析出提出的改进算法能有效提高算法执行效率和并行计算能力。     

基于密度的改进K均值算法及实现

传统的K均值算法的初始聚类中心从数据集中随机产生,聚类结果很不稳定。提出一种基于密度算法优化初始聚类中心的改进K-means算法,该算法选择相互距离最远的k个处于高密度区域的点作为初始聚类中心。实验证明,改进的K-means算法能够消除对初始聚类中心的依赖,聚类结果有了较大的改进。     

一种改进的动态K-means聚类算法

针对初始聚类中心对传统K-means算法的聚类结果有较大影响的问题,提出一种依据样本点类内距离动态调整中心点类间距离的初始聚类中心选取方法,由此得到的初始聚类中心点尽可能分散且具代表性,能有效避免K-means算法陷入局部最优。通过UCI数据集上的数据对改进算法进行实验,结果表明改进的算法提高了聚类的准确性。     

基于距离和权重改进的K-means算法

K-means聚类算法简单高效,应用广泛。针对传统K-means算法初始聚类中心点的选择随机性导致算法易陷入局部最优以及K值需要人工确定的问题,为了得到最合适的初始聚类中心,提出一种基于距离和样本权重改进的K-means算法。该聚类算法采用维度加权的欧氏距离来度量样本点之间的远近,计算出所有样本的密度和权重后,令密度最大的点作为第一个初始聚类中心,并剔除该簇内所有样本,然后依次根据上一个聚类中心和数据集中剩下样本点的权重并通过引入的参数[τi]找出下一个初始聚类中心,不断重复此过程直至数据集为空,最后自动得到[k]个初始聚类中心。在UCI数据集上进行测试,对比经典K-means算法、WK-means算法、ZK-means算法和DCK-means算法,基于距离和权重改进的K-means算法的聚类效果更好。     

基于密度的K-means聚类中心选取的优化算法

针对传统的K-means算法对于初始聚类中心点和聚类数的敏感问题,提出了一种优化初始聚类中心选取的算法。该算法针对数据对象的分布密度以及计算最近两点的垂直中点方法来确定k个初始聚类中心,再结合均衡化函数对聚类个数进行优化,以获得最优聚类。采用标准的UCI数据集进行实验对比,发现改进后的算法相比传统的算法有较高的准确率和稳定性。     

一种改进K-means聚类的近邻传播最大最小距离算法

针对初始聚类中心不合理的选择会导致K-means算法的聚类结果局部最优,且降低聚类算法收敛速度的问题,提出一种基于近邻传播算法和最大最小距离算法联合计算初始聚类中心的算法(APMMD).该算法通过近邻传播算法从整个样本集中获得Kap(Kap>k)个具有代表性的候选中心点,再利用最大最小距离算法从Kap个候选中心点中选择k个初始聚类中心.在多个UCI数据集上实验,结果表明APMMD算法获得初始聚类中心应用于K-means聚类,迭代次数明显降低,聚类结果稳定且具有较高准确率.     

Spark环境下K-means初始中心点优化研究综述

为了能够及时了解Spark环境下经典聚类算法K-means的最新研究进展,把握K-means算法当前的研究热点和方向,针对K-means算法的初始中心点优化研究进行综述。首先介绍了内存计算框架Spark和K-means算法,并分析了K-means算法聚类不稳定性的成因和影响,其目的在于指出优化K-means算法的重要性;详细介绍了目前在Spark环境下优化K-means初始中心点的主要方法和最新研究现状,并展望了K-means初始中心点优化问题的未来研究方向。     

K-means算法的初始聚类中心的优化

传统的K-means算法对初始聚类中心敏感,聚类结果随不同的初始输入而波动,针对K-means算法存在的问题,提出了基于密度的改进的K-means算法,该算法采取聚类对象分布密度方法来确定初始聚类中心,选择相互距离最远的K个处于高密度区域的点作为初始聚类中心,理论分析与实验结果表明,改进的算法能取得更好的聚类结果。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).