基于知识图谱的医疗问答系统设计与实现

为提高医疗服务水平,设计基于知识图谱的医疗问答系统。首先,构建医疗问答系统,在业务层中搭建医疗数据知识图谱,并生成医疗问题知识模板;其次,采用基于相似度的问句实体抽取算法和意图识别算法,以获取用户的问题意图;最后,将意图传输至知识图谱,并查询相应答案返回给用户,从而实现智能医疗问答。     

面向医疗咨询的复杂问句意图智能理解

在智慧医疗中基于知识图谱的问答系统能够根据结构化的医疗知识自动回答自然语言问句,具有重要的研究意义和实际应用价值。当前的问答系统不能有效地处理包含多种意图的复杂问句,导致意图识别不全面或不正确,难以生成高质量的答案。因此,该文提出了基于语义分析和深度学习的复杂问句意图智能理解方法,首先从问句中提取医疗实体并进行依存句法分析,通过句法成分规范化将多意图复杂问句分解成若干属性类或关系类简单问句的组合,然后构建文本分类深度网络模型对每个简单问句进行意图识别,从而实现复杂问句的意图理解。为了验证该文方法的有效性和实用性,该文构建了包含6类约14万个实体的医疗知识图谱,用所提出的意图理解方法为核心开发了基于知识图谱的医疗咨询智能问答系统,根据问句意图将相应的核心实体和关系谓词转化为知识图谱检索语句,并通过检索到的相关知识生成自然语言答案。对真实医疗咨询问句测试的结果表明,该文方法可以有效地理解复杂问句的多种意图,相应的问答系统能够更全面、准确地回答与疾病、症状、药品等相关的医疗咨询问句。     

基于荔枝和龙眼病虫害知识图谱的问答系统

病虫害一直以来都是影响农作物生产的重要原因,在该领域构建基于知识图谱的问答系统有助于智慧农业的发展,是人工智能时代下农业信息化的重要举措.该研究针对专家内部作物病虫害数据,编写程序对其进行清洗、知识提取等操作,完成该领域的知识图谱构建任务.对病虫害文本进行序列标注,完成实体识别模型构建用于问句实体识别,并构建文本分类模型对问句进行意图识别,编写模版规则匹配可执行Cypher语句,从知识图谱中得到答案.结合Flask与React前后端分离的Web框架,最终形成完整的基于图谱的问答系统.     

面向水利信息资源的智能问答系统构建与应用

当前特定领域的问答系统主要采用基于关键字匹配的方法完成问答,类似水库大坝的建成时间、坝高等,无法充分理解用户自然语言提问的检索意图并给出准确回答。为此基于知识图谱技术,利用语义解析方法,本文设计并开发面向水利信息资源的智能问答系统。针对语义解析自然语言问句转化为结构化查询语句需要多步操作,容易导致语义鸿沟问题,还为了后续基于知识表示的问答方法,积累用户语料,本文提出一种语料扩展方法构建语料库。     

基于知识图谱的生物学科知识问答系统

为提升用户获取生物学科相关知识的准确性和简洁性,设计并实现基于中文知识图谱的生物领域知识问答系统。针对生物学科领域实体的特殊性,基于改进的文档迁移距离算法结合逻辑回归模型实现实体链接;通过构建标注问题库并结合短文本相似度算法,实现问句语义理解。实验结果表明,系统对生物学科领域专有实体识别和问句语义理解两方面都具有较高的准确率,在生物学科领域问答应用中具有应用价值。     

基于知识图谱的急诊问答系统

为了提升现有急诊问答的速度,将医疗类专家知识、知识图谱和问答系统相结合,实现了通过自然语言人机交互 的急诊问答系统。本系统基于垂直类医疗网站,使用网络爬虫技术构建知识库,通过图数据库存储知识图谱;基于规则匹配方法和字符串匹配算法,构建领域词库对问句分类查询。本系统在急诊医疗领域知识图谱和问答系统构建中有应用价值。     

基于学术知识图谱的辅助创新技术研究

计算机领域知识快速更新且存在较多歧义,导致学生自主创新时难以找到合理的解决方案.作为辅助创新工具,智能问答系统可以协助学生更快地把握学科发展前沿,精准地找出解决问题的方法.在大规模科技文献库上构建科研知识图谱,实现了辅助学生创新的智能问答系统.为了减小查询问句中噪声实体带来的影响,提出一种基于辅助任务的意图信息增强神经...     

海洋综合减灾知识图谱及问答系统的研究与实现

鉴于近年来气候变化的加剧,海洋灾害频繁发生且后果严重,构建面向海洋综合减灾的问答系统成为迫切需要完成的任务。本研究通过收集和整理海洋减灾领域的专业知识,将知识建模成包含实体、属性和关系的知识图谱。结合知识图谱识别问句实体,通过语义匹配和问题解析构建模型分类问句意图,从图谱中检索答案。此外,研究提供了可视化的海洋灾害知识图谱,支持交互式探索和查询,能够直观了解灾害之间的关联性,有效提升用户对海洋防灾知识的了解程度。     

基于知识图谱的智能问答意图识别联合模型

针对现有意图识别联合模型在专业领域知识图谱问答中容易发生识别领域实体以及问句分类错误的情况,提出一个结合了领域知识图谱的意图识别联合模型。该模型有三步,将领域知识图谱中实体对应的本体标签以及本体间关系导入训练数据集,形成包含本体标签的知识文本以及额外包含本体关系的知识文本图;通过字符级嵌入和位置信息嵌入将包含了本体标签的知识文本转化成嵌入表示并依据知识文本图创建实体关系可视矩阵,明确知识文本各成分的相关程度;将嵌入表示和实体关系可视矩阵输入模型编码层进行模型的训练。以高速列车领域知识图谱为例,经过准确率和召回率的验证,以该方法训练出的模型在高速列车领域问答数据集的意图识别任务上取得了更好的表现。     

基于BiLSTM-CRF的细粒度知识图谱问答

基于知识图谱的问答中问句侯选主实体筛选步骤繁琐,且现有多数模型忽略了问句与关系的细粒度相关性。针对该问题,构建基于BiLSTM-CRF的细粒度知识图谱问答模型,其中包括实体识别和关系预测2个部分。在实体识别部分,利用BiLSTM-CRF模型提高准确性,并将N-Gram算法与Levenshtein距离算法相结合用于候选主实体的筛选,简化候选主实体筛选过程。在关系预测部分,分别应用注意力机制和卷积神经网络从语义层次和词层次捕获问句与关系之间的相互联系。使用FreeBase中的FB2M和FB5M评估数据集进行实验,结果表明,与针对单一关系的问答方法相比,该模型对于实体关系对的预测准确率更高。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).