固溶及时效热处理对K465合金组织的影响

研究了K465合金热处理后的显微组织和力学性能。结果表明,合金热处理后,枝晶干处的γ'相呈立方状、体积分数为62%,同时还析出了细小点状碳化物,铸态MC碳化物转变为M6C。高温时效热处理结果表明,合金经1 000℃/500 h和1 100℃/100 h后,析出富集W和Mo的针状和棒状二次析出相;1 000℃条件下,随着时间的延长,二次析出相的数量逐渐增多;温度的升高可促进二次相的析出。     

一种含少量Zn、Mn的Al-Cu-Li-Mg-Zr合金的力学性能及微观组织

设计了一种含少量Zn、Mn的Al-Cu-Li-Mg-Zr合金，并研究了其拉伸性能及微观组织。结果表明：该合金的主要析出相为6（Al5Cu6Mg2）相、T1（A12CuLi）相及θ′（A12Cu）相。160℃／18h时效时，随固溶温度升高，θ′相减少，6相和T1相含量增加，合金强度提高。530℃／1h固溶后，随时效温度升至175℃时，6相及T1相增加，合金强度增大；时效温度进一步升高至190℃，T1相减少，合金强度降低，且随时效温度升高，合金塑性降低，其断裂方式由韧性断裂逐渐转变为复合断裂。     

热处理工艺对激光选区熔化AM247LC合金组织与性能的影响规律

目的 研究不同热处理制度对激光选区熔化（SLM）AM247LC合金微观组织和力学性能的影响规律。方法 对激光选区熔化制备的AM247LC合金分别进行900℃/16h的直接时效热处理和1 210℃/30 min+1 050℃/30min+950℃/16h的固溶时效热处理,通过OM、SEM、EBSD、XRD等表征手段研究合金热处理前后的晶粒组织、碳化物及析出相等微观组织的变化,并对打印态及不同热处理态样品的室温拉伸性能进行测试,以表征热处理对其力学性能的影响行为。结果 打印态AM247LC合金中存在大量粗大柱状晶和细小晶粒组织;直接时效热处理（900℃/16 h）后的AM247LC合金晶粒组织与打印态类似,但析出了大量γ’强化相;固溶时效热处理（1 210℃/30 min+1 050℃/30 min+950℃/16 h）后,AM247LC合金发生了再结晶,形成大量退火孪晶,并且析出沿晶界分布非连续的微米级碳化物及大量γ’强化相。合金打印态的屈服强度为846.5 MPa,断裂伸长率可达19.6%;直接时效热处理后,合金屈服强度为1 042.8 MPa,断裂伸长率明显降低,仅为11.2%;固溶...     

Al-Cu-Mg-Ag耐热铝合金断续时效处理研究

采用维氏硬度测试、拉伸性能测试和透射电子显微分析技术,研究了断续时效处理对Al-Cu-Mg-Ag耐热铝合金组织与性能的影响。结果表明,较低的二次时效温度能够促进θ′相的析出,抑制Ω相的析出,降低合金强度,提高合金的伸长率;而较高的二次时效温度则会促进Ω相的析出,抑制θ′相的析出,细化Ω相的尺寸,并且能够改善强化相在晶界的分布,从而提高合金的强度和伸长率。合金适宜的断续时效制度为185℃/2h+150℃/6h。     

时效制度对Ni20Cr25电热丝膨胀系数的影响

系统研究了时效制度对Ni20Cr25电热丝膨胀系数的影响。结果表明,Ni20Cr25电热丝适宜的固溶处理温度为1150℃;经过930℃+10h时效处理后,由于大量稳定碳化物的析出,电热丝的线膨胀系数明显下降,且显微硬度可达237HV0.01,接近冷拔态的硬度。     

时效制度对Ni20Cr25电热丝膨胀系数的影响

系统研究了时效制度对Ni20Cr25电热丝膨胀系数的影响。结果表明,Ni20Cr25电热丝适宜的固溶处理温度为1150℃;经过930℃+10h时效处理后,由于大量稳定碳化物的析出,电热丝的线膨胀系数明显下降,且显微硬度可达237HV0.01,接近冷拔态的硬度。     

Q345B钢中硫化物及微合金碳氮化物析出热力学分析

为改善Q345B微合金钢铸坯塑性,控制裂纹产生,对Q345B钢中硫化物及微合金碳氮化物析出热力学进行了分析。计算结果表明：1）钢液中不可能析出氮化物、碳化物和硫化物;2）钢液凝固过程中硫化锰在1472℃、氮化钛在1467℃时具备析出的热力学条件,而其它氮化物、碳化物则不具备析出条件;3）在奥氏体相中,氮化铝、碳化钛,碳化钒和氮化钒的平衡析出温度分别为1027℃、977℃、727℃和777℃。     

喷射沉积Al－2．15Li－1．28Mg－1．26Cu－0．10Zr合金的显微组织与拉伸性能EI

采用新型的喷射沉积快速凝固工艺制备了Ａｌ－２．１５Ｌｉ－１．２８Ｍｇ－１．２６Ｃｕ－０．１０Ｚｒ合金，对合金的显微组织与拉伸性能进行了研究。实验结果表明，沉积态实验合金组织为大量细小、均匀的等轴晶，经热挤压后晶粒呈“砖块”状形貌特征，在晶界上不易观察到破碎氧化物。时效析出不规则形状的δ＇相粒子、球壳状β＇－δ＇复合沉淀相及Ｓ＇相。喷射沉积Ａｌ－Ｌｉ合金经１９０℃／２０ｈ时效后达到峰时效状态，此时材料的综合性能最优（σ＿ｂ＝５２８ＭＰａ，σ＿（０．２）＝４２０ＭＰａ，δ＝１２％）。与粉未冶金Ａｌ－Ｌｉ合金相比，材料的塑性明显改善。     

喷射沉积Al－2．15Li－1．28Mg－1．26Cu－0．10Zr合金的显微组织与拉伸性能

采用新型的喷射沉积快速凝固工艺制备了Ａｌ－２．１５Ｌｉ－１．２８Ｍｇ－１．２６Ｃｕ－０．１０Ｚｒ合金，对合金的显微组织与拉伸性能进行了研究。实验结果表明，沉积态实验合金组织为大量细小、均匀的等轴晶，经热挤压后晶粒呈“砖块”状形貌特征，在晶界上不易观察到破碎氧化物。时效析出不规则形状的δ＇相粒子、球壳状β＇－δ＇复合沉淀相及Ｓ＇相。喷射沉积Ａｌ－Ｌｉ合金经１９０℃／２０ｈ时效后达到峰时效状态，此时材料的综合性能最优（σ＿ｂ＝５２８ＭＰａ，σ＿（０．２）＝４２０ＭＰａ，δ＝１２％）。与粉未冶金Ａｌ－Ｌｉ合金相比，材料的塑性明显改善。     

7150铝合金型材三级时效热处理工艺研究

采用拉伸力学试验机、电导率测试仪、应力腐蚀测试和透射电子显微镜分析回归时效、回归时效升温速率和冷却方式对7150铝合金性能的影响。研究表明,回归时效采用185 ℃/100 min的RRA热处理工艺时,合金具有较高的电导率(36.7~37.4%IACS)和较少的强度损失(抗拉强度620~640 MPa,屈服强度590~610 MPa)。65 ℃/h升温至回归时效和回归时效风冷降温至120 ℃的RRA热处理可提高合金电导率,降低合金强度;预时效后空冷1 h再185 ℃回归时效和回归时效水冷的RRA热处理可提高合金强度,降低合金电导率;通过TEM明场像观察,回归时效采用185 ℃/100 min的RRA热处理工艺时7150合金晶内析出大量的GP区,晶界析出不连续的较粗大的η相,这种显微组织既保证了T6状态的强度又使合金具有较好的抗腐蚀性能。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...