A subnanosecond pulsed source of electrons and X-rays

We measured the time and dose characteristics of electron and X-radiation of the иMA3-150З tube connected to the subnanosecond megavolt CпиH-2 accelerator. About ∼5×10¹² electrons per pulse are generated when the accelerating-voltage pulse is ≥600 kV high and ≈=0.3 ns long. The current amplitude reaches ∼5 kA, and the radiation dose is ∼5 kGy/pulse. The X-ray dose from the external tantalum target is 0.15 Gy/pulse. The development of the electron-tube and X-ray-tube prototypes with considerably smaller sizes has opened up new fields of application in medicine and engineering.     

Intense beams from gases generated by a permanent magnet ECR ion source at PKU

An electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source is designed for the production of high-current ion beams of various gaseous elements. At the Peking University (PKU), the primary study is focused on developing suitable permanent magnet ECR ion sources (PMECRs) for separated function radio frequency quadrupole (SFRFQ) accelerator and for Peking University Neutron Imaging Facility. Recently, other kinds of high-intensity ion beams are required for new acceleration structure demonstration, simulation of fusion reactor material irradiation, aviation bearing modification, and other applications. So we expanded the ion beam category from O(+), H(+), and D(+) to N(+), Ar(+), and He(+). Up to now, about 120 mA of H(+), 83 mA of D(+), 50 mA of O(+), 63 mA of N(+), 70 mA of Ar(+), and 65 mA of He(+) extracted at 50 kV through a φ 6 mm aperture were produced by the PMECRs at PKU. Their rms emittances are less than 0.2 π?mm?mrad. Tungsten samples were irradiated by H(+) or He(+) beam extracted from this ion source and H∕He holes and bubbles have been observed on the samples. A method to produce a high intensity H∕He mixed beam to study synergistic effect is developed for nuclear material irradiation. To design a He(+) beam injector for coupled radio frequency quadruple and SFRFQ cavity, He(+) beam transmission experiments were carried out on PKU low energy beam transport test bench and the transmission was less than 50%. It indicated that some electrode modifications must be done to decrease the divergence of He(+) beam.     

Characteristics of a fast neutral atom source with electrons injected into the source through its emissive grid from the vacuum chamber

In order to increase the equivalent current of a fast neutral atom beam the cold hollow cathode of the beam source is bombarded with electrons extracted from the plasma produced in the vacuum chamber and accelerated in the sheath between the plasma emitter of the source and its emissive grid. The cold cathode bombardment by accelerated electrons raises its electron emission current by an order of magnitude and as a result voltage U _c between the anode and the cathode of the source diminishes more than two times. This allows of increasing several times the beam equivalent current or decreasing the working gas pressure. A slight decrease in the U _c with increasing the accelerating voltage U at an overall cutoff of the electrons from the chamber reveals the influence of secondary electrons emitted by the grid. Measurement of the beam current is discussed.     

Recent advances in atomic-scale spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy

The Mn3N2 (010) surface has been studied using spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy at the atomic scale. The principle objective of this work is to elucidate the properties and potential of this technique to measure atomic-scale magnetic structures. The experimental approach involves the use of a combined molecular beam epitaxy/scanning tunneling microscopy system that allows the study of atomically clean magnetic surfaces. Several key findings have been obtained. First, both magnetic and non-magnetic atomic-scale information has been obtained in a single spin-polarized image. Magnetic modulation of the height profile having an antiferromagnetic super-period of c = 12.14 A (6 atomic rows) together with a non-magnetic superstructure having a period of c/2 = 6.07 A (3 atomic rows) was observed. Methods of separation of magnetic and non-magnetic profiles are presented. Second, bias voltage-dependent spin-polarized images show a reversal of the magnetic modulation at a particular voltage. This reversal is clearly due to a change in the sign of the magnetic term in the tunnel current. Since this term depends on both the tip's as well as the sample's magnetic local density of states, the reversal can be caused by either the sample or the tip. Third, the shape of the line profile was found to vary with the bias voltage, which is related to the energy-dependent spin contribution from the 2 chemically inequivalent Mn sites on the surface. Overall, the results shown here expand the application of the method of spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy to measure atomic-scale magnetic structures.     

A computer-controlled setup for studying spin-polarized electron photoemission

The setup is intended for studying spectral dependences of the quantum yield and the degree of polarization of a beam of photoelectrons emitted from semiconductor heterostructures irradiated by circularly polarized light in a wavelength range of 360–1200 nm. The beam polarization vector direction can be reversed without affecting the main electron-optical features of the beam. The polarization of electrons is measured by a mini-Mott polarimeter with an operating voltage of 30 kV. The vacuum setup has a load-lock system for quick loading of samples and a cryostat. The setup is fully computer-controlled. Electron beams with a polarization of up to 88% were obtained with photocathodes at room temperature.     

A Generator of Intense Shock Waves

A circuit diagram and the main characteristics of a plasma dynamic generator, which is intended for forming intense shock waves as a result of an ablation of substances in a discharge, are described. The intense shock waves are entirely free of current and are produced in a wide pressure range in gases of various chemical and ionization composition.     

Evaluation of sample spin-polarization from spin-polarized scanning tunneling spectroscopy experiments

Spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy has produced a great amount of images presenting magnetic contrast between different magnetic domains with an unsurpassed spatial resolution but getting values like the surface polarization has proven to be a difficult task. We will discuss in detail how to extract this information for the case of manganese layers grown on Fe(001) whiskers. Mn layers adopt a body-centered-tetragonal (bct) structure when they are grown on the Fe(001) surface at room temperature. The Mn layers show an antiferromagnetic coupling between the layers. Comparing our spin-polarized scanning tunneling spectra measured with Fe-coated W tips with spin-resolved band structure calculations, we are able to find the value of the sample surface polarization. Also discussed is a method to change the tip magnetization. Finally, the magnetic structure around a screw dislocation on the surface is reviewed.     

MEMS原子自旋陀螺气室芯片加工设备与工艺研究

原子自旋陀螺是基于原子自旋极化效应的一类陀螺仪,在实现高精度检测的同时,又具有小型化和批量化制造的潜力。本文针对原子自旋陀螺对气室芯片的高浓度补偿气氛要求,结合集成制造的技术趋势,设计制造了能承受20×101.325kPa气压的气室芯片专用键合装置。完成了集成RF线圈的6amagat Amagat为浓度单位,定义为1个大气压0℃情况下单位体积内理想气体的分子数浓度原子自旋陀螺用气室芯片的工艺流程设计并进行了工艺流片。流片结果获得了完整的气室芯片结构,漏率的检测结果为3.0×10-8 Pa·m3/s,验证了装置和工艺的可行性。     

Modification of anisotropic plasma diffusion via auxiliary electrons emitted by a carbon nanotubes-based electron gun in an electron cyclotron resonance ion source

The diffusion mechanism in magnetized plasmas is a largely debated issue. A short circuit model was proposed by Simon, assuming fluxes of lost particles along the axial (electrons) and radial (ions) directions which can be compensated, to preserve the quasi-neutrality, by currents flowing throughout the conducting plasma chamber walls. We hereby propose a new method to modify Simon's currents via electrons injected by a carbon nanotubes-based electron gun. We found this improves the source performances, increasing the output current for several charge states. The method is especially sensitive to the pumping frequency. Output currents for given charge states, at different auxiliary electron currents, will be reported in the paper and the influence of the frequency tuning on the compensation mechanism will be discussed.     

Imaging the switching behavior of superparamagnetic nanoislands by spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy

In the past, spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy (SP-STM) was mainly applied to static domain configurations that do not vary in time. Here, we show that SP-STM may also be used to image the thermal switching behavior of superparamagnetic nanoislands. Special experimental care has to be taken in order to allow the unambiguous interpretation of the obtained data. Most important, the imaging of superparamagnetic particles requires the use of antiferromagnetic probe tips as the stray field of ferromagnetic tips may modify the sample's intrinsic switching behavior. Our results show that Fe monolayer islands on Mo(110) switch thermally when their area is smaller than 40 nm2. Dipolar coupling between adjacent islands is observed at small inter-particle distance. A pronounced shape dependence is found that confirms existing but yet unverified analytical predictions. The first experiments performed on Fe double-layer islands on W(001) also show thermal switching events, but no clear-cut size dependence is found.     

Intense flexural and torsional waves in an elastic bar

The paper considers the problems of propagation of an intense flexural wave in a twisted bar and an intense torsional wave in a bar with an initial curvature in the context of a geometrically nonlinear model of flexural and torsional vibrations of an elastic bar.     

A compact separator of monoenergetic electrons

A separator of monoenergetic electrons is described, in which two kinds of assemblies of “miniorange”-type magnetic filters (six magnets in each) are used. The ²⁰⁷Bi isotope with an activity of 240 kBq (7 μCi) that emits K ₁₀₆₃ and K ₁₇₇₀ conversion electrons serves as the electron source. For different kinds of assemblies, the intensity of electrons with energies of ～970 and ～1680 keV is accompanied by an increase in the radiation intensity by factors of 3 and 4, respectively, as compared to the intensities measured without magnetic filters, the energy resolution being ～30 keV. A single cycle of chamber evacuation guarantees constancy of the instrument’s parameters for one month.     

Composite Heat Shields in Intense Energy Fluxes with Diffusion

Russian Engineering Research - A method is proposed for bench testing of reusable composite samples under intense thermal and ionizing radiation. Tests are conducted under intense energy fluxes. As...     

An empirical energy loss equation of electrons

A modified Love-Cox-Scott (1978) equation of electron energy loss has been suggested. The stopping powers predicted by the modified Love-Cox-Scott equation are compared with those by the Tung et al. (1979) model, the Joy and Luo (1989) equation, and the experimental data given in database of Joy at: http://web.ukt. edu/-scrutk. In the energy range of E0< or = 5 keV, the Monte Carlo simulations of the electron scattering in Al, Ag, and Au have been performed, applying the Mott cross section for elastic scattering and the modified Love-Cox-Scott equation (1978) and the equations by Love et al. (1978) and Joy and Luo (1989), respectively, for the inelastic scattering. The calculated results on the backscattering coefficients, the energy distributions of the backscattered electrons, and the energy dissipation of the electron based on the three equations are compared.     

Elemental mapping with elastically scattered electrons

We describe a technique for efficient, quantitative, standardless elemental mapping using a high-angle annular detector in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) to collect elastically scattered electrons. With a single crystal specimen, contrast due to thickness variations, diffraction, and channelling effects can be avoided, so that the resulting image contrast quantitatively reflects variations in impurity concentration. We compare a number of simple analytical approximations to the elastic scattering cross sections and show that a standardless analysis is possible over a wide range of atomic number and inner detector angle to an absolute accuracy of better than 20%.     

A Nanographite Film-Based Fast Response Detector for Intense Laser Radiation

A simple high-speed photodetector of high-power laser radiation, based on the optical rectification effect, is described. It operates without an external power source. A nanographite film deposited onto a silicon substrate using the plasmochemical deposition technique and having two conducting surface electrodes is used as the photodetector’s photosensitive element. The performance of this device was demonstrated by detecting pulsed laser radiation in a spectral range of 0.266–1.9 µm using the second, third, and fourth harmonics of radiation from an YAG : Nd³⁺ laser with passive Q-switching and radiation from light oscillators based on stimulated Raman scattering in compressed hydrogen. It was shown that the photodetector sensitivity is proportional to the optical radiation frequency and its response time is shorter than 0.5 ns.__________Translated from Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta, No. 3, 2005, pp. 84–89.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Mikheev, Zonov, Obraztsov, Svirko, Volkov.     

低强度X射线影像仪图像的退化和复原

图像的退化是引起X射线影像仪图像质量下降的主要原因,通过对图像复原,可以改善图像质量,提高系统的清晰度.这里分析了影像仪图像退化的原因,重点介绍了影像仪的点扩展函数的获取方法,并以台阶铝板的X射线图像为例,说明了其复原过程.