Influence of the Design Features of a Piezoelectric Transducer on Probing Signal Duration

A piezoelectric transducer in the form of a damped plate radiating into steel through a system of transition layers is considered. The algorithm for calculating the frequency response of the transducer is described, and its pulsed operation mode is investigated. A voltage pulse in the form of a half sine wave at the plate’s antiresonance frequency is selected as an electrical excitation signal. Some materials used for manufacturing certain transducer design elements are considered. Based on estimative calculations of the geometrical thicknesses of layers actually encountered in the practice of ultrasonic testing, their wave thicknesses are chosen. The data obtained is used to determine the shape of the emitter output signal. Calculations are carried out in a wide range of specific acoustic impedances of the wear plate.     

超声波传输时间精密测量方法及应用研究

根据超声波回波信号是一个变幅周期性信号这一特点,提出一种用数字细分来精密测量超声波传输时间的方法,阐明了超声波换能器驱动电路原理及利用FPGA电路和高分辨率A/D电路通过高频采样来实现这一方法的原理,并采用该方法和电路设计了超声波流量计。指出超声波传输时间测量的分辨率取决于超声波信号的频率和A/D电路的分辨率,为保证测量精度,应尽可能采用较高的采样频率。超声波传输时间的测量综合了全部回波信号采样数据,有很好的可靠性和很强的抗干扰能力。     

高频窄脉冲超声聚焦传感器的工艺及应用

在双金属转子复合层全自动超声特征成像检测系统中,凶柱塞孔孔径小、孔肇薄,针对此类扩散焊检测,为了提高超声成像系统的分辨率和信号的信噪比,研制了用于检测双金属转子复合层扩散焊连接质量的超声传感器.本文提出了用声程相等的理论来设计超声传感器的聚焦,利用耦合剂和工件声速的不同,把内孔铜层作为传感器的声聚焦透镜,用光学方法对传感器的聚焦声场进行了验证.制作的传感器中心频率为10 MHz,波列只有2个周期,在实际的检测中可分辨0.5 mm当量的缺陷.     

Operation of a model of a normal ultrasonic transducer for immersion and conventional inspection techniques

An experimental and theoretical study of the operation of a model of a normal ultrasonic transducer for various acoustic loads has been performed. It has been established that, in the design of the transducer under study, a relatively thick adhesive layer between the piezoelectric plate and the wear plate abruptly reduces the operating (effective) signal frequency in the case of an immersion load. An equation for estimating the effective frequency for a transducer model has been obtained with allowance for the characteristics of such a layer.     

橡胶-钢粘接结构的谐振超声编码检测方法

针对橡胶-钢粘接结构进行脱粘检测,提出具有高检测灵敏度的谐振超声编码检测方法,区别于传统脉冲压缩后取包络成像的方法,谐振超声编码检测方法需要利用载频信息增强特征信号的能量。该方法从频域角度分析,首先确定换能器与编码信号的中心频率选择在钢层谐振频率附近,然后根据线性调频信号与Barker码的旁瓣抑制特点选择特征信号的区间进行脉冲压缩。结果表明,线性调频信号与Barker码相对于传统方波激励的脱粘检测灵敏度有了显著的提高,Barker码相对于线性调频信号具有更可控的旁瓣抑制范围,线性调频信号的带宽具有更灵活的选择范围。     

微细深孔超声轴向振动钻削装置的设计

基于高频振动切削原理 ,设计了一种振频 2 0± 1KHz、振幅 2 5 μm的新型超声轴向振动钻削装置 ,该装置由数字锁相环频率自动跟踪式晶体管型超声波发生器、轴向半波长圆柱型压电陶瓷换能器、半波谐振圆锥型变幅杆以及工具系统组成 ,可在软质材料上实现微细深孔的精密、超精密加工     

超声换能器过固有谐振区匹配理论

超声压电换能器是一个能量转换系统,在超声波振动加工中将超声波电源输出的电能转换为机械振动,由于超声压电换能器是一个容性负载,为保证超声电源输出的电能有效地转换为超声压电换能器的机械振动,需要在超声电源和超声压电换能器之间加一个适当大小的电感进行匹配,但超声压电换能器又是一个强非线性时变系统,在不同的工作频率下其阻抗特性以及机械振动特性差别显著,因此如何将超声压电换能器匹配在一个恰当的工作频率,是提高振动加工质量的关键.通过正确选取超声压电换能器的等效电路模型,并对由此推导出的阻抗圆进行深入分析、研究,可以得出:如将换能器工作频率匹配在大于其内部固有谐振频率的某一频段,可以使换能器振幅最大,振动波形质量也最好,是换能器的最佳工作频段,从而提出超声压电换能器"过固有谐振区"匹配理论.试验结果证明该理论正确.     

基于宽频激励电磁声谐振7075铝合金板厚检出概率

电磁超声换能器(EMAT)换能效率低、激发信号弱,而基于长周期激励信号以产生声波共振的电磁声谐振技术(EMAR)虽然可以提高接收信号的信噪比,然而可能导致主脉冲加宽并扩大超声波检测盲区,降低测量精度.本文应用一种宽频激励电磁声谐振技术(BE-EMAR)和一种Halbach阵列纵波EMAT,以单周期宽频激励作为EMAT输...     

A Method for the Measurement of Hydrodynamic Oil Films Using Ultrasonic Reflection

The measurement of the thickness of an oil film in a lubricated component is essential information for performance monitoring and control. In this work, a new method for oil film thickness measurement, based on the reflection of ultrasound, is evaluated for use in fluid film journal bearing applications. An ultrasonic wave will be partially reflected when it strikes a thin layer between two solid media. The proportion of the wave reflected depends on the thickness of the layer and its acoustic properties. A simple quasi-static spring model shows how the reflection depends on the stiffness of the layer alone. This method has been first evaluated using flat plates separated by a film of oil, and then used in the measurement of oil films in a hydrodynamic journal bearing. A transducer is mounted on the outside of the journal and a pulse propagated through the shell. The pulse is reflected back at the oil film and received by the same transducer. The amplitude of the reflected wave is processed in the frequency domain. The spring model is then used to determine the oil film stiffness that can be readily converted to film thickness. Whilst the reflected amplitude of the wave is dependent on the frequency component, the measured film thickness is not; this indicates that the quasi-static assumption holds. Measurements of the lubricant film generated in a simple journal bearing have been taken over a range of loads and speeds. The results are compared with predictions from classical hydrodynamic lubrication theory. The technique has also been used to measure oil film thickness during transient loading events. The response time is rapid and film thickness variation due to step changes in load and oil feed pressure can be clearly observed.     

An experimental study of the acousto-elastic effect in a rolled plate of steel

The acousto-elastic effect in rolled steel is studied experimentally by transmitting ultrasonic transverse waves and measuring amplitudes of reflected echoes. A Y-cut quartz transducer with a frequency 4.8 MH_z and ultrasonic flaw detection equipment are used for generation and detection of waves, and three tensile specimens with different orientations are prepared from a rolled plate so as to ascertain an important role of its slight orthotropy. At first the variation of amplitude with the transducer direction is examined in the unstressed state, and the slight orthotropy of each specimen is determined quantitatively. Then the variation of amplitude with the tensile stress is examined in the elastic range. The results depend clearly on the orientation of each specimen, and rotation of polarization direction is affirmed in the specimen with an inclination 45° against the rolling direction. Quantitative discussions about the whole experimental results give the conclusion that the acousto elastic effect in this rolled plate obeys the relations which were proposed theoretically by one of the authors.     

复合结构研齿换能器的动力学特性与设计

利用4段复合式变幅杆及夹心式压电陶瓷换能器的结构,研制了一种用于超声辅助研磨弧齿锥齿轮的新型换能器。首先,根据牛顿定律和超声波传输线理论,推导得到了超声研齿换能器的频率方程,依据压电陶瓷的谐振频率、振动模式和输入功率,确定了复合式超声研齿换能器的结构参数;其次,运用等效声学参数修正法和质量互易法,对设计的换能器进行了声学和结构参数的修正;然后,利用ANSYS分析软件进行了模态分析和谐响应分析,对换能器的谐振频率、振动幅度、振动速度比和导纳等动力参数进行了研究;最后,进行了阻抗特性测试和振动特性实验和通过5对弧齿锥齿轮的超声研磨实验,进一步证实了复合结构研齿换能器的超声研磨性能。     

超声导波在管中传播的理论分析与试验研究

采用分布式PZT传感器在管中激励和接收超声导波。根据在管状波导中传播的超声波具有频散现象及多模态特征,选择具有单一频率的特定信号激励超声波,使其频散最小;同时采用分布式传感器抑制不同模态的波型。其试验结果与理论预测相吻合。     

A Condition Monitor For Liquid Lubricated Mechanical Seals

A recently developed condition monitor for liquid lubricated mechanical seals utilizes actively generated ultrasonic shear waves to determine conditions at the sealing interface. A shear wave transducer is mounted on the backside of the non-rotating seal face, and generates waves that propagate toward the sealing interface. The amplitude of the reflected waves indicates whether or not face contact occurs and, if there is contact, the severity of contact. Thus, this monitor is suitable for use with both non-contacting and partially contacting seals. Laboratory tests on a commercial, unbalanced seal demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach.     

Measurement of the contact area of a dovetail milling cutter using an ultrasonic method

Since there is no reliable mathematical model to analyze a multi-points contact simultaneously, the most effective way to know the contact area is to use experimental method directly. This study measures the contact area between a dovetail milling cutter and a steel plate by using ultrasound for regional scanning. This is a novel application for milling cutters and has not been applied before. The transducer emits an ultrasonic pulse to detect the contact surface. If contact occurs, the pulse is partially transmitted into the specimen. Therefore, the signal reflected back to the pulse receiver is reduced. The amount by which the signal amplitude is reduced is a measure of the degree of contact.     

铝合金超声铸造中换能系统的有限元仿真分析

根据任意变截面杆纵向振动的波动方程,推导了用于超声波铸造的换能系统各部分的频率方程,并应用有限元分析软件ANSYS对结构进行了模态分析和谐响应分析,得到了系统的共振频率、位移节点、振速分布和输出振幅等重要参数,并应用多普勒测速仪进行了实验验证.与理论计算结果和试验测试结果比较,有限元仿真分析法获得了较高的精度.     

A study of ultrasonic propagation for ultrasonic flow rate measurement

For the purpose of accurate flow measurement, an automatic three-dimensional (3D) sound field measurement system has been developed, and an experimental study has been conducted on ultrasonic properties. By using this system, ultrasonic sound pressure distributions and radiation angles in water have been measured. According to Snell’s law, the ultrasonic transmission properties can be obtained on the basis of incidence angle, acoustic impedance, basic frequency of ultrasound, and material and thickness of the metallic plate. However, this law cannot be applied to certain cases where an ultrasonic incident wave passes through a metallic plate and turns into a longitudinal wave, a shear wave and a Lamb wave. Consequently, the ultrasonic propagation paths have been investigated experimentally at various angles of incidence. From the experiments, it was confirmed that the ultrasonic beam paths change with incidence angles. Hence, the most suitable incidence angle has been determined from the result of measurements. Velocity measurements using an ultrasonic velocity profiler were made at various incidence angles. The accuracy of measuring flow rates changed with the incidence angles. The optimal incidence angle determined from 3D field measurements was found to yield the most accurate flow rates.     

用于钢管缺陷检测的电磁超声传感器优化设计研究

电磁铁是电磁超声传感器的重要组成部分，它与钢管构成的磁场是电磁超声传感器产生超声波的基础。本文建立磁感应强度与分子振动幅值的关系函数，用均匀实验设计对电磁超声传感器进行优化设计，实现了电磁超声传感器的小型化。实验研究证明，优化设计方法是正确的。     

基于动态支路电流检测的功率超声振幅控制

在功率超声的应用中,精确的振幅控制是决定加工质量的重要因素。传统的检测控制结构需要复杂的外部仪器或检测电路,可能存在灵活性差及非线性等问题。针对此问题,提出了一种轻量级振幅检测与控制方案。该方案采用高速AD转换器采样换能器的工作电流和电压,实时计算可以反映振幅的动态支路电流。采用现场可编程逻辑门阵列(field-programmable gate array,简称FPGA)作为超声电源控制器,同时对换能器工作频率和动态支路电流进行闭环控制。在本设计中,超声电源工作在反谐振点以获取较高的能量传输效率。实验结果表明,该方案能够准确地控制振幅,并能在负载变化较大时稳定振幅。     

复合材料板Chirp激励的Lamb波成像技术研究

作为一种快速、高效的无损检测方法,Lamb波技术在结构健康监测领域具有巨大的应用潜力并受到广泛关注。采用线性宽带Chirp信号作为激励信号,替代传统的窄带Tone burst信号。响应信号经过后处理可以解调出其带宽范围内任意中心频率的等效Tone burst响应信号。优化设计一种压电传感器,能够在低频段激励和接收纯净的A0模态。由于A0模态对板中缺陷非常敏感,使信号更便于分析。将这种传感器按照稀疏阵列的形式布置于准各向同性复合材料板上,对模拟缺陷进行检测。通过实验所得Chirp信号的检测数据解调出多个中心频率下的响应信号,结合椭圆成像技术和数据融合方法进行缺陷成像,实现了板中缺陷定位,并且多个频率下响应信号融合后的成像结果具有更高的分辨率、对比度和定位精度。     

管道导波时反聚焦检测系统的设计与实现

在分析管道中超声导波时反聚焦原理的基础上,设计并实现了一套适合激励压电换能器阵列,并对管道中超声导波能量在缺陷处进行时间-空间聚焦的时反聚焦检测系统.该系统实现的关键技术为:改进DDS( direct digital synthesis)结构,实现脉冲激励电路对时反特征信号进行合成发射;采用脉冲方式,实现小体积大输出功率的宽带线性功放电路;通过时反聚焦检测过程,实现管道中超声导波能量在缺陷处的时间-空间聚焦.采用该系统进行八通道时反聚焦检测实验,其结果表明,对于所用的含缺陷的管道而言,在特定的检测条件下,缺陷回波信号的幅值相对常规检测可提高246％,并且很好地抑制了导波的频散和多模态特性,提高了回波信号的信噪比.