32 bin near-infrared time-multiplexing detector with attojoule single-shot energy resolution

We present two implementations of photon counting time-multiplexing detectors for near-infrared wavelengths, based on Peltier cooled InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiodes. A first implementation is motivated by practical considerations using only commercially available components. It features 16 bins, pulse repetition rates of up to 22 kHz, and a large range of applicable pulse widths of up to 100 ns. A second implementation is based on rapid gating detectors, permitting dead times below 10 ns. This allows one to realize a high dynamic-range 32 bin detector, able to process pulse repetition rates of up to 6 MHz for pulse widths of up to 200 ps. Analysis of the detector response at 16.5% detection efficiency reveals a single-shot energy resolution on the attojoule level.     

基于LED光源的一氧化碳气体检测仪的设计

文章描绘并分析了一氧化碳分子的红外吸收光谱,推导了一氧化碳分子的吸收线型,估算了分子吸收系数,给出了气室设计的最佳长度。通过光谱分析发现,一氧化碳基频吸收比倍频吸收强约两个数量级,因此基频对应的4．60μm吸收谱带更适合于高灵敏度的一氧化碳气体检测。文中设计了一种基于LED光源的红外一氧化碳检测仪,结果表明,利用单LED光源、双探测器及反射式气室结构能够有效抑制环境变化、LED功率波动及探测器漂移等产生的噪声的干扰,进而具有较低的探测灵敏度,探测限为100×10-6。     

考虑磁场区影响的电控永磁压边方法

电控永磁压边方法具有独立加载、传动链短、节能、易于控制等优点。针对铁磁性板材成形,提出了一种新的成形区和磁场区重合的电控永磁压边方法。以圆筒形件的拉深成形为例,采用新设计的压边装置对不同压边力加载条件下的结构变形进行了磁-力耦合有限元模拟,分析了板坯磁性对磁场和压边力分布的影响。由分析结果可知,新设计的压边力加载装置的刚度明显提高,新压边方法具有更好的压边效果,模具结构更紧凑。根据模拟和理论分析结果设计制作了拉深试验装置。实验结果表明,将成形区和磁场区重合的电控永磁压边方法是完全可行的。     

一种性能良好的反射镜架

反射镜架很多仪器设备中常用的部件.实际工作中要求反射镜架具有良好的调节性能,以利于仪器光路的安装调试,根据这一要求,本文提出了一种反射镜架结构并采用位移分解法分析了该结构调节机构的性能.理论分析和实际应用表明该镜架在小范围内调节光斑位置时确实具有优良的调节性能,保证了光斑位置两维自由度调节的正交独立性.该镜架对通光孔的遮挡最小,结构简单,成本低廉.可方便地用于很多相应的仪器设备中.     

Use of pure carbon specimen holders for analytical electron microscopy of thin sections.

The use of a simple specimen holder, made of pure carbon, for analytical electron microscopy of sections of biological material is reported. Interference of the specimen holder with the X-ray spectrum from the specimen is minimized. The contribution of the holder to the continuum spectrum is consistent with theoretical predictions.     

板材拉深成形电控永磁压边方法研究

为了克服传统压边方法不能独立施加压边力,电磁压边能耗高且发热量大的问题,提出了一种基于电控永磁技术的压边方法。根据电控永磁技术和拉深成形工艺的特点,研制了带有磁力压边装置的拉深成形模具。采用有限元方法模拟了磁极单元和磁垫的充退磁过程,在进行磁场和力学场耦合分析的基础上,确定了以磁吸力作为压边力施加在成形板坯上的接触压力分布。由有限元软件模拟的电控永磁压边与传统压边作用下板坯的成形效果可知,两种压边方法所得拉深件的应变分布基本一致。采用电控永磁压边方法分别对直径为180 mm和195 mm的08Al板坯（厚度为0.98 mm）进行了拉深实验,拉深高度为48 mm,结果表明,电控永磁压边方法可以实现压边力的独立加载,能够提供足够大的压边力。最后,分别计算了采用传统压边方法、电磁压边方法和电控永磁压边方法的能量消耗,其中,电控永磁压边方法节能效果最好,相对于电磁压边方法,节能高达95%以上。     

A versatile sample holder for single plane illumination microscopy

Single Plane Illumination Microscopy is an emerging and powerful technology for live imaging of whole living organisms. However, sample handling that relies on specimen embedding in agarose or gel is often a key limitation, especially for time‐lapse monitoring. To address this issue, we developed a new concept for a holder device allowing us to prepare a sample container made of hydrogel. The production process of this holder is based on 3D printing of both a frame and casting devices. The simplicity of production and the advantages of this versatile new sample holder are shown with time‐lapse recording of multicellular tumour spheroid growth. More importantly, we also show that cell division is not impaired in contrast to what is observed with gel embedding. The benefit of this new holder for other sample types, applications and experiments remains to be evaluated, but this innovative concept of fully customizable sample holder preparation potentially represents a major step forward to facilitate the large diffusion of single plane illumination microscopy technology.     

刀杆外径对热缩刀杆与刀具配合的力学特性影响分析

为探究刀杆外径对热缩刀杆与刀具配合的力学特性的影响,对热缩刀杆与刀具配合模型进行理论研究,利用有限元软件ANSYS对静态、径向力作用下及感应加热情况下的不同刀杆外径的热缩刀杆与刀具配合等效应力、接触压力、热变形及热应力等力学特性进行对比分析。结果表明,随着刀杆外径的增大,热缩刀杆与刀具配合的总的接触压力、最大等效应力及热应力增大,配合面的最小热位移差值减小。在径向力的作用下,热缩刀杆上的接触应力不再均匀,最大接触应力明显增大,刀具也因径向力的作用而产生变形。在此基础上进一步给出了热缩刀杆外径的控制方法与流程,对热缩刀杆的合理设计和选用具有一定的现实指导意义。     

Highly sensitive micropixel avalanche photodiodes for scintillation counters of the T2K neutrino experiment

Highly sensitive micropixel avalanche photodiodes with a metal-resistor-semiconductor structure (MRS APDs) operating in the restricted Geiger discharge mode and scintillation detectors with wavelength-shifting optical fibers developed for the T2K neutrino oscillation experiment have been investigated. Dependencies of basic MRS APD parameters on the bias voltage, photon wavelength, and temperature have been measured. Characteristics of the scintillation detectors with wavelength-shifting optical fibers and avalanche photodiodes are described.     

实时控制变压边力液压系统的改造

介绍了一种实时控制分段变压边力系统改造方案.对原有型号为HHP28-120双动薄板拉深液压机的顶出缸油路进行改造,使整体压边力在拉深过程中能按事先设定的曲线精确变化.结合特殊的双层压边圈结构,实现了分段压边力控制.     

Modification of a TEM-goniometer specimen holder to enable beam current measurements in a (S)TEM for use in quantitative X-ray microanalysis

In order to have available a specimen holder suited to measure the beam current as is often required in quantitative electron probe X-ray microanalysis, the rod of a low background beryllium specimen holder of a transmission electron microscope was modified. The tip was electrically insulated from the mass of the microscope and connected electrically to the central contact of a BNC connector mounted on the specimen holder handle. With this modified specimen holder the current absorbed by the specimen and/or the specimen holder could be measured easily and accurately. The modified specimen holder has been used to measure the beam current stability of an analytical electron microscope under various conditions. Data were obtained for tungsten as well as lanthanum hexaboride cathodes. Small changes to other types of specimen tips made it possible to exchange these for the low background tip.     

Dynamic modeling and parameters identification of a spindle–holder taper joint

Dynamic behavior of spindle–holder taper joint is critical in the spindle system of machine tool, related to the machining process. The parameters of the holder joint are significant for the spindle–holder system. This paper developed a new approach to investigate the dynamic behavior of the taper joint in modeling and parameters identification. Firstly, dynamic model is illustrated in both radial and axial directions based on the pairs of spring and damping. And frequency response function is used to identify the unknown modal parameters of frequencies and damping ratios. Secondly, a platform is designed and manufactured to establish the testing system in order to investigate the taper joint. Furthermore, taper joint of a BT50 holder is investigated, and the pre-force at the end of holder is the main consideration during the testing. The results show that the dynamic stiffness increases with the increasing of pre-force at the end of the holder. In addition, the paper discusses the phenomenon in microstructure based on peak-hollows model and the joint parameters are proved to be workable through simulation. The joint parameters are instructive to the design and manufacturing of the spindle.     

An improved specimen loader for cryo-scanning electron microscopy

Cryo-electron microscopy of cryofixed samples is a well-established and accepted technique for imaging liquid-containing specimens without removing water and other volatile components. There are many steps between cryofixation and cryo-observation in the microscope, during which the sample and sample holder need to be handled. One such major step is the loading of the specimen onto the sample holder and the fixing of the sample holder onto the transfer mechanism. During this handling, the specimen is often exposed (mostly inadvertently) to moisture in the atmosphere, which results in frost deposition. The new specimen loader described here is designed to overcome the traditional tedious handling and to achieve ease in specimen loading. The modifications made are mainly towards allowing movement of the liquid freon cup, eliminating the need for a lock-screw and improving the shape of the stage holder, which makes the mounting of the specimen holder easy, thereby permitting smooth specimen loading without too much handling and with consequent reduced frost deposition.     

A combined environmental straining specimen holder for high-voltage electron microscopy

A novel specimen holder that enables in situ observation of crack-tip deformation and/or fracture under a controlled environment is developed for a high-voltage electron microscope (HVEM). A window-type environmental cell (EC) that incorporates a uniaxial straining apparatus is built into a side-entry-type single-tilt specimen holder. The gas control in EC, straining apparatus design, limited field of view for crack-tip observation, and specimen preparation for the specimen holder are presented in detail. Experimental results successfully demonstrate that the developed specimen holder is quite useful for the dynamic observation of crack-tip deformation and/or fracture subjected to a hostile environment, such as hydrogen gas.     

Combined ultramicrotomy for AFM and TEM using a novel sample holder

A new sample holder that allows combined microtomy for atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is described. The main feature of this sample holder is a small central part holding the sample. This central part fits into the head of an atomic force microscope. AFM measurements can be performed with a sample mounted in this central part of the sample holder. This makes the alignment of a microtomed bulk sample unnecessary, and offers the opportunity of an easy and fast combined sample preparation for AFM and TEM.     

AZ31镁合金盒形件变压边力温热拉延工艺

通过温热交叉轧制工艺制备了板形以及成形性能良好的AZ31镁合金薄板;开发了可加热的变压边力双动液压机,并详述其工作原理;采用不同的压边力方案,对盒形件进行温热拉延实验,分析了变压边力对AZ31镁合金板材温热拉延性能的影响。结果表明:最佳的压边力变化方案是压边力随凸模行程先增后减的模式;采用变压边力技术可以将AZ31镁合金盒形件的拉深深度提高13·2%。     

An improved tool–holder model for RCSA tool-point frequency response prediction

In addition to the precise kinematic motions of the machine tools and spindles, machining accurate parts necessitates controlling the dynamic behavior of the tool tip with respect to the workpiece. High-fidelity models of tool-tip dynamics can be used to select operating parameters that improve the accuracy by reducing the effect of vibrations. To effectively model the tool-tip dynamics for arbitrary tool-and-holder combinations using the receptance coupling substructure analysis (RCSA) technique, highly accurate and numerically efficient models of the tool–holder dynamics are needed. In this paper, we present a tool–holder model that incorporates a spectral-Tchebychev technique with the Timoshenko beam equation to obtain a completely parameterized solution. Comparison of the tool–holder model to a three-dimensional finite elements solution shows that the dynamic behavior is captured with sufficient accuracy. The tool–holder model is then coupled with the experimentally determined spindle–machine dynamics through RCSA to realize a model of the tool-tip dynamics. The coupled model is validated through experiments for three different tool overhang lengths. The presented technique can be used to predict the tool-tip dynamics for different tool-and-holder combinations and for optimization studies without the need for extensive experimentation.     

Improving the timing resolution of an electromagnetic calorimeter based on lead tungstate crystals

Results of the beam tests of the prototype photon spectrometer PHOS for the ALICE experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (CERN) are presented. The spectrometer is based on detector elements composed of lead tungstate (PbWO₄) crystals with dimensions of 22 × 22 × 180 mm and Hamamatsu S8664-55 (S8148) avalanche photodiodes. The beam tests have been performed on the secondary T10 beamline of the PS proton synchrotron. The main emphasis has been placed on the possibility of improving the PHOS timing resolution. Introduction of an additional timing channel with a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) used as a photodetector is shown to improve the timing resolution for 1-GeV deposited energy from current value σ _t = 3 to 0.3 ns. Silicon photomultipliers of the Hamamatsu MPPC S10362-33 family with an active area of 3 × 3 mm² are used in these measurements. Using fast photomultiplier tubes with an 8-mm-diameter photocathode, the timing resolution attainable in electromagnetic shower development in a lead tungstate crystal has been measured for a large-area photodetector. The timing resolution for a deposited energy of 1 GeV is 150 ps. The effect of the detector channel temperature on the timing resolution is investigated. Cooling the crystal results in an increase both in the scintillation intensity and in the decay time of the scintillator and fails to substantially improve the timing resolution.     

Investigation of a flame holder geometry effect on flame structure in non-premixed combustion

In this paper the effect of flame holder geometry on flame structure is studied. The obtained numerical results using realizable k-? and β-PDF models show a good agreement with experimental data. The results show that increasing in flame holder length decreases flame length and increases flame temperature. Additionally, it is observed that flame lengths decrease by increasing in flame holder radius and increase for larger radii. Furthermore in various radii, the flame temperature is higher for smaller flame lengths. It was found that behavior of flame structure is mainly affected by the mass flow rate of hot gases that come near the reactant by the recirculation zone.     

Single-shot beam-position monitor for x-ray free electron laser

We have developed an x-ray beam-position monitor for detecting the radiation properties of an x-ray free electron laser (FEL). It is composed of four PIN photodiodes that detect backscattered x-rays from a semitransparent diamond film placed in the beam path. The signal intensities from the photodiodes are used to compute the beam intensity and position. A proof-of-principle experiment at a synchrotron light source revealed that the error in the beam position is reduced to below 7 μm by using a nanocrystal diamond film prepared by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Owing to high dose tolerance and transparency of the diamond film, the monitor is suitable for routine diagnostics of extremely intense x-ray pulses from the FEL.