Effects of typical food additives on the absorption spectrum properties of black tea

This thesis regards black tea as the analysis target. Basing on the analysis of plenty of black tea added with different food additives, the visual spectral analysis technology is used to scan the absorption spectrum of the tea, and the MATLAB software is applied to optimize the data, then ultimately we can get the absorption spectrum curves of several groups of tea added with different food additives. Through the analysis and comparison of the absorption spectrum curves of the tea before and after added with food additives, we can observe the effects of different additives on the tea intuitively. This study provides a new way for analyzing the effects of food additives on black tea and the composition of tea beverages with the usage of visual spectral analysis technology.     

Classification of Salmonella enterica serotypes with selective bands using visible/NIR hyperspectral microscope images

Optical detection of foodborne bacteria such as Salmonella classifies bacteria by analysing spectral data, and has potential for rapid detection. In this experiment hyperspectral microscopy is explored as a means for classifying five Salmonella serotypes. Initially, the microscope collects 89 spectral measurements between 450 and 800 nm. Here, the objective was to develop correct classification of five serotypes with optimal spectral bands selected through multivariate data analysis (MVDA), thus reducing the data processing and storage requirement necessary for practical application in the food industry. An upright digital microscope is equipped with an acousto‐optical tuneable filter, electron multiplying charge‐coupled device, and metal halide lighting source. Images for each of the five serotypes were collected, and informative bands were identified through a principal component analysis, for four abbreviated spectral ranges containing 3, 7, 12 and 20 spectral bands. The experiment was repeated with an independent repetition and images were collected at each of the reduced band sets, identified by the first repetition. A support vector machine (SVM) was used to classify serotypes. Results showed that with the first repetition, classification accuracy decreased from 99.5% (89 bands) to 84.5% (3 bands), whereas the second repetition showed classification accuracies of 100%, possibly due to a reduction in spectral noise. The support vector machine regression (SVMR) was applied with cross‐validation, and had R² calibration and validation values >0.922. Although classification accuracies through SVM classification showed that as little as 3 bands were able to classify 100% of the samples, the SVMR shows that the smallest root‐mean squared‐error values were 0.001 and 0.002 for 20 and 12 bands, respectively, suggesting that the 12 band range collected between 586 and 630 nm is optimal for classifying bacterial serotypes, with only the informative HMI bands selected.     

显微高光谱成像系统的设计

设计出一种基于棱镜 光栅 棱镜组合分光方式的显微高光谱成像实验系统.系统根据推帚式成像光谱仪的原理进行设计,采用棱镜 光栅 棱镜组合元件在后光学系统进行光谱分光,利用高精度载物台自动装置驱动样品进行推扫成像,选用PCI总线作为数据采集的微机接口.整个系统由显微镜、分光计、面阵CCD相机、载物台自动装置以及数据采集与控制模块等几部分组成.系统的光谱范围从400nm到800nm,120个波段,光谱分辨率优于5nm,空间分辨率大约1μm.该系统具有直视性、光谱分辨率高、结构紧凑、成本低等优点;不仅能够提供微小物体在可见光范围的单波段显微图像,而且能够获得图像中任一像素的光谱曲线,实现了光谱技术和显微成像技术的结合,成功的将成像光谱技术应用到显微领域,可广泛应用于临床医学、生物学、材料学、微电子学等学科领域.     

基于差分吸收光谱法的在线连续污染物监测系统

针对在固定污染源烟气排放检测中无法连续精确测量污染气体的现状,设计了一个基于差分吸收光谱法(DOAS)的在线连续监测系统。该系统采用ARM和DSP为核心,以Linux为操作系统,以MiniGUI为交互界面环境,它分为光谱数据采集模块、主控模块两部分;光谱采集模块控制光谱数据的采集过程,主控模块负责气体浓度计算和显示。研究结果表明,使用该系统,可以连续精确采集SO2与NO等气体,气体采集的稳定性和精度较高,但在高温环境测试和高浓度气体测试时误差均过高,有待进一步改进。     

基于LED的光谱可调光源结构研究

介绍了一个由大量LED组合而成的光谱可调光源,通过不同LED的组合产生不同光谱分布,可以模拟各种光源。该光源主要由LED屏体、光谱匹配模块以及LED控制驱动模块构成。LED屏体由2 304个窄带LED组成,通过LED数据分配卡将接收到的显示数据进行分配,并驱动屏体上的LED,以PWM的方式精确控制每一个LED的电流,实现256级及以上灰度等级显示。整个系统经初步调试,已能模拟部分光谱。该光源将具有广泛的应用前景。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱检测食物中的有毒、主要和营养组分

描述了利用下一代电感耦合等离子体质谱来检测食物中有毒、主要和营养组分。阐述了如何利用仪器通用的单元模块来克服复杂谱图干扰,以及利用单元模块中的四极杆带宽的选择性衰减不用稀释样品来同时检测大量矿物质组分和痕量组分。得到的数据显示其与美国国家标准技术研究所（NIST）食物标准参考材料具有很好的相关性。     

基于线阵CCD的光谱信号高速数据采集系统设计

为了满足环境污染检测等工业实际应用的需要,便于系统的集成、降低成本,设计了一个基于FPGA和USB 2.0的线阵CCD光谱信号高速数据采集系统.以FPGA芯片EP2C20Q240作为采集系统的控制核心,USB 2.0芯片CY7C68013A作为数据传输通道与上位机实现通信,通过计算机软件进行光谱采集,并能实时控制CCD的积分时间和采集光谱的平均次数.实验表明:该系统高效、稳定,1 s采集250帧谱图,可广泛应用于CCD光谱的实时快速精确测量.     

基于线阵CCD和USB控制器的光谱采集系统

为了降低光谱采集系统中硬件电路的设计的复杂性,设计了一种基于线阵CCD和USB控制器的光谱采集系统。该光谱采集系统主要包括超高灵敏度线阵CCD传感器、CCD专用的A/D转换器AD80066以及CY7C68013 USB控制器;USB控制器兼备对CCD和A/D转换器的驱动以及数据传输控制的功能。实验结果表明,该光谱采集系统具有较好的信噪比(SNR),在微型光谱仪上具有较好的应用前景。     

Soft x-ray scattering facility at the Advanced Light Source with real-time data processing and analysis

We present the development and characterization of a dedicated resonant soft x-ray scattering facility. Capable of operation over a wide energy range, the beamline and endstation are primarily used for scattering from soft matter systems around the carbon K-edge (～285 eV). We describe the specialized design of the instrument and characteristics of the beamline. Operational characteristics of immediate interest to users such as polarization control, degree of higher harmonic spectral contamination, and detector noise are delineated. Of special interest is the development of a higher harmonic rejection system that improves the spectral purity of the x-ray beam. Special software and a user-friendly interface have been implemented to allow real-time data processing and preliminary data analysis simultaneous with data acquisition.     

医用显微成像光谱仪的光谱定标技术

为了能对自主研制的脑肿瘤手术医用显微成像光谱仪进行光谱定标,设计了由单色仪、钨灯光源、棱镜-光栅-棱镜成像光谱仪及手术显微平台组成的光谱定标系统。采用单色仪波长扫描法,自主开发了相应的光谱定标系统软件,获得了显微成像光谱仪全谱段的光谱数据,完成了数据处理和分析等工作。通过调整光路、单色仪定标、成像光谱仪定标3个步骤实现了系统的光谱定标。定标结果表明:显微成像光谱仪的光谱区大于400~900nm;定标精度高于0.1nm,光谱分辨率高于3nm,各项特征指标均高于设计指标。测试验证实验表明,所建立的光谱定标系统定标精准,结构简单、紧凑,操作简单,符合显微成像光谱仪的实际临床应用要求。     

关于食品添加剂二氧化碳产品质量的监控与溯源传递体系的研究

本文介绍了二氧化碳作为添加剂在食品方面的主要应用;为了确保我国食品安全检测数据的有效性、可靠性和溯源性,应该在该领域对产品质量进行监管和建立该项国家最高计量标准,本文介绍了我国在这方面的基本情况。研究满足我国和国际互认要求的食品添加剂二氧化碳标准物质定值技术、分析方法,从而应对食品安全质量控制,并在国际贸易中提供该项食品安全检测所需的标准物质,是我们的责任和义务。     

非定向筛查数据非依赖采集策略研究进展

数据采集方式是质谱分析的关键步骤,是影响实验效率以及结果准确度的重要因素。较之于传统的数据采集方式,近年来出现的数据非依赖采集技术具有高通量、高覆盖度、高准确性等优势,从而成为蛋白组学与代谢产物定量和组学研究的强有力工具,对食品分析领域有重要的参考和借鉴价值。综述了目前主要的几种数据非依赖采集原理和数据处理最新进展并突出了在食品分析中的非定向筛查潜力,总结了非定向筛查数据非依赖采集在食品安全性分析、食品真实性分析,食品中功能活性成分分析的应用。最后探讨数据非依赖采集在食品分析中面临的挑战和未来发展趋势。     

LabVIEW-based control and data acquisition system for cathodoluminescence experiments

Computer automation of cathodoluminescence (CL) experiments using equipment developed in our laboratory is described. The equipment provides various experiments for CL efficiency, CL spectra, and CL time response studies. The automation was realized utilizing the graphical programming environment LabVIEW. The developed application software with procedures for equipment control and data acquisition during various CL experiments is presented. As the measured CL data are distorted by technical limitations of the equipment, such as equipment spectral sensitivity and time response, data correction algorithms were incorporated into the procedures. Some examples of measured data corrections are presented.     

数据预处理技术和机器学习方法在质子转移反应质谱中的应用

质子转移反应质谱（PTR-MS）法是一种用于检测挥发性有机物（VOCs）的分析技术。它具有检测限低、响应速度快、无需样品前处理、实时分析等特点,在大气化学、环境化学、食品、生物医学等领域得到广泛应用。随着PTR-MS应用的扩展和样品种类的增加,如何从复杂的质谱数据中提取特征,并寻找内在规律,对分析算法的处理能力提出了更高的要求。本工作从数据预处理技术和机器学习方法两方面展开论述,归纳了具有PTR-MS特点的数据预处理技术,总结了不同机器学习算法在PTR-MS数据分析中的应用,并讨论了它们的优点和不足。     

基于DSP和FPGA的多路型光纤光谱仪系统

描述了一种能同时快速地测量多达八组的光谱信号并具有实时光谱处理能力的新型多路型光纤光谱仪系统。该多路型光纤光谱仪以多个CCD作为光电探测器,以FPGA作为控制核心产生各种控制时序,利用DSP进行光谱数据处理并实现与PC机的USB通信。概述了整个系统的构成,给出了光谱采集的光学平台设计,研究了在DSP和FPGA控制下光谱数据的采集和处理过程。为了避免测量时各个通道光谱数据的相互串扰并控制光谱峰值的随机漂移,除采用传统的滤波电路和电源稳压技术之外,提出了利用FPGA内部编程的方法来解决IC芯片内部电容效应的新技术。光谱测试结果表明,该系统具有良好的长期稳定性、较大的信号动态范围和较高的信噪比,适合于各种场合的光谱及相关参数测量。     

Noniterative algorithm for improving the accuracy of a multicolor-light-emitting-diode-based colorimeter

We present a noniterative algorithm to reliably reconstruct the spectral reflectance from discrete reflectance values measured by using multicolor light emitting diodes (LEDs) as probing light sources. The proposed algorithm estimates the spectral reflectance by a linear combination of product functions of the detector's responsivity function and the LEDs' line-shape functions. After introducing suitable correction, the resulting spectral reflectance was found to be free from the spectral-broadening effect due to the finite bandwidth of LED. We analyzed the data for a real sample and found that spectral reflectance with enhanced resolution gives a more accurate prediction in the color measurement.     

碳卫星高光谱CO_2探测仪发射前光谱定标

为了完成碳卫星高光谱CO_2探测仪的发射前光谱定标,建立了光谱定标系统,并对定标系统设计、所采用的自动化数据采集和数据处理算法等进行了研究。根据CO_2探测仪的探测原理介绍了载荷的光谱性能要求,描述了定标系统的设计与所采用的仪器设备,说明了采用自动化数据采集、旋转积分球、功率校正与暗背景校正等改进的定标方法。最后,介绍了光谱定标的数据处理方法。发射前定标结果表明:载荷三个波段的ILS能量集中度分别大于0.80,0.81和0.78;FWHM分别为0.039 2~0.042 4nm,0.123~0.128nm和0.157~0.168nm;光谱采样率区间分别为2.12~2.95、1.97~2.27和1.92~2.26。对发射后实测太阳夫朗禾费光谱进行了评估,结果表明:中心波长偏差小于0.0013,0.058和0.065nm。CO_2探测仪整体的光谱性能指标能够达到系统设计要求。     

一种多光谱检测苹果外部品质的方法

光谱成像技术用于农产品无损检测得到广泛研究。实现了一种应用多光谱检测苹果外部品质的方法。以检测苹果疤痕为目的 ,首先对原始的多光谱数据进行波段选择,选出490nm-720nm之间的24个特征波长组成新的数据立方体;再对苹果的正常和疤痕部分进行光谱特征提取,构建不同光照效果的特征谱向量;采取光谱角匹配的方法对全局的点光谱数据与特征谱向量进行匹配;最后基于统计的方法对匹配结果进行阈值分割、中值滤波,完成疤痕区域检测。实验结果验证了应用多光谱的处理方法检测苹果疤痕的有效性。     

Control of pesticide residues by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to ensure food safety

Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) has become an invaluable technique for the control of pesticide residues to ensure food safety. After an introduction about the regulations that highlights its importance to meet the official requirements on analytical performance, the different mass spectrometers used in this field of research, as well as the LC-MS interfaces and the difficulties associated with quantitative LC-MS determination, are discussed. The ability to use practical data for quantifying pesticides together with the option of obtaining structural information to identify target and non-target parent compounds and metabolites are discussed. Special attention is paid to the impact of sample preparation and chromatography on the ionization efficiency of pesticides from food. The last section is devoted to applications from a food safety point of view. (c) 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

小波firm阈值滤波的光谱实时采集方法

为了提高微型光谱仪光谱采集精度,提出了一种利用小波域firm阈值滤波去除随机噪声的方法。首先采集2次光谱谱线,取均值作为待处理谱线。然后计算出这两次谱线的噪声标准差取代传统小波去噪中的噪声标准差估计,运用通用阈值法 作为上阈值。调整下阈值将待处理谱线小波firm阈值滤波,并判断滤波后偏差是否在计算的噪声方差内。实验结果表明：优于传统10次平均法,在高采集精度的基础上提高了采集速度。在以光纤光谱仪为主体的微型生化分析仪样品检测过程中的应用表明：提高了检测精度,减少了检测时间,提高效率4-5倍。