不同湿热条件下碳纤维/QY9611复合材料湿热性能研究

研究国产碳纤维/QY9611复合材料在3种不同湿热环境(水煮、70℃水浸、70℃下85%相对湿度)下的吸湿规律;考察不同湿热条件对复合材料层间剪切性能的影响规律;在3种不同湿热环境下对复合材料进行定量吸湿,并测试定量吸湿下复合材料常温的层间剪切性能。结果表明:湿热环境越恶劣,平衡吸湿量越大,吸湿速率越快;3种湿热环境的吸湿过程中材料并没有发生化学变化;碳纤维/QY9611复合材料在湿态23℃和150℃层间剪切性能保持率分别在88%和70%以上;碳纤维/QY9611复合材料吸湿后层间剪切性能主要由吸湿率决定,不同湿热条件相同吸湿率下层间剪切性能的下降幅度基本相同。     

海水浸泡对FRP筋-珊瑚混凝土粘结性能的影响

开展了30℃海水浸泡条件下玻璃纤维增强树脂基复合材料（GFRP）筋、碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料（CFRP）筋与珊瑚混凝土粘结性能的试验研究,分析了纤维增强树脂基复合材料（FRP）筋-珊瑚混凝土粘结滑移曲线特征、破坏形态及粘结强度变化。试验结果表明,海水浸泡后FRP筋力学性能和粘结性能均表现为不同程度的降低。随浸泡时间增加,GFRP筋表层树脂与纤维间的孔隙率明显增大,并逐渐出现脱粘现象,纤维本身遭受到侵蚀,而CFRP筋仅表面基体有少许损伤,其耐久性明显优于GFRP筋;FRP筋-珊瑚混凝土粘结强度呈现出先增加后减小的趋势,且后期下降速率逐渐变小,部分GFRP筋-珊瑚混凝土试件的破坏模式逐渐由筋被拔出转变为筋材断裂;增加保护层厚度能有效地减缓海水对GFRP筋的侵蚀,有利于保持GFRP筋-珊瑚混凝土间的粘结性能。     

GFRP筋的拉伸性能劣化对其与海水海砂混凝土粘结性能的影响

研究了玻璃纤维增强树脂基复合材料(Glass fiber reinforced polymer,GFRP)筋的拉伸性能劣化对其与海水海砂混凝土(Seawater sea-sand concrete,SSC)粘结性能的影响。采用10 mm直径的GFRP筋,测试了3种不同温度下模拟SSC孔溶液中GFRP筋的拉伸强度随其浸泡时间的变化规律;并通过拉拔试验测试了经上述劣化后GFRP筋和SSC界面的粘结性能,分析了界面的破坏形态、粘结-滑移曲线特征及粘结强度的变化规律。试验结果表明：随着模拟SSC孔溶液中浸泡时间的增加,GFRP筋的拉伸强度逐渐降低。与未经浸泡的GFRP筋相比,在23℃、40℃和60℃下浸泡3个月后的GFRP筋的拉伸强度分别降低25%、29%和48%。GFRP筋的拉伸性能劣化会导致其与SSC界面的粘结强度下降。与未经浸泡的GFRP筋相比,在23℃、40℃和60℃下浸泡3个月后的GFRP筋与SSC的界面强度分别下降了8%、19%和38%。     

人工海水环境下GFRP筋受压性能试验研究

该文开展了人工海水环境下GFRP(玻璃纤维增强塑料)筋(玻璃纤维增强塑料筋)持续浸泡及干湿循环腐蚀试验,探讨研究了两种腐蚀方式对GFRP筋受压力学性能的劣化机理。研究结果表明:试件抗压强度随浸泡时间和干湿循环次数的增长基本呈线性下降;干湿交替循环腐蚀作用对GFRP筋受压性能的影响大于单纯氯盐溶液浸泡腐蚀;与碱溶液浸泡腐蚀数据对比可知,相同腐蚀条件下,碱溶液环境对GFRP筋抗压性能的劣化较氯盐溶液更为严重。     

浸泡腐蚀对复合材料导电性能和力学性能的影响

对碳纤维/环氧树脂基复合材料进行浸泡腐蚀实验,并对腐蚀前后的试样进行电阻值测量、力学性能检测及试样形貌的显微观察.结果表明:浸泡腐蚀可显著影响试样的电阻值和短梁剪切强度.试样的电阻值随浸泡时间的延长,先增后减;同时浸泡使得试样短梁剪切强度明显降低,并且下降幅度与试样吸湿率相关.     

T700/5224复合材料在湿热环境和化学介质中的老化行为

研究T700/5224复合材料在湿热环境和15#液压油、4010#合成航空润滑油、RP-3航空煤油和AHC-1水基型清洗剂4种飞机上常用的化学介质中的老化行为、实验不同时间后的吸湿量及力学性能。采用红外光谱(IR)和动态力学(DMA)分析T700/5224复合材料在介质老化过程中的化学变化和玻璃化转变温度Tg。结果表明:在80℃-85%RH的湿热环境中实验1000h后吸湿量为1.05%,在80℃-100%RH的湿热环境中实验1000h后的吸湿量为1.35%;T700/5224复合材料湿热老化后,剪切性能随老化时间变化不大,弯曲性能下降较大,开孔拉伸性能变化较大,但总体上并没有降低,而开孔压缩性能一直缓慢下降。介质老化对T700/5224复合材料的力学性能影响不大,AHC-1水基型清洗剂对其影响大于其他3种介质,T700/5224复合材料在AHC-1水基型清洗剂中浸泡45天后其玻璃转变温度Tg下降10℃。     

湿热环境下复合材料层板拉-压性能

通过对碳纤维环氧复合材料试样进行不同湿热环境下的拉伸和压缩实验,分析其吸湿特性、拉压力学性能、破坏后断口形貌以及动态力学性能,探讨湿热对该复合材料的拉伸和压缩性能的影响。结果表明:碳纤维环氧复合材料的吸湿过程满足Fick定律,饱和吸湿率约为0.86%。吸湿后材料表面变得光滑,有少量纤维拔出和树脂破坏发生,但吸湿后没有发生化学反应和新物质生成。吸湿后在130℃下,复合材料的拉伸性能保持率为96%,而压缩性能保持率仅为69%。吸湿后玻璃化转变温度比干态时下降了33℃。     

浸泡腐蚀对泡沫铝-环氧树脂复合材料弯曲性能的影响

制备了两种泡沫铝孔径的泡沫铝-环氧树脂复合材料。将试件分别浸泡于蒸馏水和海水中,得出了其吸湿率与浸泡时间的关系曲线。通过三点弯曲实验研究了浸泡腐蚀对复合材料弯曲强度和弯曲刚度等力学性能的影响。研究结果表明:泡沫铝-环氧树脂复合材料的吸湿率随浸泡时间的延长而逐渐增大,且试件在海水中浸泡的吸湿率大于在蒸馏水中的吸湿率。浸泡腐蚀大幅度地降低了泡沫铝-环氧树脂复合材料的弯曲力学性能。添加偶联剂的试件的弯曲强度和弯曲刚度均比无偶联剂试件的值更大,特别是对于泡沫铝孔径为2mm的复合材料试件,添加偶联剂使得其弯曲强度和弯曲刚度分别提高了51.7%和65.4%。另外,1mm孔径泡沫铝复合材料试件的弯曲强度和弯曲刚度均比2mm孔径泡沫铝复合材料试件的值更大。     

吸湿后复合材料层合板快速加热分层扩展数值模拟

为研究复合材料层合板吸湿后的分层现象,首先建立了吸湿后复合材料层合板快速加热导致分层损伤的有限元模型,并对ABAQUS有限元软件进行二次开发,通过UAMP子程序模拟吸湿后复合材料快速加热时水分汽化引起的局部高压载荷作用下层合板分层扩展与载荷施加过程;然后,采用该模型预测了饱和吸湿T650-35/HFPE-II-52碳纤维聚酰亚胺复合材料层合板快速加热至310 ℃时产生的分层现象,并将数值模拟与文献实验结果对比;最后,运用该模型分析了树脂吸湿量和富脂区树脂聚集体积对层合板分层损伤面积的影响。结果表明:建立的有限元模型有效;快速加热后,层合板的分层损伤面积随树脂吸湿量的增加而增加;当富脂区树脂聚集体积较小时,其对层合板快速加热后分层损伤面积影响较小,但当富脂区树脂聚集体积增加到一定值后,层合板分层损伤面积随富脂区树脂聚集体积的增加而显著增加。所得结论表明,使用ABAQUS的UAMP子程序建立的有限元模型可以有效分析吸湿后复合材料层合板快速加热导致的分层现象。      

乙烯基酯树脂及其炭纤维复合材料的湿热老化行为

结合乙烯基酯树脂(VE)浇注体在65℃和95℃蒸馏水中的湿热老化行为,对其炭纤维复合材料(CF/VE)的吸湿性、静态和动态力学性能进行了对比分析。结果表明,根据VE浇注体的吸湿特性,可将其复合材料的吸湿过程划分为基体吸湿为主和界面吸湿为主的两阶段;VE浇注体与其复合材料的弯曲强度的下降趋势一致,均与吸湿率的增加趋势相对应,但VE浇注体的弯曲模量下降较复合材料明显;VE浇注体及其复合材料玻璃化转变温度(Tg)的变化均随时间的延长而降低,并随吸湿达饱和而保持在一定值,但两者内耗峰的变化趋势刚好相反。     

考虑水浸温度影响的复合材料吸湿动力学模型EI北大核心CSCD

研究了在恒温水浸吸湿实验中,水浸温度对复合材料吸湿参数的影响。通过对国产碳纤维/双马复合材料在60,70,80℃恒温水浸中进行的吸湿实验,得到了不同水浸温度下的吸湿曲线。由吸湿曲线分别求出了各水浸温度下的扩散系数和平衡吸湿率以及它们与水浸温度的关系。结合Arrhenius关系和Fick定律,得到了反映此复合材料在任意水浸温度下吸湿行为的吸湿模型。该吸湿模型能较为准确地预测此复合材料在95℃恒温水浸中任意时刻的吸湿量及预估达到特定吸湿量所需要的时间。     

考虑界面效应的GFRP复合材料蠕变模型

建立了包含界面的玻璃纤维增强树脂复合材料(GFRP)蠕变混合率单胞模型,对GFRP的蠕变性能进行分析;并与GFRP在应力水平为初始弯曲强度的20%所对应的载荷下的弯曲蠕变实验结果进行对比。分析了界面模量、界面厚度、纤维连续性与形态以及位向等因素对复合材料蠕变性能的影响。结果表明:相较于不考虑界面效应的混合率模型,本模型具有更高的准确性,与实验结果更为吻合;界面模量反应了纤维与基体的结合程度,对复合材料的蠕变性能产生影响,其蠕变柔量随着界面模量的增大而减小;界面厚度的增大会导致复合材料的蠕变柔量略微增大;相较于连续纤维增强树脂复合材料,短切纤维毡增强树脂复合材料的蠕变性能更易受到界面效应的影响;纤维方向对复合材料蠕变性能有显著影响,随着纤维方向角的增大,复合材料蠕变柔量增大,但当纤维方向角达到60°后,纤维已基本失去载荷传递和增强能力,复合材料蠕变柔量不再继续随着纤维方向角的增大而增大。      

碱环境下不同应力水平GFRP筋抗拉性能试验

基于ACI 440.3R-04规定的试验方法,对60 ℃碱环境下应力水平分别为0、25%和45%的玻璃纤维塑料（GFRP）筋的抗拉性能进行了试验研究。试件数量共90根,侵蚀时间分别为3.65、18、36.5、92、183天。采用SEM对腐蚀前后GFRP筋的微观形貌进行了观测,发现碱溶液造成了GFRP筋内部结构致密性的降低,且随着应力水平的增加,其降低愈发明显。在60 ℃碱溶液中侵蚀183天后,应力水平为0和25%的GFRP筋的抗拉强度分别下降了48.81%和55.56%,而弹性模量仅分别下降了5.47%和5.73%,应力水平为45%的GFRP筋则出现了断裂现象。GFRP筋的吸湿试验表明,OH^-离子在GFRP筋中的扩散过程符合Fick定律。在分析了应力水平、侵蚀时间等参数对GFRP筋抗拉性能影响的基础上,基于Fick定律提出了碱环境下带应力GFRP筋抗拉强度的退化模型。     

Investigation of the long term effects of moisture on carbon fibre and epoxy matrix composites

The aim of this work is to investigate the long term effects of moisture on the interface between a carbon fibre and an epoxy matrix. High modulus carbon fibres were used to prepare single fibre model composites based on an epoxy resin. The samples were immersed in the seawater and demineralised water and their moisture uptake behaviour was monitored. The equilibrium moisture content and diffusion coefficients for the samples were determined. DSC has been used to analyse the moisture effects on glass transition temperature and thermal stability of the pure epoxy specimens. These results showed a reduction in the glass transition temperature (T_g) after moisture absorption. Tensile tests were also carried out for the epoxy specimens and a general decrease in the mechanical properties of the epoxy matrix was observed. Raman spectroscopy was used to observe the effects of moisture on the axial strain of the carbon fibre within the composite and stress transfer at the interface as a function of exposure time. The results show that the decrease in the mechanical and interfacial properties of the model composites under the seawater immersion is more significant than under demineralised water immersion.     

湿热环境对抽油杆CF/VE拉挤复合材料的影响

研究了95℃蒸馏水环境中油田抽油杆用碳纤维/乙烯基酯树脂(CF/VE)拉挤复合材料的吸湿特性,以及材料的力学性能和动态热机械性能的变化,并观察了湿热老化前后该复合材料的表面和断口形貌。结果表明,CF/VE拉挤复合材料的吸湿行为符合菲克第二定律,材料的平衡含湿量M_m约为1.046％,水分在复合材料中的扩散系数约为2.233×10-6 mm2/s;复合材料的性能下降趋势与吸湿率的增加趋势相对应,浸泡1176 h后,弯曲强度和层间剪切强度的最终保留率分别约为49％和54％;DMTA及SEM结果表明,湿热环境导致该复合材料发生基体溶胀、塑化和界面脱粘,引起基体和界面形貌的变化,但未发生化学老化。      

Water Absorption and Thickness Swelling Behavior of Polypropylene Reinforced with Hybrid Recycled Newspaper and Glass Fiber

This study aims to investigate the moisture absorption of recycled newspaper fiber and recycled newspaper-glass fiber hybrid reinforced polypropylene composites to study their suitability in outdoor applications. In this work composite materials were made from E-glass fiber (G), recycled newspaper (NP) and polypropylene (PP), by using internal mixing and hot-pressing molding. Long-term water absorption (WA) and thickness swelling (TS) kinetics of the composites was investigated with water immersion. It was found that the WA and TS increase with NP content in composite and water immersion time before an equilibrium condition was reached. Composites made from the NP show comparable results as those made of the hybrid fiber. The results suggest that the water absorption and thickness swelling composite decrease with increasing glass fiber contents in hybrid fiber composite. It is interesting to find that the WA and TS can be reduced significantly with incorporation of a coupling agent (maleated polypropylene) in the composite formulation. Further studies were conducted to model the water diffusion and thickness swelling of the composites. Diffusion coefficients and swelling rate parameters in the models were obtained by fitting the model predictions with the experimental data.     

超高分子量聚乙烯纤维/环氧复合材料的吸湿行为及吸湿应力分析

为了揭示超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)纤维增强环氧树脂基复合材料的吸湿机制,利用ABAQUS有限元软件,建立二维模型,对此类复合材料的吸湿行为及吸湿应力进行研究。模拟计算了两种不同纤维分布模型内部的水分浓度场分布; 根据获得的水分浓度场,对两种模型随温度及时间变化的吸湿应力场进行了分析。结果表明: 水分在两种模型中的扩散都符合Fick扩散定律,纤维按正六边形分布模型比纤维随机分布模型更早达到吸湿平衡,但后者更符合实际情况,也与实验结果比较吻合; 长时间的吸湿会导致材料内部吸湿应力达到很高的水平(>60 MPa),温度越高,越早达到吸湿平衡,应力越大,最大的吸湿应力出现在纤维聚集最密集的基体区域,纤维随机分布模型的吸湿应力水平高于纤维按正六边形分布模型。     

Flexural properties of z-pinned composite laminates in seawater environment

Unidirectional carbon-fibre reinforced composite laminates with and without z-pins were immersed in artificial seawater and exposed to two different temperature levels (?1.75 and 50 °C), as well as thaw–freeze cycles (+20/?20 °C). The investigation described is focused on the question to which degree seawater absorption, as well as bending properties are influenced by z-pin reinforcement. The results indicate an increasing influence of the z-pin reinforcement on the water sorption rate, while the sorption rate of unpinned laminates is lower. This is a result of the additional diffusion pathways of the moisture ingress into the laminate caused by the inserted z-pins which in turn change the micro-structure. Furthermore, the sorption rate depends on the immersion temperature. Laminates immersed into seawater with higher temperatures (50 °C) display a significantly higher diffusion rate than those immersed in colder seawater (?1.75 °C) or those immersed under thaw–freeze conditions (+20/?20 °C). Z-pin reinforced laminates with a unidirectional fibre orientation show a reduced bending strength by about 31 %, as well as a reduced flexural modulus by about 11 % in comparison to unpinned samples. Unpinned and z-pinned samples that were exposed to a seawater environment for 1344 h show a reduced flexural modulus depending on the immersion temperatures. As opposed to flexural modulus, flexural strength is not affected by immersion time or temperature. The overall bending strain energy that is necessary for a complete fracture of the unpinned samples under 4-point bending loads can be described with the value of the elastic bending strain energy. In contrast to this the overall bending strain energy of the z-pinned laminates is composed of two different components –the elastic bending strain energy and the post-fracture strain energy. The post-fracture strain energy occurs after exceeding the flexural strength. The overall bending strain energy of z-pinned and unpinned samples without immersion into seawater is around 7.2 J, while the percentage of the post-fracture energy of the pinned samples is 40 % with respect to the overall bending strain energy. The duration of the immersion into water and higher water temperatures increases the overall bending strain energy for both unpinned and pinned samples. The increase is higher for z-pinned samples and is mainly caused by the increase of the post-fracture energy.     

Electrochemical investigation of galvanic corrosion between aluminum 7075 and glass fiber/epoxy composites modified with carbon nanotubes

We investigate whether the presence of carbon nanotubes in previously non-conductive composites may cause galvanic corrosion. We focus on aluminum 7075 alloy and glass fiber-reinforced polymers (GFRP), where the epoxy resin is modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Whole aluminum bars were bonded with MWCNT/GFRP in a co-cure, or were connected electrically with the composite through a galvanic cell.The investigation includes characterization of the treated and baseline epoxy resin, high humidity tests at room temperature, full immersion tests in an aggressive environment, and standard galvanic coupling tests in an aggressive environment.Results show that coupling MWCNT/GFRP samples with aluminum 7075 causes approximately doubled corrosion rate and mass loss rate compared to baseline GFRP samples. We envision that this work will impact the research community and indicate the need of careful coupling selection and careful surface treatment between nanomaterials and conventional materials, since the ability to monitor damage in situ is very desirable.     

不同温度下环氧玻璃钢材料放气特性研究

为探究环氧玻璃钢材料在不同温度下的放气特性,以扩散放气模型为基础,建立了环氧玻璃钢材料放气速率随抽空时间变化关系的数学表达式,并结合实验数据拟合获得了其经验模型。同时,采用静态升压法对不同温度下环氧玻璃钢材料放气速率随抽空时间的变化关系进行了研究。结果表明,温度一定时,环氧玻璃钢材料的放气速率随着抽真空时间逐渐减小;温度升高,环氧玻璃钢材料放气速率增大,且放气速率随着抽真空时间呈现出指数衰减规律。此外,采用四极杆质谱仪分析了不同温度下环氧玻璃钢材料的放气成分,放气成分以H₂O为主,并含有微量的H₂、CO、N₂及O₂等。温度升高,玻璃钢材料放气各组分的占比无明显变化,表明温度对玻璃钢材料放气组分的占比几乎没有影响。