北京市X线胸透检查所致受检者的剂量

本文报道了北京市X线胸透检查所致受检者剂量的调查和研究结果。这些结果是在体表照射量调查工作的基础上,利用组织等效非均匀体模,用 LiF(Mg,Cu,P)热释光剂量计进行模拟测量得到的。通过对胸透检查所致受检者体表照射量分布的分析,将体表受照区分为高、中、低三个照射量区,采用大小不同的三个照射野,分别对体模进行投照和测量,然后将分次测得的器官剂量按适当比例叠加,使所得结果更接近于受检者的受照剂量。本文除了给出胸透检查所致受检者的器官剂量外,还采用 Drexler 等人给出的权重因子,对男女受检者分别计算了一人次胸透检查所致受检者的加权剂量当量。一人次门诊胸透和一人次体检胸透所致受检者的加权剂量当量,对男性分别为0.37和0.18msv,对女性分别为0.31和0.15mSv。     

北京市 X 线透视检查宫内节育器所致受检者的体表照射量及其分布

本文报道北京市医疗照射剂量调查中,有关 X 线透视检查育龄妇女宫内节育器(俗称透环)所致受检者的体表照射量及其分布情况。第一阶段调查19个医院89例受检者,初步得到受检者参考点平均体表照射量值。第二阶段正式调查中,对13个抽样医院275例受检者进行测量,得到北京市 X 线透视检查宫内节育器所致受检者体表照射量的平均结果为:体表照射量最大值0.899R,位于图1的点A_(43);简化平均体表照射野为13×13cm~2(见图1粗线方框);简化平均体表照射量的0.805R。     

X线胸透受检者的体表照射量分布及评价

本文应用热释光剂量元件测定了苏州市第一人民医院９０人次Ｘ线胸透时受检者体表照射量的分布。测量结果表明：相应于第６胸椎处的照射量最大，以此处为参考点照射量向四周逐渐下降。每次胸透受检者最大入口体表照射量的平均值和单次测量标准差分别为２．１５×１０￣（－４）和１．３４×１０￣（－４）Ｃ·ｋｇ￣（－１），每次胸透所致平均有效剂量当量为０．２２ｍＳｖ。     

北京市X线摄影检查所致受检者的剂量

本文报道北京市 X 线摄影检查所致受检者剂量的调查和实验研究结果。在对北京市 X 线摄影检查所致受检者体表照射量及其投照条件进行调查的基础上,采用非均匀人体模型,用 LiF(Mg,Cu,P)热释光剂量计,对19种主要摄影检查的器官剂量进行了模拟实验测量。由体模实验结果,给出了各项 X 线摄影检查的器官剂量与体表照射量之间的关系,估算了每摄一张片和每人次检查所致受检者的器官剂量和加权剂量当量。最后对所得结果进行了初步分析,并与国外资料作了比较。     

北京市X线诊断检查所致公众剂量的估算及评价

本文报道了北京市 X 线诊断检查所致公众剂量的估算方法和结果。通过分层抽样调查,取得了北京市1983年各种 X 线诊断检查的年频率及其随年龄和性别的分布。用自制的可布放25—106个热释光剂量计〔LiF(Mg,Cu,P)〕的专用衣,测量了各种 X 线诊断所致受检者的平均体表照射量。用切刈为17层、在16个器官(或组织)中布放267个热释光剂量计的人体模型进行模拟照射实验,得到了各种 X 线诊断检查所致受检者平均体表照射量与平均器官吸收剂量间的转换系数。采用的加权剂量当量,考虑了性别之差别。所得主要结果如下:(1)1983年北京市居民 X 线诊断检查的总年频率为671.7人次/10~3人,其中胸部透视和消化道检查分别占67.6%和1.9%。(2)北京市居民 X 线诊断检查年频率按受检者性别、年龄的分布。总频率中男性占51.5%,女性占48.5%,检查频率高峰出现在20—39岁的几个年龄组中。(3)37种 X 线诊断检查所致受检者的平均体表照射量及其分布情况。(4)北京市各种 X 线诊断检查所致受检者的平均体表照射量与器官吸收剂量的转换系数(以mGy/R表示),由人体模型模拟照射实验所得到的这些系数可用于相应条件下的剂量估算。(5)北京市平均每次 X 线诊断检查所致受检者的器官吸收剂量和加权剂量当量。(6)北京市 X 线诊断检查所致公众总集体     

北京市X线透视检查节育环所致受检者的剂量

本文报道北京市医疗照射剂量水平调查中,X线透视检查育龄妇女子宫内避孕环(俗称透环)所致受检者的剂量。在前阶段受检者体表照射量及其分布的调查与监测基础上,通过非均匀人体模型模拟照射实验,求得受检者平均体表照射量与器官(或组织)吸收剂量的转换系数,进而推算出北京市平均每次X线透视检查节育环所致受捡者的器官剂量和加权剂量当量。每次检查的加权剂量当量为0.09msV。     

北京市 X 线摄影检查所致受检者的体表照射量

本文报道了北京市医疗照射剂量调查中,有关 X 线摄影检查及胆囊、肾孟造影等22种检查所致受检者体表照射量的调查测量结果。     

宝鸡市医用诊断X线照射频度调查

本文报道从1984年6月1日至1985年5月31日对宝鸡市五县(区)医用诊断 X 线照射频度的调查结果。结果表明,胸透和群检胸透医照率最高,占医疗照射总人次数的68.7%,门诊医照率为70.8人次/千人·年,人群受照率为344。5人次/千人·年。按年龄比较,青壮年组医照率最高,占医照总人次数的57.2%。按性别比较,男性多于女性。     

河南省"九五"期间医疗照射频度与受照剂量调查

采用普查、分层抽样调查和典型调查相结合的方法调查了河南省"九五"期间(1996～2000年)医用电离辐射应用的基本现状和医疗照射频度;用热释光[LiF(Mg,Cu,P)]剂量计测量了10种常见X射线诊断中受检者体表的剂量;估算了X射线诊断检查所致公众的年集体有效剂量和年人均有效剂量.结果表明,全省X射线诊断的频度为136.95人次/千人口, 放射治疗的频度为0.338人次/千人口,临床核医学诊断检查的频度为0.595人次/千人口;1998年X射线诊断所致全省居民年集体有效剂量为14 690.60人· Sv,年人均有效剂量为0.158 mSv.     

北京市消化道造影受检者的体表照射量及其分布

为调查北京市消化道造影受检者的休表照射量及其分布,用布放32—106个热释光剂量元件的专用测量衣,对使用 NPA(无影象增强器,背向入射),IPA(有影象增强器,背向入射)和 IAP(有影象增强器,前向入射)三种类型 X 线机进行食道、上消化道、全消化道及钡灌肠等消化道造影的受检者370人进行了现场测量。分别对各类 X 线机求得了各种检查的平均照射位置,平均照射野面积,平均照射量与照射面积之积,平均体表照射量,照射条件以及非主要入射方向与主要入射方向上的平均照射量的比值。为进一步确定消化道造影的器官剂量及加权平均剂量打下了基础。     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

The control system for SSRF injection and extraction

This paper introduces the injection and extraction control system design for SSRF,which is a distributed control system aimed at stability and reliability of the pulse power supplies,PPS(Personnel Protection System)and MPS(Machine Protection System).The hardware environment is mainly based on PLC(Programmable Logic Con- troller),and ARM(Advanced RISC Machine)is also applied for studying stability of the power supplies.WinCC and EPICS(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System)have been selected as the platforms of SCADA(Super- visory Control and Data Acquisition).For unifying the interfacing to the control computer,all front-end equipments are connected via Industrial Ethemet.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

有效探测面积大于1000 cm2的正比计数器测量系统性能测试

为对自制的活性面积高达1 000 cm²的大面积源进行表面发射率定值,同时作为现有2πα、2πβ表面发射率标准装置能力的扩充,研制了一套内置式大面积2π多丝正比计数器测量系统,并利用活性区直径为8 mm的²⁴¹Am点源及活性区面积为10 cm×15 cm的大面积²⁴¹Am和⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源对其进行计量学性能测试。结果表明：计数器内计数响应均匀性优于±0.4%,有效探测面积达1 400 cm²;所得²⁴¹Am源高压坪曲线的坪长为1 400 V,坪斜为0.27%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.87%;⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源高压坪曲线的坪长为300 V,坪斜为0.75%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.80%;10次测量重复性好于0.4%,8 h内短期稳定性好于0.3%,1 a内长期稳定性好于0.8%。     

Assessment of radioactivity levels in some oil samples from the western desert, Egypt

Distributions of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides were determined in 93 oil samples collected from some petroleum fields in the western desert of Egypt. The radioisotope activities in the area under investigation lay in the range of (21 ± 4) to (38 ± 13) Bq?L-1 for 226Ra, (9 ± 2) to (15 ± 5) Bq?L-1 for 232Th, and (154 ± 28) to (303 ± 54) Bq?L-1 for 40K. The mean values were 27, 12, and 201 Bq?L-1, respectively. Among oils, variations in radionuclide ac- tivities could be on account of differences in TDS, HCO3, and Ba, with high or low pH. In this environment, oil prop- erties differently affected the mobilization of natural radionuclides. The range of 226Ra variation had been compared with available data from other countries. The calculated absorbed dose rate ranged from 22.33 to 32.66 nGy?h-1 in lo- cation (B) and (E) respectively, which was less than the accepted value.     

Preparation and properties of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP in in-vitro and in small animals

In this work,TTHMP was synthesized and labelled with 117m Sn.The preparation conditions,stability and lipophilicity of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP were investigated.Biodistribution of the complex in rabbits and mice was studied.It was found that the quantity of TTHMP and pH value of the prepararion solution had vital effects on the labeling yield of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP.It was also found that 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP was hydrophilic and stable at room temperature and 37℃ in open air 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP showed unexpectedly high bone uptake and bone-to-blood ratio in the animals.This made it potentially useful as an reagent for skeletal scintigraphy and radiotherapy of bone tumors.     

The role of AGFA high-energy CR in the calibration and quality control of multileaf collimators （MLC）

Linear accelerators equipped with multileaf collimators （MLC） are becoming more common and are widely used in the intensity-modulated radiotherapy （IMRT）. There is an imperative need to ensure the commissioning specification of the linear accelerators for the sake of quality assurance （QA） and quality control （QC）. This paper is aimed to investigate the role of AGFA high-energy CR （Computed Radiography） in calibrating dynamic multileaf collimators and evaluating the accuracy of the leaf position. The result shows that AGFA high-energy CR can easily and conveniently be used to calibrate MLC and verify its position. Hence, the application of AGFA high-energy CR is proved to be an accurate and time-saving method for routine MLC QC, especially when MLC calibration adjustments are required.