全极化微波辐射计系统中高速数字相关器设计

海面风场直接影响大气与大洋环流相互作用,是研究海流运动规律的必要条件.全极化微波辐射计是一种用于海洋表面风场测量的新型被动微波遥感器.数字相关器是全极化辐射计的核心部件.文中详细介绍了一种新型数字相关器的设计和实现.两片高速A/D转换器采样四路信号并通过XILINX公司新一代的FPGA-Vertex5作相关运算.同时本...     

全极化微波辐射计数字化引入误差分析

全极化微波辐射计是一种用于海洋表面风场测量的新型被动微波遥感器.数字相关器是全极化辐射计的核心部件.数字相关器的应用相对于模拟相关辐射计具有可配置、集成度高和易于控制的特点.同时,数字化技术会给辐射计带来量化误差和相位抖动误差.具体的误差分析验证了全极化微波辐射计中数字化的可行性.文中详细分析了定量误差,并根据实际工程应用说明了多比特数字化带来的误差可以在系统整体误差中忽略.     

全极化辐射计的2GHz带宽数字相关系统设计

全极化微波辐射计是进行海面风场测量的新型被动式遥感器。数字极化辐射计通过数字相关器对两个极化通道做相关处理,完成四个Stokes矢量参数的测量,反演海面风场。文中提出辐射计核心器件宽带数字相关器的设计方法。双极化通道通过IQ变换转化为两对正交信号,四片国内自主研制的A/D转换器以2.2Ghz采样率采样四路信号,采样结果通过多路复用DEMUX芯片复用后,传输到新一代现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)-Virtex5芯片中作进一步多路复用和相关运算。文中详细介绍了系统结构,数据处理流程和测试结果。     

基于微波遥感的台风对海洋动力影响分析

台风是一种路径和强度变化不确定性很大的、短暂的、能量很强的灾害性天气系统。卫星遥感特别是星载微波遥感不仅具有大范围、快速重复观测的特点,而且具备全天候和全天时的优点,受恶劣天气影响较小,可以对台风活动路径进行较好的监测和预警,是分析台风的一种有效手段。本文结合3种微波卫星载荷：高级微波扫描辐射计(AMSR)、TOPEX&Jason-1微波高度计和WindSat全极化微波辐射计的数据,初步分析了台风对海洋动力环境的影响,结合与台风相关的海洋参数的卫星遥感测量结果,给出了目前常用的微波散射计和微波辐射计海洋风场遥感的比较。对于多云情况下的海表面温度测量,微波辐射计比红外辐射计更有优势。全极化微波辐射计还具有在恶劣天气条件下海洋风场测量能力。     

全极化微波辐射计数字相关器下变频算法设计

全极化微波辐射计是一种用于海洋表面风场测量的新型被动微波遥感器,数字相关器是全极化辐射计的核心部件。针对全极化微波辐射计接受到的数字信号采样率较高的问题,提出应用多相滤波的算法以降低数字信号速率,从而满足FPGA时序约束的要求。之后为进一步节省乘法器资源和提高处理速率,滤波部分采用分布式算法,两种方法结合完成下变频模块处理,通过Matlab软件对下变频算法进行了仿真。仿真结果表明算法是可行的。     

基于数字相关型全极化微波辐射计的灵敏度分析

灵敏度是表征微波辐射计能够检测到最小亮温变化的能力,是微波辐射计一项重要指标.本文针对数字相关型全极化微波辐射计,提出了一种使用相关器输出的计数值计算各通道灵敏度的方法,并通过了实验验证.对比模拟通道灵敏度和数字通道灵敏度,分析了量化噪声和通道间串扰对灵敏度的影响.     

直接采样微波辐射计统计模型及定标研究

直接采样微波辐射计对射频信号直接采样,是一种结构简单的数字辐射计.受高速、宽带模数转换器(ADC)采样、非理想量化的影响,直接采样数字接收机输出信号的统计特性将改变,传统辐射计的定标方法不再完全适用于直接采样微波辐射计.论文分析ADC的非理想量化,建立直接采样数字接收机输出信号的统计模型和直接采样微波辐射计的定标方程;实验采用多点定标方法对直接采样微波辐射计进行定标,并用三次样条插值拟合直接采样数字接收机输出信号功率估计值与输入噪声温度之间的转移曲线,提高直接采样微波辐射计的测量精度.     

星载全极化微波散射计系统仿真与性能分析

本文对全极化微波散射计遥感海面风场的原理及其特点进行研究,建立了星载全极化微波散射计的系统仿真模型.对比了SeaWinds散射计参数下全极化与同极化的风场反演质量,结果表明全极化微波散射计在星下点以及刈幅远端的区域有良好的风场反演性能,并可提升高风速条件下的风场反演精度.最后分析了极化通道隔离度对全极化散射计系统性能的影响.     

被动微波遥感技术的新发展——综合孔径微波辐射计和全极化参量微波辐射计

介绍了被动微波遥感的两个新的技术-综合孔径微波辐射计和全极化参量微波辐射计.综合孔径微波辐射计采用干涉测量技术,用小天线的干涉基线组合合成大孔径天线的思想,提高被动微波遥感的空间分辨率,并实现视场范围的数字成像;全极化参量微波辐射计是一种新的微波遥感参数的探测技术,它测量目标微波辐射的全部4个Stokes极化参量,对于表面粗糙度各向异性特性的探测和目标的分类与识别具有很好的前景.     

机载全极化微波辐射计系统设计及海面亮温的提取方法

机载全极化微波辐射计（Airborne full Polarization Microwave Radiometer,APMR）是国家重大科技基础设施航空遥感系统的主要载荷之一，用于获取来自地球表面和大气的微波辐射电场的极化信息，从而反演地球表面和大气的物理参数. APMR是一个5频点的被动微波遥感器，中心频点分别为10.7 GHz,18.7 GHz,23.8 GHz,37.0 GHz和90 GHz.其中，23.8 GHz和90 GHz采用水平和垂直极化接收方式；10.7 GHz,18.7 GHz和37.0 GHz采用全极化接收方式，同时接收观测场景辐射的4个Stokes参数亮温.该文在介绍我国第一台机载全极化微波辐射计APMR系统主要技术特点和基本性能指标的基础上，提出了由辐射计输出参数进行全极化定标、再进行海面亮温提取的二级数据处理方法，从而得到海面亮温的4个Stokes参数信息，其可用于海面风向、风速等参数的反演. APMR于2020年6月在东营进行了海上的搭载飞行试验，从实验结果中提取到的海面亮温与预期情况一致，这使仪器的工作性能以及海面亮温的提取方法得到验证，为未来机载平台获...     

Polarimetric microwave wind radiometer model function and retrieval testing for WindSat

A geophysical model function (GMF), relating the directional response of polarimetric brightness temperatures to ocean surface winds, is developed for the WindSat multifrequency polarimetric microwave radiometer. This GMF is derived from the WindSat data and tuned with the aircraft radiometer measurements for very high winds from the Hurricane Ocean Wind Experiment in 1997. The directional signals in the aircraft polarimetric radiometer data are corroborated by coincident Ku-band scatterometer measurements for wind speeds in the range of 20-35 m/s. We applied an iterative retrieval algorithm using the polarimetric brightness temperatures from 18-, 23-, and 37-GHz channels. We find that the root-mean-square direction difference between the Global Data Assimilation System winds and the closest WindSat wind ambiguity is less than 20/spl deg/ for above 7-m/s wind speed. The retrieval analysis supports the consistency of the Windrad05 GMF with the WindSat data.     

A calibration method for fully polarimetric microwave radiometers

A technique for absolute end-to-end calibration of a fully polarimetric microwave radiometer is presented. The technique is based on the tripolarimetric calibration technique of Gasiewski and Kunkee, but is extended to provide a means of calibrating all four Stokes parameters. The extension is facilitated using a biaxial phase-retarding microwave plate to provide a precisely known fourth Stokes signal from the Gasiewski-Kunkee (GK) linearly polarized standard. The relations needed to determine the Stokes vector produced by the augmented standard are presented, and the effects of nonidealities in the various components are discussed. The application of the extended standard to determining the complete set of radiometer constants (the calibration matrix elements) for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Polarimetric Scanning Radiometer in a laboratory environment is illustrated. A calibration matrix inversion technique and error analysis are described, as well. The uncertainties associated with practical implementation of the fully polarimetric standard for spaceborne wind vector measurements are discussed relative to error thresholds anticipated for wind vector retrieval from the U.S. National Polar-Orbiting Environmental Satellite System.     

A nonlinear optimization algorithm for WindSat wind vector retrievals

WindSat is a space-based polarimetric microwave radiometer designed to demonstrate the capability to measure the ocean surface wind vector using a radiometer. We describe a nonlinear iterative algorithm for simultaneous retrieval of sea surface temperature, columnar water vapor, columnar cloud liquid water, and the ocean surface wind vector from WindSat measurements. The algorithm uses a physically based forward model function for the WindSat brightness temperatures. Empirical corrections to the physically based model are discussed. We present evaluations of initial retrieval performance using a six-month dataset of WindSat measurements and collocated data from other satellites and a numerical weather model. We focus primarily on the application to wind vector retrievals.     

High-resolution passive polarimetric microwave mapping of oceansurface wind vector fields

The retrieval of ocean surface wind fields in both one and two dimensions is demonstrated using passive polarimetric microwave imagery obtained from a conical-scanning airborne polarimeter. The retrieval method is based on an empirical geophysical model function (GMF) for ocean surface thermal emission and an adaptive maximum likelihood (ML) wind vector estimator. Data for the GMF were obtained using the polarimetric scanning radiometer/digital (PSR/D) on the NASA P-3 aircraft during the Labrador Sea Deep Convection Experiment in 1997. To develop the GMF, a number of buoy overflights and GPS dropsondes were used, out of which a GMF of 10.7, 18.7, and 37.0 GHz azimuthal harmonics for the first three Stokes parameters was constructed for the SSM/I incident angle of 53.1°. The data show repeatable azimuthal harmonic coefficient amplitudes of ~2-3 K peak-to-peak, with a 100% increase in harmonic amplitudes as the frequency is increased from 10.7 to 37 GHz. The GMF is consistent with and extends the results of two independent studies of SSM/I data and also provides a model for the third Stokes parameter over wind speeds up to 20 m/s. The aircraft data show that the polarimetric channels are much less susceptible to geophysical noise associated with maritime convection than the first two Stokes parameters. The polarimetric measurement technique used in the PSR/D also demonstrates the viability of digital correlation radiometry for aircraft or satellite measurements of the full Stokes vector. The ML retrieval algorithm incorporates the additional information on wind direction available from multiple looks and polarimetric channels in a straightforward manner and accommodates the reduced SNRs of the first two Stokes parameters in the presence of convection by weighting these channels by their inverse SNR     

Wind direction over the ocean determined by an airborne, imaging,polarimetric radiometer system

The speed and direction of winds over the ocean can be determined by polarimetric radiometers. This has been established by theoretical work and demonstrated experimentally using airborne radiometers carrying out circle flights and thus measuring the full 360° azimuthal response from the sea surface. An airborne experiment, with the aim of measuring wind direction over the ocean using an imaging polarimetric radiometer, is described. A polarimetric radiometer system of the correlation type, measuring all four Stokes brightness parameters, is used. Imaging is achieved using a 1-m aperture conically scanning antenna. The polarimetric azimuthal signature of the ocean is known from modeling and circle flight experiments. Combining the signature with the measured brightness data from just a single flight track enables the wind direction to be determined on a pixel-by-pixel basis in the radiometer imagery     

Effects of foam on ocean surface microwave emission inferred from radiometric observations of reproducible breaking waves

WindSat, the first satellite polarimetric microwave radiometer, and the NPOESS Conical Microwave Imager/Sounder both have as a key objective the retrieval of the ocean surface wind vector from radiometric brightness temperatures. Available observations and models to date show that the wind direction signal is only 1-3 K peak-to-peak at 19 and 37 GHz, much smaller than the wind speed signal. In order to obtain sufficient accuracy for reliable wind direction retrieval, uncertainties in geophysical modeling of the sea surface emission on the order of 0.2 K need to be removed. The surface roughness spectrum has been addressed by many studies, but the azimuthal signature of the microwave emission from breaking waves and foam has not been adequately addressed. Recently, a number of experiments have been conducted to quantify the increase in sea surface microwave emission due to foam. Measurements from the Floating Instrumentation Platform indicated that the increase in ocean surface emission due to breaking waves may depend on the incidence and azimuth angles of observation. The need to quantify this dependence motivated systematic measurement of the microwave emission from reproducible breaking waves as a function of incidence and azimuth angles. A number of empirical parameterizations of whitecap coverage with wind speed were used to estimate the increase in brightness temperatures measured by a satellite microwave radiometer due to wave breaking in the field of view. These results provide the first empirically based parameterization with wind speed of the effect of breaking waves and foam on satellite brightness temperatures at 10.8, 19, and 37 GHz.