Free skin flap from the retroauricular region to the nose

We present two new, one-stage methods for resurfacing a part of the face-- (1) the microvascular transfer of a free retroauricular flap, and (2) an island flap from the galea covered by a full-thickness skin graft from the retroauricular region. Both procedures provided the same good color match, without leaving a readily visible donor scar.     

Cerebral abscess with special reference to the angiographic changes

From 1961 to 1973 forty patients with surgically confirmed intracranial abscesses had preoperative cerebral angiography. The findings were abnormal in all cases but one. In 20 patients (50%) the primary diagnosis was a space-occupying lesion. In 19 patients (47.5%) an abscess was suggested by the presence of a capsule, the only finding definitely diagnostic of an abscess. Subtraction technique provided essential information in detecting the capsule. Angiography proved indispensable in suggesting the nature of the lesion.     

Molecular aspects of the synthesis and deposition of hens' egg yolk with special reference to low density lipoprotein

Avian egg yolk contains three main macromolecular constituents: 1) the yolk granules; insoluble particles consisting largely of lipovitellin and phosvitin. They are synthesized in response to hormones in the liver as a precursor protein, vitellogenin, which is soluble in blood. It passes through the oolemma by receptor-mediated endocytosis and is split up enzymically to give fragments that precipitate as granules in the yolk. 2) The livetins; essentially blood serum proteins. The mechanism for their transfer to yolk is not clear. 3) The yolk low density lipoprotein; the major part of yolk (60% of the dry weight). It is synthesized and assembled in the liver as a modified blood very low density lipoprotein, whose main apoprotein is apo B. As with vitellogenin, it enters yolk by endocytosis. Furthermore it is split enzymically to give most of the yolk-lipoprotein apoproteins (apovitellenins III to VI). New evidence for the relationship between yolk apoproteins and apo B has been derived from a comparison of the N-terminal amino acid sequences of apovitellenin IV and apo B.     

Atherosclerosis, with special reference to vitamin E

The relationship between atherosclerosis and fat soluble vitamin, especially vitamin E is reviewed on the basis of oxidised modification of low density lipoprotein (LDL). Data now support the notion that the oxidised LDL is present in the blood and arterial wall and antioxidant drugs such as probucol and vitamin E, beta-carotene, may prevent the progression of atherosclerosis. LDL alpha-tocopherol levels are generally correlated to the plasma concentrations and supplementation with alpha-tocopherol increases its content in LDL. There is a significant correlation between the LDL alpha-tocopherol level and the resistance to oxidative modification. Epidemiological data also shows the relation between low levels of plasma vitamin E and the increased incidence of coronary heart disease. Clinical application of vitamin E should be clarified in detail to inhibit the progression of atherosclerosis.     

Dorso-ventral patterning of the vertebrate limb and dermatoglyphs with special reference to the pad pattern of mice]

The contributions were determined in primary cultures of bovine corneal epithelial cells (BCEC) of Na:H exchange (NHE) and vacuolar H+-ATPase (i.e. V-type) activity to the regulation of intracellular pH (pHi). Furthermore, we characterized the effects on pHi regulation of exposure to 1 microM ET-1 under control and acid loaded conditions. With the pH sensitive dye, 2',7' Bis (carboxyethyl)-5,6-carboxyfluorescein acetoxymethyl ester (BCECF-AM), the control pHi was 7.1 in NaCl (nominally HCO3-free) Ringers. Inhibition of NHE with 100 microM dimethylamiloride (DMA) rapidly decreased pHi by 0.37 units. Similarly, selective inhibition of V-type H+-ATPase with 10 microM bafilomycin A1 decreased pHi by 0.22 units. Following acid loading in NaCl Ringers with a 20 mm NH4Cl prepulse, pHi recovery was partially inhibited by exposure to either Na-free (NMGCl) Ringers, 100 microM DMA or 20 microM bafilomycin A1. Based on decreases in H+ efflux resulting from selective inhibition of NHE and V-type H+ pump activity, NHE activity accounts for 76% of the pHi recovery following acid loading. Under control conditions, ET-1 (1 microM) had no effect on pHi whereas ET-1 completely suppressed pHi recovery following acid loading in NaCl or NMGCl Ringers. This inhibitory effect was largely due to stimulation of ETA because in the presence of BQ-123 (10 microM), a selective ETA receptor antagonist, pHi recovery was completely restored. Suppression of pHi recovery also occurred following stimulation of protein kinase C (PKC) with 10(-7) m phorbol myristate (PMA) whereas 10(-7) m 4 alpha phorbol 12,13 didecanoate (PDD) had no effect. ET-1 failed to suppress pHi recovery after inhibition of PKC with 0.5 microM calphostin C suggesting that the inhibition of pHi recovery by ET-1 is a consequence of PKC stimulation. Similarly, inhibition of Ca2+-dependent calmodulin stimulated CaM II kinase with KN-62 (10 microM) reversed the suppression of pHi recovery by ET-1. Preinhibition of either protein phosphatase (PP), PP-1, PP-2A or PP-2B activity with 1 microM phenylarsine oxide, 10 nm okadaic acid, 10 microM cyclosporin A1 or 20 microM BAPTA, also obviated the suppression of pHi recovery by ET-1. Therefore ETA receptor mediated inhibition of pHi regulation following acid loading could be a consequence of either PKC or CaMII kinase stimulation. Each one of these kinases may in turn phosphorylate and thereby stimulate the activities of PP-1, PP-2A or PP-2B. An increase in the activity of any one of these protein phosphatases could lead to dephosphorylation of the NHE and V-type H+ pump. This alteration may prevent them from becoming adequately stimulated to elicit pHi recovery in response to acid loading.     

Detection of intracranial tumours with special reference to immunodiagnosis

Approximately 60% of cerebral infarcts between 1 and 4 weeks old may be enhanced by contrast material. A recent infarct can be missed if contrast material is not used; however, recent infarcts can also be partially obscured by the contrast medium, so that a precontrast scan is necessary. Infarcts, arteriovenous malformations, and gliomas may appear similar on the CT scan. Recent infarcts can have a significant mass effect (seen in 22% of cases), and their anatomical location and morphology may or may not be helpful in the differential diagnosis. Ipsilateral ventricular dilatation, homogeneous low-density areas, and sharp margins are usually found in older infarcts.     

Blood cadmium levels in a general male population with special reference to smoking

Blood-cadmium (Cd-B) level, blood pressure, and several biological parameters in blood were measured in 440 men who were not occupationally exposed to cadmium and who had a detailed smoking history. No significant correlation was found between Cd-B and blood pressure. Among biological parameters, those known to be related to smoking appeared significantly correlated with Cd-B. Analysis of smoking history showed that Cd-B is strongly elevated in current smokers, with a dose-effect relationship between daily consumption of tobacco and Cd-B; moreover, exsmokers had significantly higher Cd-B than nonsmokers. This finding shows that Cd-B partly reflects past exposure to cadmium.     

Nurse turnover with special reference to factors relating to nursing itself

The function of the peritoneum in severe abdominal sepsis involves specific properties and defence mechanisms: large surface, efficient barrier, continuous mobility, capacity of migration, multiplication, secretion and absorption. The development of peritonitis supposes an initial lesion of the peritoneal surface by septic or biochemical mechanism. Peritoneal response consists of: septation of the abdominal wall, adhesion of the omentum to damaged surfaces or visceral perforation, massive stepping up of cellular and humoral defence mechanism. In our opinion therapeutic procedures consist of: early surgical approach and management of the patient in an intensive care unit. The aim of the medical therapy is: treatment of multiple organ failure (anti-infectious therapy, hemodynamic support, treatment of respiratory and renal failure, support of the hepatic failure and balancing of metabolic changes) and prevention of the most common complications: bleeding from upper gastrointestinal tract and thromboembolic risks.