Multi-analytical investigation of decorative coatings on Neolithic Yangshao pottery from Ningxia,China (4000-3000 BCE)

Yangshao, well-known for its exquisite painted pottery, has long been considered as the most important Neolithic culture in China. Yangshao pottery excavated in Ningxia, a remote region, has never been scientifically investigated. In this study, the selected painted pottery samples from Ningxia were examined to characterise the decorative coatings using a multi-analytical approach. The white slip was likely made of kaolinitic clay. The black decoration on the surface was mostly jacobsite. Inclusion of manganese and iron oxides within the black decoration informed the process of jacobsite formation. Complemented by ab initio calculations, varying tones of black can be explained by the band gaps of different materials. An in-depth discussion on the formation of the detected materials will help gain insight into technical details involved in the craft of Yangshao pottery and therefore better understand the cultural diffusion of Yangshao from the core area to Ningxia.     

浅论民间陶瓷与民间陶艺

通过对“民间陶瓷”概念、发展现状、特征及创作者的分析,重新认识“民间陶瓷”的艺术特色与历史地位,当现代艺术发展影响下的中国陶艺发展格局出现根本改变时,应运而生的“民间陶艺”开始代替“民间陶瓷”的原先地位,以一种变革化的斩语言重新焕发出新的艺术魅力,而逐步被社会各界人民所喜爱。通过两者的转化方式与文化相互启迪,开创了民间艺术的新革命。     

An analysis of the chemical composition,performance and structure of China Yixing Zisha pottery from 1573 A.D. to 1911 A.D.

Yixing Zisha pottery is one of the most representative and influential traditional tea sets in ancient and even contemporary China. Chemical and phase composition, microstructure and performance of Yixing Zisha pottery samples from the late Ming Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty (1573 A.D.–1911 A.D.) unearthed for the first time in the Shushan Mountain Zisha pottery kiln sites in the western and southern hills of Shushan Mountain, Dingshu Town, Yixing City, China, were systematically analyzed. The chemical composition variations of Yixing Zisha pottery of the above-mentioned periods were studied. Porous structure of Yixing Zisha pottery body was discovered and the relationships among the unique performance of Yixing Zisha pottery, its raw material and the special technological process were discussed.     

现代生活陶艺人性化设计研究

生活陶艺涉及了陶艺、日用陶瓷设计、工业设计等,本文将从设计的角度来探索生活陶艺最具特色的两个部分——审美与形式.人性化设计包含个性设计、人文设计、绿色设计.本文将引用人性化设计中的个性化设计与人文设计中的来论述生活陶艺的功能与情感设计的运用.     

新型陶质文物修复粘合剂的研制

为了改善陶质文物粘接材料的性能,制备了高粘接强度、低干燥收缩的新型粘接材料,选择合适的粘合剂粘接修复陶质文物,可以让它发挥更大的社会和经济价值。     

古希腊彩陶与中国原始彩陶装饰内容的对比研究

本文仅从自然纹样、几何纹样方面总结了古希腊彩陶与中国原始彩陶装饰的内容,对其所产生的异同进行了简要的探讨,并概括分析了产生差异的原因。     

Low temperature sintering of a pottery clay from Burkina Faso

The sintering at 1000°C of a clay raw material for pottery mixed with calcite was studied to increase the mechanical characteristics of the fired product. The kaolinitic clay used comes from a large pottery production area in Burkina Faso. The experiments of this study were conducted as similar as possible to the traditional practices of potters to ensure a future technological transfer of results. An increase of the flexural strength from 7 to 17 mPa was obtained by adding 15% of calcite. To explain the mechanisms involved, the sintering behaviour was initially observed by dilatometry. Results indicated that at 1000°C, the maximum material densification and properties were obtained after about 15 min of dwell time. Therefore, a quantitative study of crystalline phases nucleated during this period was realised by X-ray diffraction methods. It revealed that anorthite is the most important phase formed during the firing time. Therefore, the nucleation mechanism, mostly involving quartz, but also gehlenite consumption was discussed. At the low firing temperature, it appears that the firing process is characterised by the absence of a liquid phase, drastically limiting the diffusion effect. As a consequence, the sample microstructure, as observed by SEM, shows a network of small dense zones, including quartz grains, interconnected by recrystallized porous phases. The comparison of material containing the natural kaolinitic clay to material obtained from pure reference minerals underlined the important role of iron impurities in anorthite formation.     

Synthesis and characterization of polyacrylamide grafted copolymers of Kundoor mucilage

In the present research, grafting of acrylamide monomer onto a water‐soluble food grade polysaccharide, Kundoor mucilage, initiated by ceric ion in aqueous medium has been studied under N₂ atmosphere. Ceric ion initiated solution polymerization was found to be satisfactory for the formation of copolymer. The effect of monomer concentration, initiator concentration, reaction time, and temperature, in terms of grafting efficiency (%GE) and percent of grafting (%PG), have been investigated. The graft copolymers were characterized by FTIR, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1186–1191, 2005     

Near-zero sintering shrinkage in pottery with wollastonite addition

The precise control of the geometry of pottery is a challenge owing to the undesirable shrinkage and deformation observed after firing. In this study, near-zero sintering shrinkage pottery (NZS) with the sintering shrinkage (SS) of < 2.0% and pyroplastic deformation index (PI) of < 1.5 × 10^?6 mm^?1 was developed with varying amounts of added alumina and wollastonite. Wollastonite promotes anorthite crystallisation, thereby preventing sintering shrinkage at ～1200 °C. The mechanism for the suppressed liquid-phase sintering of the pottery was also analysed. Moreover, NZS were obtained after firing at 1300 °C with a specific phase composition for suppressing the pyroplastic deformation. Thus, NZS was successfully prepared through liquid sintering from natural minerals. Therefore, this study provides a guide for the fabrication of earthenware, stoneware, unglazed porcelain and ceramic tiles with precise dimension and geometry. Additionally, it is also important for reducing the production loss in huge pottery and large-scale production by countering the sintering shrinkage.     

甘油含量对热塑性淀粉结构及性能的影响

通过熔融共混的方法制得甘油含量不同的TPS样品,研究了甘油含量对材料的结构与性能产生的影响。对保存在人体正常体温(37℃)及人体感觉较舒适的湿度(50RH%)下的样品老化过程中的各项性能进行测试,为今后TPS在生物材料领域的应用提供依据。XRD测试表明:高甘油含量阻碍导致老化的β-型晶体的生成但利于ν-型晶体的形成,DMTA及力学性能测试结果表明:甘油含量的增加有利于抑制停放过程中Tg的上升,以及由重结晶所导致的相关力学性能的变化。FTIR谱图从分子短程相互作用的角度反映出甘油含量高不利于有序结构的生成,但增加了材料对水的敏感性。各测试结果均表明甘油含量的增加有延缓TPS老化的作用。     

磷矿对牙舟陶土煅烧性能的影响研究

牙舟陶在陶瓷业界具有举足轻重的地位,陶土对牙舟陶性能具有重要的影响。为加强对牙舟陶的研究,采用化学分析法、激光粒度仪、X射线衍射仪、综合热分析仪、数显白度仪等测试手段对牙舟陶土的化学组成、粒度分布、晶相组成、热性能及白度进行了检测。结果表明：牙舟陶土主要由石英和珍珠石组成,石英质量分数为59.34%、珍珠石质量分数为34.78%。牙舟陶土颗粒分布广泛,粒径小于6.5 μm的颗粒质量分数达到58.67%,粒径越小石英含量越低。在此基础上,结合贵州黔南丰富的磷矿资源,研究加入磷矿后牙舟陶土在煅烧过程中白度、硬度及物相组成的变化规律。研究表明：牙舟陶土的白度随着温度的升高先增大后减小,在1 100 ℃时达到最大值45.5%;加入磷矿组分后,在1 100 ℃时牙舟陶土的白度增加至54%,且煅烧时固熔体形成温度下降、烧结温度降低,并伴随钙长石矿物的产生。     

Sodium doped-V2O5 nanorods for visible light irradiated photocatalytic performance for the degradation of Rh-dye

The sodium doped vanadium pentaoxide (Na.V₂O₅) nanorods were synthesized through hydrothermal method. The sodium (Na) enriched V₂O₅ nanorods with different concentration of Na varied from 1 wt%, 3 wt% and 5 wt%. X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, UV–Visible spectroscopy and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to investigate the structural, morphological and optical properties of the synthesized pure V₂O₅ and Na-doped V₂O₅ (1, 3 and 5 wt%). The microstructural studies confirmed the formation of nanorods structure for Na doped V₂O₅. The photocatalytic performance of these synthesized photocatalysts were studied to degrade Rhodamine B dye in visible light region. Their efficiency to perform the photodegradation was improved in all Na doped V₂O₅ samples (1, 3 and 5 wt%) than that of pure V₂O₅ nanorods. Among all concentration of Na in V₂O₅ nanorods, the Na.V₂O₅ (5 wt%) exhibited the maximum degradation of the rhodamine dye having 88.9% degradation with rate constant 0.0619 min^?1 of a reaction.     

Synthesis,characterization and photocatalytic activity study of aluminium doped BiSbO4 microflakes

Metal oxides have an extraordinary ability to generate charge carriers with significant importance in environmental remediation. For the degradation of different dyes, a one-step hydrothermal method was adopted to synthesize Al-doped BiSbO_4. While bismuth antimonate composite with reduced graphene oxide was synthesized by the simple ultra-sonication method. To investigate the structural confirmation, X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used. For studying morphology, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was conducted. UV–Visible spectroscopy (UV) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to observe the optical properties and vibrational modes of the as-synthesized BiSbO₄ nanoparticles and doped Al–BiSbO₄. The above-mentioned studies verify the formation of nanoparticles of Al-doped BiSbO₄. The synthesized composite was used to degrade the organic dyes such as methylene blue and crystal violet. The degradation efficiency of doped, undoped and composite is studied and compared. The results indicate the extraordinary efficiency of BiSbO₄/rGO composite to doped and bare samples for the degradation of dyes. It is confirmed by the degradation of different dyes that the BiSbO₄/rGO composite shows the best catalytic efficiency.     

Preparation and characterization of Bombyx mori silk fibroin and wool keratin

Silk and wool are well‐known protein‐based fibers. Their environmental stability, biocompatibility, and unique mechanical properties provide an important basis for using these natural proteins in biomedical applications. To use them as biomaterials in the form of fibers, films, or membranes, it is necessary to characterize these proteins in their solution and solid states because structural characteristics and morphological features have a great influence on the physical and mechanical properties of these new regenerated protein forms. Therefore, in the present study, silk fibroin and wool keratin were dissolved and their solution behaviors and secondary structures are analyzed and compared, using particle size distribution, molecular weight distribution (SDS‐PAGE), Fourier transform infrared, and X‐ray diffraction techniques. It was shown that keratin is more stable in solution and more amorphous in the solid state. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100:4260–4264, 2006     

山西应县瓷石的研究

对山西乃至西北地区首次发现的山西应县瓷石作了研究，指出应县瓷石的主要矿物组成是石英、钾长石、钠长石和少量高岭石。比较瓷石锻烧前后的变化和依据瓷石的矿物组成推断，山西应县瓷石作为一种量大价廉的原料，可用于高档新型墙地砖及卫生瓷的生产。     

Mechanical properties of ceramic bodies based on calcite waste

Physico-mechanical properties (flexural strength, Young modulus, bulk density, change of dimensions, porosity) as well as the mineralogical composition were studied on samples with difference content of calcite after firing at 900, 1000, 1100 and 1200 °C. It was found that anorthite and mullite are the main crystalline phases of the fired samples containing the calcite. The anorthite/mullite ratio depends on the firing temperature and the initial amount of calcite waste. The higher the temperature of the firing and the higher the amount of calcite waste, the more anorthite is created in the samples. Presence of calcite decreases sample contraction during sintering. Porosity decreases with the increase of the firing temperature, but the sample with the content of calcite 20 wt% shows approximately constant porosity. Flexural strength and Young modulus of the reference sample and the sample with 10 wt% of calcite waste increase in their value. These mechanical parameters increases very slightly for the sample with 20 wt% of calcite waste.     

Optical and electrical characterization of (PEO+methyl violet) polymer electrolytes

Optical properties and electrical conductivity of polyethylene oxide (PEO) with methyl violet dopant film have studied. The complexation of the methyl violet dopant with PEO was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic studies. The microstructure morphology have been analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) for pure and dopant films. The UV‐absorption studies were made in the wavelength range 190–1100 nm for pure and doped films. The dc electrical conductivity data was collected using two probe technique in the temperature range 303–333 K. The UV–visible spectra showed the absorption band at 190 nm for pure PEO and doped from 208–224 nm region with different absorption intensities. The absorption edge, direct and indirect band gap were estimated using Mott and Davis Model. The optical activation energy can be determined using the Urbach rule, for pure PEO it was found 2.38 eV and 1.28–4.08 eV for doped films. The absorption band was shifted toward the higher frequency, the direct and indirect band gap decreases with increasing of dopant concentration, corresponds to the allowed inter band transition of electron. The dc electrical conductivity results shows that it increases with increasing dopant weight percentage and temperature which corresponds to the enhancement of charge mobility in these dye doped polymers. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

A simple strategy to synthesize and characterization of zirconium modified PCs/γ–Al_2O_3

Crystalline phase is the key factor for catalyst activity. The zirconium modified PCs/γ-Al_2O_3 samples were prepared through a simple step incipient-wetness impregnation method. The raw materials and samples were characterized by thermogravimetric-differential analysis(TG-DTA), X-ray diffraction(XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR), temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia and carbon dioxide(NH_3-and CO_2-TPD). The effects of calcination temperature and zirconium content on structure, chemical transformation,and acidity-basicity were investigated. Calcination temperature exhibited the major effect on the crystalline phase of samples. The new phase of Al0.1Zr_(0.9)O_(1.95) was exhibited which was above 650 ℃. In addition, zirconium content was influenced by the acidic and basic properties of the surface. The acidity and basicity of the Zr PCs/γ-Al_2O_3 sample increased with the increasing of zirconium content.     

Structural and optical characterization of pure Si-rich nitride thin films

The specific dependence of the Si content on the structural and optical properties of O- and H-free Si-rich nitride (SiN_x>1.33) thin films deposited by magnetron sputtering is investigated. A semiempirical relation between the composition and the refractive index was found. In the absence of Si-H, N-H, and Si-O vibration modes in the FTIR spectra, the transverse and longitudinal optical (TO-LO) Si-N stretching pair modes could be unambiguously identified using the Berreman effect. With increasing Si content, the LO and the TO bands shifted to lower wavenumbers, and the LO band intensity dropped suggesting that the films became more disordered. Besides, the LO and the TO bands shifted to higher wavenumbers with increasing annealing temperature which may result from the phase separation between Si nanoparticles (Si-np) and the host medium. Indeed, XRD and Raman measurements showed that crystalline Si-np formed upon 1100°C annealing but only for SiN_x<0.8. Besides, quantum confinement effects on the Raman peaks of crystalline Si-np, which were observed by HRTEM, were evidenced for Si-np average sizes between 3 and 6 nm. A contrario, visible photoluminescence (PL) was only observed for SiN_x>0.9, demonstrating that this PL is not originating from confined states in crystalline Si-np. As an additional proof, the PL was quenched while crystalline Si-np could be formed by laser annealing. Besides, the PL cannot be explained neither by defect states in the bandgap nor by tail to tail recombination. The PL properties of SiN_x>0.9 could be then due to a size effect of Si-np but having an amorphous phase.     

Characterization of nanoscale wool particles

Nanoscale wool particles were prepared from wool fibers by a special pretreatment with the aid of specially designed machinery and techniques. Scanning electron micrographs showed that the particle sizes of wool powders produced from wool fibers approximately 8–20 μm in diameter decreased from a microscale to a nanoscale after three stages of pulverization, which were further confirmed with a laser particle size analyzer. Fourier transmission infrared analysis showed that there were no substantial changes in the chemical structure of the wool after the pulverization processes. The wool powders after the second and third pulverizations slightly differed from that of the wool fiber and the particles after the first pulverization, with greater amounts of the secondary amine groups, amide groups, C?S stretching vibrations, and O? H bonds. X‐ray diffraction analysis showed that the crystallinity of the wool powders decreased when the particle sizes decreased, particularly at nanoscales. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 803–808, 2007