Solar reflective ink-jet printed porcelain stoneware tiles as an alternative for Urban Heat Island mitigation

Digital ink-jet printing is a decoration system for ceramic tiles that requires the application of engobes with high whiteness and opacity, characteristics that can be used to design solar reflective ink-jet decorated tiles. These materials can help to mitigate Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon. Here, the fabrication of ink-jet printed solar reflective tiles using an engobe with high solar reflectance was investigated. Two printing modalities (binary (BIN) and grayscale (GS)), five printing intensities, and four colours were tested. It was found that some of the prepared tiles can be used for mitigating the UHI phenomenon. The solar reflective properties were mainly derived from the reflective engobe, and in some grade, from the mineral composition of the inks. The colour and roughness measurements revealed that the GS modality could prepare ink-jet decorated tiles with good solar reflective properties with a smaller quantity of inks and good soiling resistance.     

建筑用反射隔热涂料的研究现状

将反射隔热涂料涂覆在建筑表面可以达到良好的节能降耗作用,但大规模地推广还受到开发盲点较多、实际应用存在缺陷等问题的限制.本文结合相关文献,分析了反射隔热涂料的研究背景、配方设计和实际应用.结果可为当前反射隔热涂料的开发及应用难点提供解决方案,并为今后反射隔热涂料的研究提供理论参考.     

PVD hard coatings on ceramic tiles for aesthetic applications: surface characterisation and corrosion properties

The development of innovative ceramic tiles looks for materials with improved mechanical and tribological properties as well as a higher corrosion resistance (high relative humidity, daily watering, household chemical cleaners). In addition, a greater durability leads to lower environmental impact. Along with their improved functionality and recyclability, ceramic tiles should also provide aesthetic properties. Ceramic tiles can be treated to modify the physico-chemical properties of the surface by metal coatings or metallic compounds, also providing an attractive metallic sheen appearance. In the present paper, titanium nitride (TiN) and zirconium nitride (ZrN) coatings were deposited on glazed porcelain stoneware by an industrial PVD multicathode arc deposition system under a reactive nitrogen atmosphere. After the process, the tiles showed a gold-like colour, a smooth surface and a coating thickness between 0.7 and 1.6 μm. The coating composition, scratch resistance and corrosion behaviour have been evaluated. It can be concluded that both coatings are suitable for use in domestic environments due to their stability and resistance to aggressive conditions. Few references have been found regarding these coatings on ceramic tiles for domestic and industrial applications, but it has been proved that they bring added value to traditional ceramics, giving new functional properties of ceramics both decorative and highly corrosion and mechanical resistance.     

太阳热反射隔热涂料研究进展

综述了太阳热反射涂料的研究进展。对太阳热反射涂料基本原理、测试方法以及原材料对性能的影响进行了分析,展望了太阳热反射涂料的发展趋势。     

建筑反射隔热涂料隔热保温性能研究

通过试验研究了建筑反射隔热涂料的反射隔热和保温功能。结果表明:建筑反射隔热涂料对以传导传热为主要热传递方式的传热系数的影响很小;反射隔热效果明显,受到光照时涂膜表面升温显著降低。在夏热冬冷地区的居住建筑外墙采用反射隔热涂料全年可节能2%~5%。     

复合型水性丙烯酸酯外墙隔热涂料的研制

根据隔热涂料的隔热机理,通过添加空心玻璃微珠、热反射隔热粉、硅藻土、氧化铝等隔热功能材料,分别制备了阻隔型、反射型、热反射型、辐射型4种水性丙烯酸酯外墙隔热涂料,测试上述4种隔热涂料的隔热温差,以此实验结果为基础,通过正交实验设计得到集阻隔、反射、辐射3种隔热机理为一体的复合型水性丙烯酸酯外墙隔热涂料最佳配方,测试结果表明其隔热温差可达8.7℃,涂膜综合性能优良,无毒环保,对社会节能和环保具有重大的现实意义。     

太阳热反射涂料在建筑节能中的研究

太阳热反射涂料对太阳辐射具有较高反射率,将其涂覆于建筑围栏结构,可以降低空调负荷或改善室内热舒适环境。研究了不同围栏结构材料对太阳热反射涂料节能效果的影响。     

建筑反射隔热涂料应用技术的研究

研究了夏热冬冷地区建筑反射隔热涂料的应用技术。该技术通过PTI（plaster for thermal insulation）保温涂料、高性能弹性腻子与反射隔热涂料配套,组成PTI外墙保温涂料一反射隔热涂料节能系统,以满足50％建筑节能设计要求。     

无釉砖和有釉砖耐磨性标准的统一化探析

耐磨性是陶瓷砖的一项关键性能指标,目前GB/T 4100—2015《陶瓷砖》规定无釉砖和有釉砖采用不同的试验方法.利用耐深度磨损试验机、陶瓷砖釉面耐磨试验机和Taber试验机对无釉砖和有釉砖进行耐磨性的测定,研究同一种试验方法是否能同时对两种陶瓷砖作精确的评判.结果表明,无釉砖耐磨深度法和Taber耐磨试验法可通过磨损...     

Modeling of the temperature field in a porous thermal barrier coating

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are advanced materials systems with low thermal conductivity. One of the reasons for the low thermal conductivity in TBCs is that they contain porous structures created by a network of micro-voids. In the present investigation, experimental and analytical studies of heat transfer in TBCs having different levels of porosity were performed. The ceramic coatings were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy to calculate the level of porosity and micro-pore size distribution. A two-dimensional FE model was then developed, where a stochastic method was used to define randomly distributed porous structures equivalent to porosities of 1%, 3%, and 5%. The results showed that the heat flux and temperature gradient were affected by the interactions between neighboring micro-pores and micro-pores/ceramic coatings, and that the effect of the micro-pores was limited to a small area (2–2.5 times the micro-pore radius). Based on the obtained results, a set of effective thermal conductivity equations are proposed which more clearly describe the heat transfer process in a porous TBC structure. Two different equivalent thermal resistance models were used to study the heat transfer process under low porosity (<3%) and high porosity (>3%) conditions.     

涂层日光热反射能力与反射材料粒径及聚集状态的关系

日光热反射涂料是一种重要的节能型功能涂料,可以降低对电、水等资源的需求。涂层的反射太阳热和辐射制冷能力主要与涂层中的反射材料(颜填料)有关。反射材料的种类、数量和粒径是决定涂层太阳热反射能力的关键因素。本文通过理论分析和试验证明,认为在干燥涂层中,反射材料的分散聚集状态对涂层的太阳热反射能力有重要影响。     

反射隔热涂料中填料应用的物理学定性讨论

着重讨论了颜填料在反射隔热涂料中的作用,从物理学角度解释反射隔热涂料如何降低建筑能耗,阐明反射隔热涂料配方开发应从提高涂料的太阳反射比和半球发射率方面着手,并给出了反射隔热涂料中涂和面涂的建议配方。     

Construction of DNA Bilayer Tiles and Arrays Using Circular DNA Molecules as Scaffolds

Using oligonucleotides to weave 2D tiles such as double crossovers (DX) and multi-arm junction (mAJ) tiles and arrays is well-known, but weaving 3D tiles is rare. Here, we report the construction of two new bilayer tiles in high yield using small circular 84mer oligonucleotides as scaffolds. Further, we designed five E-tiling approaches to construct porous nanotubes of microns long in medium yield via solution assembly and densely covered planar microscale arrays via surface-mediated assembly.     

Porous single-fired wall tile bodies: Influence of quartz particle size on tile properties

This study examines the effect of quartz particle size in raw material composition customarily used for the manufacture of porous single-fired wall tile bodies on the characteristics of the green tiles and on the thermal and mechanical properties of the fired tiles. Quartz particle size was varied, while the quantity and particle size of the other raw materials were kept constant. Tile compacts were formed by uniaxial pressing and fired at different peak temperatures. The resulting fired microstructure was then characterised and tile thermal and mechanical properties were determined. Microcrack formation around quartz particles leads to hysteresis of the coefficient of thermal expansion during heating and cooling. The studied mechanical and thermal properties are shown to be a function of the magnitude of the hysteresis and porosity. This relationship is independent of the operating variables (pressing pressure, operating temperature, and quartz particle size) used. The results obtained confirm that the green and fired properties of porous single-fired wall tiles may be considerably enhanced, while holding low shrinkage and high porosity, compatible with low moisture expansion, by reducing quartz particle size and appropriately adjusting the pressing pressure and peak firing temperature. This should enable thin and/or large-sized porous wall tiles to be manufactured, without (immediate or delayed) curvatures, and with a higher breaking load than that required by the standards.     

彩色复合型反射隔热涂层的制备及性能

将空心微珠和二氧化钛为填料的涂层做底层,反射型颜料的涂层做表层,制备了阻隔-反射彩色复合型反射隔热涂层。采用紫外/可见/近红外分光光度计、红外发射率仪、精密色差仪和扫描电子显微镜对涂层性能进行表征,自制隔热性能测试装置考察涂层的隔热性能。结果表明,采用复合型涂层结构可显著提高涂层的太阳光反射比和隔热性能,铬绿、群青和铁铬黑颜料掺量分别为20%、20%和10%时,复合涂层的太阳光反射比较高,可达0.646 1、0.602 1和0.539 8,比相同颜料掺量的表层高40.82%、31.03%和58.67%,隔热性能比相同颜料掺量的表层高2.5、1.9和2.8℃,其主要应用性能符合相关标准。     

红外热反射涂层的研究进展

综述了红外热反射涂料的研究进展,分别介绍了喷涂红外热反射涂层及溶胶凝胶红外热反射涂层的特点及应用。重点阐述了纳米TiO2–SiO2复合红外热反射涂层对纤维隔热材料的改进。     

Thermal conductivity prediction in air plasma sprayed thermal barrier coatings containing multifarious defects

Air plasma sprayed yttria-stabilized zirconia thermal barrier coatings are widely applied in gas turbines and aviation engines, which usually contain multifarious and multiscale defects, such as pores, cracks, and amorphous layers. They all significantly lower the thermal conductivity of the coating but in drastically different ways depending on their morphologies and orientations. Establishing an accurate correlation between the microstructure and the thermal conductivity requires not only a precise separation and estimation of different kinds of defects but also a reasonable mathematic model to describe their effect on thermal conductivity. In this research, cross-section ion polishing and image analysis were chosen as a reliable assembly for characterizing multifarious defects of porous coatings, which was almost undamaged compared with the traditionally mechanical polishing. The effect of different microscale defects on the thermal conductivity was respectively and quantitatively studied to build a mathematical model. A thermal resistance induced by amorphous layers was introduced into the model, which was found to have a linear relationship with the amorphous layer concentration. It was also found a linear relationship between the amorphous layer concentration and the spraying times. The predicted thermal conductivity of porous coatings by multifarious-defect-concerned model fits the data measured using the steady heat flow method very well. This research confirms the applicability of image-analysis-based modeling as a simple, reliable, and versatile method for thermal conductivity prediction of porous coating systems.     

利用粉煤灰研制红棕色地砖

介绍了以火力发电厂排出的粉煤灰为主要原料,配以天然矿物（岩石）－红粘土、页岩和花岗石研制红棕色地砖的工艺过程,并对粉煤灰地砖质量的影响因素进行了分析和讨论。     

Valorization of Al slag in the production of green ceramic tiles: Effect of experimental conditions on microstructure and crystalline phase composition

This work reports the results of an investigation aimed at the development of sintered glass-ceramic tiles by the sinter-crystallization of mixtures composed of aluminum slag and reclaimed packaging glass. The thermal behaviors of mixtures incorporating 50 and 60 wt% Al slag were established by differential thermal analysis (DTA). Green compacts were sintered in a temperature range of 800°C-1050°C and then soaked for 10-60 minutes. The mineralogical characterizations of the sintered materials were obtained by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The achieved results indicated that the sintering of aluminum slag and packaging glass reclaimed led to a glass-ceramic material composed mainly of needle-like crystals of wollastonite (CaSiO₃). The bloating of samples during firing was evaluated according to a Cougny predictive diagram. After initial observations and according to bending strength characterizations, sintered tiles prepared from aluminum slag and glassy sand are appropriate for floor pavement and wall covering.     

建筑用红外反射隔热涂料的研究进展

本文详述了红外反射隔热涂料的国内外研究进展,指出了该领域全色系、多功能、智能变色三个研发切入点,提出彩色及深色建筑涂料市场存在巨大缺口,并认为红外反射隔热填料与红外反射颜料、色浆等技术的结合是建筑涂料未来的发展趋势。