轻载高效BUCK转换器的负载自适应控制方案

提出一种适用于电流模式降压型DC-DC转换器的负载自适应方案(LAM).该方案在宽负载范围内具有高效率.采用误差信号与负载自适应的门限做比较,判定转换器工作模式,根据负载电流的大小使开关工作在PWM模式或轻载模式.在轻载模式下,通过循环开启或者关闭振荡器来降低转换器的开关频率,减少开关损耗和静态功耗.对负载自适应阈值,电感峰值电流和负载电流之间的关系进行了分析和推导.采用0.5μm BCD工艺,仿真结果显示在输入电压12V,输出电压3.3V,负载较轻时,转换器进入LAM模式,转换效率大大高于同样负载下的PWM模式,特别是在ILoad=10mA时,PWM模式的转换效率只有45.6%,而LAM模式的转换效率棕80.1%.     

一种峰值电流模式下的轻载高效Buck转换器设计

提出了一种峰值电流模PWM下的轻载高效Buck DC-DC控制方案,该方案采用了峰值电流开关和采样保持电路,实现宽负载范围内很高的转换效率.其中峰值电流开关用以检测负载电流大小,作为轻载或者重载模式的判定;采样保持电路会在轻载模式下工作,通过控制误差信号的变化量来循环开启或者关闭转换器,完成对转换器的开关频率调制.采用0.5μm BCD工艺,仿真结果显示在输入电压12V,输出电压3.3V下,最高有96%的转换效率,而在10mA负载下依然能保持80.3%的转换效率.     

一种宽负载高效率Buck转换器设计

本文提出了一种双模式调制技术,以提高宽负载范围内降压型DC-DC转换器的转换效率。采用自适应导通时间电路(AOT)和斜坡信号V_RAMP产生电路来维持转换器连续导通时间(CCM)工作模式下开关频率基本稳定;利用过零检测电路来检测电感电流,当电感电流过零时,能及时关断续流管,降低开关损耗,进一步提升轻载转换效率。该DC-DC基于SMIC 0.18 um BCD工艺进行电路仿真验证,该电路可在0～3A宽负载范围内正常工作,在输入电压3～5V范围内,PFM模式下输出电压纹波小于5.2mV,1m A负载下转换效率为87.37%。在PWM模式下输出电压纹波小于2.8mV,3A负载下最低转换效率为84.24%。峰值效率可达94.91%,全负载范围内转换效率大于84%。     

一种宽负载范围低纹波高效率能量收集系统北大核心

针对环境能量收集系统输出电压纹波高以及效率随负载变化等缺点，提出了一种在宽负载范围内转换效率高且输出电压纹波低的能量收集系统。该系统基于最优化导通时间(OOT)控制方法对输出纹波进行调控，解决了传统控制方法在小负载电容和轻载情况下纹波较大的问题；此外，基于自适应系统时钟频率(ACF)控制方法改善了传统方法在轻载时效率大幅度下降的问题，实现系统在较宽负载范围内保持较高的效率。采用180 nm CMOS工艺对能量收集系统进行设计验证。仿真结果显示，所设计的能量收集系统在1 mA负载电流范围内峰值效率为89.75%,最低效率为83.75%,其最低效率比同类系统提高了7个百分点以上；在0.2μF负载电容下纹波从177.96 mV下降到23.56 mV。     

一种高效率升压型ＤＣ－ＤＣ转换器设计

设计了一种基于PWM/PFM调制模式的全负载高效率升压型DC-DC转换器。根据负载不同,实现PWM和PFM模式的自动切换。轻载时,进入PFM模式,降低开关损耗,并加入电感峰值限流,减小输出电压纹波。在DCM状态下,利用休眠模式电路,降低静态功耗,同时提出一种抗振铃电路,进一步提升轻载转换效率。芯片实测结果表明,1mA轻载条件下,效率依然达到91.6%,输出电压纹波约为6.6 mV。全负载最高效率可以达到93.1%。     

一种用于G类音频功放的带自适应输出的双模电荷泵

本文设计了一种给G类音频功率放大器提供自适应电源的双模电荷泵电路。根据输入信号的幅度,该电荷泵可以提供两档电压轨来节省功耗。它在重载下工作于电流控制模式,轻载下工作于脉冲频率调制(PFM)模式来降低功耗。在PFM工作模式下,引入功率管尺寸动态调整的技术来减小PFM模式下的输出电压纹波并防止开关频率进入音频范围。该电荷泵电路采用0.18μm,3.3V的CMOS工艺制备。试验结果表明该电荷泵在1/2x模式下可以实现79.5％的最高效率,在1x模式下可以实现83.6％的最高效率。在PFM控制模式下,电荷泵在负载电流小于120mA的范围内,其输出纹波小于15mV;在电流控制模式下,在负载电流小于300mA的范围内,其纹波小于18mV。测试结果与文中提出的功率分段的PFM控制模式的纹波、效率的解析模型得到的计算及仿真结果基本一致,验证了模型与分析方法的正确性。     

采用高性能负压电荷泵的AMOLED驱动DC-DC转换器

提出了一种采用高性能负压电荷泵的有源矩阵有机发光二极管(AMOLED)驱动DC-DC转换器.正输出电压(VOP)由升压转换器(BOOST)和线性稳压器(LDO)级联产生,BOOST中使用前馈方法改善线性瞬态响应,LDO保证了芯片在全负载电流范围内输出电压的纹波.负输出电压(VON)由一种新颖负压电荷泵电路产生,电荷泵仅由MOSFET构成以提高效率.提出了一种新型的转换负压的电平转换电路,降低了开关管导通电阻并提高了负压效率.采用突发(BURST)控制模式提高了轻载效率.芯片采用0.18 μm BCD工艺,其VOP和VON分别为4.6V和-2.4 V,工作频率为1 MHz,正常工作时的负载电流为0～ 50 mA,最大电源效率为89.4％.VOP和VON的纹波均小于7 mV,线性瞬态响应均为5 mV,负载瞬态响应分别为5 mV和20 mV.负输出电压在-0.6～-2.4 V可调,调整步长为0.1V.     

可实现DVS的单电感双输出降压型直流-直流转换器

设计了一款单电感双输出(SIDO)的降压型直流-直流转换器,一个输出电压可以进行动态电压转换,在0.725～1.2V直接变化,另一输出电压可实现1.2V和1.8V,两路输出最大可实现500mA负载电流。转换器根据负载的不同在脉冲宽度调制(PWM)和脉冲频率调制(PFM)之间自动切换。采用死区时间自适应调整的技术来提高系统的转换效率,分段开关则用来降低输出端毛刺。基于TSMC0.25μm CMOS工艺,测试结果证明该系统输出电压纹波低、毛刺小,系统峰值效率可达90%。     

一种提高单电感双输出升/降压型转换器轻载效率的设计策略

为了提高单电感双输出升/降压型直流-直流转换器在轻载下的效率,设计实现了适用于不同转换条件的非连续导通模式(DCM)功能和脉冲频率调制(PFM)控制。前者降低了电感电流的均方根值,减少了导通损耗;后者降低了开关频率,减少了开关损耗。详细分析了在PFM控制下转换器的驱动能力、电感电流纹波和输出电压纹波之间相互制约的关系,并采取了一种可以由两路任意升/降压输出灵活复用的自适应导通时间控制方法。经0.25μm 2P4M CMOS混合信号工艺流片验证,测试结果显示DCM和PFM时序与设计方案吻合,各种转换条件下输出电压纹波在40~70 mV。通过比较发现,对轻载效率的提升可以达到30%以上。     

一种峰值电流模两相交错Buck转换器

提出了一种降压型两相交错直流转换器。与传统单相转换器相比,该两相转换器具有输出纹波低、瞬态响应快、重载效率高等特性,适合为多核处理器供电。采用峰值电流模式,基于公共电压反馈回路及峰值电流信息,实现两相支路电流的均衡。依据负载电流范围自动选择运行支路个数,保证转换器在整个负载范围内具有高转换效率。基于TSMC 0.18 μm工艺进行设计,电源电压范围为2.7~5 V,支持330 nH~1 μH的小封装电感,最大电流驱动能力为5 A。仿真结果显示,在输入电压为4.2 V,输出电压0.9 V的条件下,整个负载范围内转换器的峰值效率为86%,最大稳态输出纹波低于2 mV,在5 A/1 μs负载瞬变条件下,负载调整率不超过28 mV/A。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks