黄金选矿的技术现状及发展趋势

介绍了目前的黄金主要选矿技术,对未来黄金选矿技术发展方向做出展望。     

Some approaches to gold extraction from rebellious ores on the South of Russia’s Far East

Interpreted data of the phase analysis of the Far East ore bodies made it possible to characterize rebellious behavior of ores under study. The researchers propose the integrated flow sheet composed of gravitational preparation, flotation and metallurgical processing flow sheet for beneficiation of rebellious auric-arsenical ore and present the beneficiation parameters for ores of moderate sorption capacity.     

The effect of non-sulphide gangue minerals on the flotation of sulphide minerals from Carlin-type gold ores

Flotation pre-concentration of sulphide and gold values from certain Carlin-type deposits characterised as double-refractory gold ores is quite challenging. Numerous studies conducted on these ores in many laboratories globally (including the present study) under a variety of chemical and physical conditions have merely confirmed low recovery (and poor concentrate grades) for sulphide minerals and gold, and poor separation between sulphide minerals and carbonaceous matter, even when the valuable minerals are adequately liberated. None of the traditional reasons based on liberation or the choice of chemical and physical conditions and separation strategies could provide satisfactory explanation for the observed poor separation.In this study, the focus was on the role of non-sulphide gangue (NSG) minerals. It was hypothesised that specific NSG minerals have a detrimental effect on flotation recovery of gold bearing minerals and their separation selectivity. In order to test this hypothesis and delineate the effect of the various gangue minerals, a new approach was taken. This involved first isolating the various mineral components of a double-refractory gold ore from one of the Carlin-type deposits using a gravity separation technique. Then flotation experiments were performed using a mixture design on various mixtures of these isolated components under controlled conditions. The results of these mixture experiments supported the hypothesis and demonstrated, for the first time for these types of ores, that even small amounts of NSG minerals, especially carbonaceous matter and clays, had a large adverse effect on the flotation of sulphides and selectivity of separation. While it is tempting to attribute the observed effects solely to slime coating, there is no basis to do so at this stage; it is more reasonable to propose that multiple contributions exist. The results of this study provide the much-needed context and direction for further fundamental studies and for developing processing strategies.     

含砷难处理金矿提金工艺的研究现状

含砷金矿是典型的难处理金矿资源,也是我国金矿资源的重要组成部分。介绍了焙烧氧化、细菌氧化、浮选分离、非氰浸出等工艺,并评述了各工艺的优缺点及其适用性,在此基础上总结了含砷金矿提金工艺的发展方向和研究重点。     

The mechanism of leaching of gold from refractory ores

Refractory gold ores commonly contain free gold, submicroscopic gold, base metal sulphides, pyrite, pyrrhorite, labile sulphides and carbonaceous material. The analysis of gold deportment with the diagnostic leaching technique has opened a research field to gain more insight into the fundamentals of the kinetic behaviour of gold dissolution from refractory ores. Hence, more detailed studies on the kinetics of the reactions that occur during leaching with cyanide are now possible.Previous research work has indicated that the dissolution rate of gold during cyanidation becomes depressed after a certain time with no further increase in the rate. However, a second noticeable increase in the gold dissolution rate has been observed after a leaching time of 5 to 12 hours during some of the cyanidations, following the destruction of a mineral with the diagnostic leaching technique. If such a second increase in dissolution rate does not occur, the re-leaching of the filtered solids with a fresh cyanide solution yields an additional gold extraction of 4 to 8 %.Various experimental results have indicated that a passivative film forms on the surface of some of the liberated gold. The selective destruction of the various minerals with oxidative acid leaches destroys and/or decomposes certain minerals which may form films on the gold surface by precipitation. The chemical composition of these films and precipitates depends on the mineralogy of the sample. These films may be oxides, sulphides, carbonates and cyanide complexes.The complexes can be destroyed, depending on the nature of the film, by interstage dilute acid and/or cyanide washes in an agitated vessel. The destruction of the films exposes the gold surface for cyanidation. Whereas most of the previous studies on the leaching of gold have focused on the whole ore, the emphasis in this study was on the leaching behaviour of gold from various ore constituents. This approach of studying the leaching behaviour of different gold bearing minerals has provided reasons why some ores leach better than others.     

金渠金矿1520坑口矿石选矿工艺探讨

针对小秦岭矿区金渠沟1520半氧化矿石,含泥量太大,常规浮选回收率太低。尝试寻找合适的浮选条件及浮选工艺,有效提高了金和铜的浮选回收率,促进矿业资源的可持续发展。     

山东某金矿中部矿石选矿试验研究

通过条件试验和流程试验,确定采用一粗二扫一精的工艺流程。磨矿细度为-0.074mm占53.71%,异戊基黄药用量为183.3g/t,丁胺黑药用量为36.7g/t,11号油用量为65g/t,为选矿厂生产流程的设计提供了理论依据。经过闭路流程试验研究,在金精矿品位102.46g/t的前提下,将金的回收率提高至95%以上,选别效果较为明显。     

Effect exerted by structural features of copper-zinc ores on their oxidation and technological properties

Modeling the oxidation of pyrite copper-zinc ores under evaporization shows that structural features of ores influence the process kinetics, and displays new-formed mineral phases, namely, gannigite, biankite, chalcanthite, which relate with sulfate generating on evaporation from natural and process waters at pyrite deposits. The oxidation effect on the mineral flotation properties is described. __________ Translated from Fiziko-Tekhnicheskie Problemy Razrabotki Poleznykh Iskopaemykh, No. 4, pp. 101–110, July–August, 2008.     

西藏铜铅锌矿矿石工艺矿物学研究

以西藏铜铅锌混合矿为研究对象,采用化学多元素分析、物相分析及光学显微镜分析等手段对该矿石的化学组成、物相组成、矿物嵌布粒度特征等进行了详细研究。结果表明,该矿石矿物成分复杂,主要有价回收元素为铜、铅、锌,品位分别为0.67%、1.27%、0.99%;铜主要以硫化铜的形式存在,氧化铜分布率占30.30%;铅和锌主要以碳酸盐的形式存在;脉石矿物主要有方解石、石英、透闪石、石榴石等。矿物之间包裹嵌布复杂,紧密共生,矿石中铜铅、铜锌可浮性相近,是导致目的矿物浮选指标差的重要原因。基于工艺矿物学研究,建议采用"铜铅锌混合浮选—浮选尾矿强磁选—混合精矿浮选分离"的工艺流程来提高有用金属的品位和回收率。     

浅谈含砷金矿提金前的预处理工艺及合理选择

对含砷金矿难浸的原因和预处理的必要性，以及用干法和湿法预处理工艺处理含砷金矿的现状等进行了论述，并提出了合理选择含砷金矿预处理工艺的看法     

会泽铅锌硫化矿浮游性评价新方法

采用分批刮泡浮选试验方法,根据模糊数学中的隶属度和隶属函数,提出从可浮性和浮游速度两个方面综合评价矿物浮游性的新方法,实现了矿物浮游性的量化。应用新方法分析了会泽方铅矿、闪锌矿和黄铁矿在矿浆pH值为7.5,乙基钾黄药浓度为2.0×10-4 mol/L,硫酸锌浓度为1.5×10-4 mol/L条件下的浮游性,结果表明3种矿物的浮游性依次是方铅矿>黄铁矿>>闪锌矿,这与浮选工业实践中的结果相符合。     

Identifying organic foulants on activated carbon from gold processing plants

One of the ways of assessing organic fouling of activated carbon during gold cyanide adsorption is thermogravimetry (TG). Unfortunately TG only gives an overall percentage of organic fouling agents and not the identity of individual compounds. However, previous work with pure reagents adsorbed on activated carbon indicated that when thermally decomposed, the evolved gases are characteristic of a specific fouling agent. This current work reports on the use of this information and three thermal analysis techniques, namely thermal desorption-pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-py-GC-MS), thermogravimetry-mass spectrometry (TG-MS), and thermogravimetry-Fourier Transform Infrared (TG-FTIR) spectroscopy, to identify the organic fouling agents on activated carbon samples from commercial gold processing plants. Analysis of a suite of samples from one gold processing plant, Plant A, showed that fouling by a xanthate compound had occurred as indicated by the detection of carbonyl sulfide at 360–400 °C. For another gold processing plant, Plant B, the detection of propanal at approximately 370 °C and carbonyl sulfide at 215 to 540 °C indicated fouling due to both frothing agents and xanthates respectively. The thermal analysis of these samples showed many other gases had evolved indicating the presence of other unknown organic fouling agents.     

矿山固体废弃物的岩石矿物地球化学研究及其意义

矿产资源开发利用过程中形成大量矿山固体废弃物，它们对人类居住的生态环境构成极大的危害。矿山固体废弃物分为金属矿产矿山固体废弃物、非金属矿产矿山固体废弃物、能源有机矿产矿山固体废弃物。不同种类矿山固体废弃物有着不同的岩石、矿物、地球化学特征，因而有不同的环境污染效应。利用矿床学、矿床地球化学原理研究矿山固体废弃物的岩石、矿物、地球化学行为，对于矿产资源的综合利用、环境保护有着十分重要的意义。     

关于铁矿石优化利用的探讨

结合国内、国外两种铁矿资源的特点，生产使用状况，对合理利用我国南方地区低铁高硅、高铝铁矿石资源进行了分析讨论。     

Process mineralogy of fluorosilicate minerals in ok tedi ores

The impact of fluorine in copper flotation was relatively unknown until the introduction of skarn ores in the Ok Tedi concentrator. Fluorine in the copper concentrates reports to the gas phase during the smelting stage and forms a corrosive H₂SO₄-HCl-HF acid brine mixture which must be neutralised.This work was aimed at studying the mineralogy of the fluorosilicate minerals contained in the various oretypes present in the Ok Tedi porphyry copper deposit. The electron microprobe was used to analyse for fluorine and hence identify the fluorosilicate minerals in each oretype. This study revealed talc, phlogopite, biotite, clays, amphiboles, fluoroapatite and titanite to be the sources of fluorine in the orebody.Laboratory and plant investigations were conducted to study the flotation response of these minerals. Chemical assaying of the products of these tests was done to determine the bulk assay of fluorine. Using Rietveld analysis, quantitative estimates of the fluorosilicate minerals in these products were generated. Marrying of the bulk assay with the respective mineralogical “assay” enabled the understanding of the flotation behavior of fluorine and it's associated mineralogy. Talc and phlogopite were found to be the causes of the fluorine problem at Ok Tedi.     

Direct extraction of nickel and iron from laterite ores using the carbonyl process

The carbonyl method of refining nickel and iron was invented more than 100 years ago and has been used for refining of nickel commercially. CVMR® developed the process of direct extraction of nickel and iron from laterite ores as metal carbonyls which in turn produced pure nickel and iron metals.CVMR®’s carbonyl technology has been applied to several types of limonite and saprolite ores containing other metals such as copper, cobalt and PGE. The process consists of reducing the ore with hydrogen, extracting of iron and nickel in the form of volatile metal carbonyls, separating the metal carbonyls and producing high purity nickel and iron metals; and production of copper, cobalt and PGE concentrate by gravity or magnetic separation. Economic evaluation of this process shows significant increase in cash flow. The CVMR® process does not produce liquid waste and does not require tailing dumps. This makes CVMR®’s process attractive for projects in areas that are environmentally sensitive, or have a high level of rainfall.     

Removal of titanium impurities from feldspar ores by new flotation collectors

The principal impurities in some feldspar ores are titanium and iron, which impart color and in turn degrade the quality of the ore. Mineralogical investigations on the majority of Turkish feldspar ores indicate that rutile and, scarcely, sphene are the major titanium minerals and iron mainly originates from mica minerals. Conventionally, fatty acids, and particularly sodium oleate, are extensively used to float discoloring minerals from feldspar ores with reasonable success. In this study, new collectors, oleoyl sarcosine and hydroxamate, reported for the first time in the literature, have been used to float titanium impurities. It is found that compared to fatty acids these reagents achieve superior results. The mechanism of the action is elaborated on the basis of experimental data.     

某难处理金矿石提金工艺试验研究

针对某含砷高、含碳高、硫化物含量低的微细粒浸染型难处珲金矿石,进行了不同流程的提金工艺试验研究.对于金品位为2.98 g/t的原生矿,用常规氰化金的浸出率仅为0.68%;焙烧-氰化提金工艺,金的浸出率为80%左右;原矿浮选,金的浮选回收率为82.73%;浮选-金精矿生物氧化-炭浸提金工艺,金的总回收率74.72%;浮选...     

Microwave heating of gold ores for enhanced grindability and cyanide amenability

In leaching processes, the mass transport of lixiviants from the bulk of the solution to the site of the mineral of interest is usually the slowest step. Diffusion becomes slower when the particles to be leached are occluded in host minerals. Access to the mineral of interest is enhanced by micro-crack formation within the host minerals as it enhances percolation and migration of lixiviants. Micro-crack formation also augments grinding and allows size reduction and liberation at a lower stress level. In this research, microwave pretreatment was used to augment the grinding of a free-milling gold ore containing quartz, silicates and iron oxides. Under microwave irradiation, selective heating of the different mineral components resulted in thermal stress cracking. Microwave processing enhanced the grindability of the ore, and crushing strength was reduced by 31.2%. The presence of micro-cracks improved leaching rate, and over 95% extraction was achieved within 12 h as against 22 h for the non-microwaved sample. Such a strategy can be used to maximize recovery and man-hours on processing plants.     

胺取代脂肪酸捕收剂对齐大山铁矿石浮选试验研究

本文探索性地在脂肪酸α位碳原子位置上引入极性胺基基团,研究开发出一种新型铁矿浮选药剂DMP-3,并以此为捕收剂对鞍钢集团齐大山选矿厂混合磁选精矿进行了反浮选试验研究。在浮选温度30℃,矿浆pH值11.50,淀粉用量600g/t,捕收剂DMP-3用量600g/t,采用一次粗选、一次精选的闭路浮选试验流程,获得精矿铁品位65.84%,回收率89.85%,尾矿品位10.32%的指标。试验结果表明,新型胺代改性脂肪酸捕收剂DMP-3具有无需活化,药剂用量少,低温活性好的特点。